Features of X-ray diffraction at elastic deformations near the dislocation axis in section topography techniques

Features of the formation of an x-ray diffraction image by x-ray section topography are considered for a strongly distorted region near the dislocation axis in silicon single crystals. The results of experimental investigations and numerical calculations of the diffraction contrast and section topographs of rectilinear dislocations are presented for their different orientations and positions in the scattering triangle in silicon single crystals. A comparison and an analysis of the experimental topographs and the simulated images lead to the conclusion that the structure of the image of a dislocation strongly depends on its position and orientation in the scattering triangle. It has been found that each point of the strongly distorted region of the elastic field of a dislocation becomes a source of a new wave field propagating under the dislocation in a new scattering triangle. This new field interferes with the primary wave field forming the observed diffraction image of a dislocation. The addition of these waves with regard to their amplitudes and phases results in a large variety of images of defects. A comparison of different dislocation orientations in the Borrmann triangle allowed us to evaluate the role of different effects determined by the interference of the initial and newly formed wave fields, to determine on this basis the main dislocation parameters, and to optimize the diffraction conditions of the topographic measurement for the investigation of elastic-field characteristics.     

On the nature of the direct image of defects in diffraction methods of X-ray topography

The regularities of X-ray scattering in the most distorted region of the crystal, where the local lattice misorientations associated with the deformation field of a defect reach a maximum, have been analyzed. The assumption is made that one of the possible mechanisms of the formation of a direct image is the wave field scattering at the pseudoboundary in the region of local misorientations, where the crystal comes out of the reflecting position near the defect axis, for example, the dislocation core. The formation of a direct image is demonstrated using numerical simulation of section topographs of model defects as an example. The model sample is a perfect single crystal containing a thin tube oriented in a certain crystallographic direction and filled by the same single-crystal material with the orientation different from that of the parent crystal. Therefore, if the model crystal is in a reflecting position, the Bragg conditions inside the tube are not satisfied. Numerical topographs show that the direct image is formed at the boundary of the tube of the model crystal.     

Bragg rods and multiple X-ray scattering in random-stacking colloidal crystals

Synchrotron small-angle x-ray diffraction images of random-stacking-induced Bragg scattering rods are obtained in a wide range of wave vectors from a single colloidal crystal. The results reveal a strong multiple scattering effect, which leads to new features in the diffraction pattern-secondary Bragg rods. We argue that dynamic x-ray diffraction is rather common for high-quality colloidal photonic crystals and should be taken into account.     

Interbranch scattering of an X-ray wave field in a strongly distorted region of the elastic field around a dislocation

The case of a diffraction image of screw dislocations arranged parallel to the surface of a specimen has been studied experimentally and by methods of computer simulation. Special features of scattering of an X-ray wave field in a strongly distorted region near the dislocation core have been considered. It has been shown that the diffraction image in the vicinity of the defect is formed due to a superposition of new wave fields generated at each point of the elastic field around a dislocation with the existing fields.     

Formation of the image of an edge dislocation in an absorbing crystal

The specific features of the formation of a diffraction image of a single edge dislocation in the case where the defect region can be located at different points of the scattering triangle are investigated by computer simlation and experimentally. The dislocation images are experimentally obtained at different wavelengths and for different reflections. The diffraction geometry in which the dislocation line is perpendicular to the sample surface and the Burgers vector is parallel or perpendicular to the reciprocal lattice vector is studied. From analysis of the experimental and theoretical images, inferences are made regarding the image symmetry, as well as the angular resolution and the sensitivity of section topography to the formation of the dislocation image. Special attention is focused on the dependence of the image contrast and the image size on the radiation wavelength, the magnitude of the reciprocal lattice vector, and the interference absorption.     

应用XRD方法研究AlN粉体的冲击波改性

 利用X射线衍射分析技术及Warren-Averbch分析方法，详细地研究了氮化铝陶瓷粉体在“名义压力”为9.8 GPa的冲击波压力作用下的晶格缺陷，得到了晶格畸变与晶胞柱尺寸的关系数值，分析结果表明，其相干散射区域尺寸远小于颗粒的真实尺寸，说明冲击波作用在氮化铝陶瓷粉体中产生了严重的晶格缺陷。     

静电场作用下α一LiIO3单晶中子衍射增强现象的理论解释

本文根据(1)在偏振锥光下,用显微镜观察到α-LiIO₃单晶中层状缺陷在静电场作用下的变化;(2)静电场对a-LiIO₃单晶的X射线形貌象的影响;(3)用X射线双晶衍射测得α-LiIO₃单晶晶格参数的不均匀性,指出α-LiIO₃单晶在静电场作用下中子衍射增强现象是由于晶体中的空间电荷(载流子、杂质离子和空位)在宏观尺度缺陷处富集,造成晶格参数有一定梯度。我们对通常计算中子布喇格散射截面的玻恩近似,引入消光修正,得到畸变晶格中子衍射强度公式,可以解释文献[4—6]中观察到的各种现象。 关键词：     

Diffraction image of screw dislocations in X-ray section topography methods

X-ray diffraction patterns in a thin crystal are investigated by numerical simulation and experimental section topography for the case when the screw dislocation axis is parallel to the dislocation vector. The strongly distorted region near the dislocation core is found to operate like an X-ray mirror wheninteracting with an X-ray wave field in a scattering triangle; i.e., new wave fields appear in the new scattering triangles in the strong distortion region where the crystal departs from the reflecting position, and the coherent interaction of the new fields with the old leads to the formation of a complex X-ray image. Superposition of these waves, taking into account their phases, is found to result in a large variety of defect images.     

X‐ray propagation through single crystals in an anomalous scattering range and determination of permittivity tensor components by transmission experiments

Simple equations are obtained which enable one to describe x‐ray propagation through single crystals in an anomalous scattering range when Bragg diffraction does not take place and the angle between the initial x‐ray wave and crystal surface significantly exceeds the critical value. Using the results obtained we develop a method for determining the components of the permittivity tensors of non‐gyrotropic crystals of arbitrary symmetry by transmission experiments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

吸收限附近非对称反射条件下X射线的异常透射

研究了原子吸收限附近非对称布拉格条件下完整平板晶体的X射线异常透射．当衍射主要由原子散射因子的虚部引起时，在严格的布拉格角处，晶体内部驻波的波节位于衍射原子面上，从而导致异常透射的发生．透射波主要来源于晶体内部坡印廷矢量指向晶体下表面（入射面为上表面）的波场．该波场的有效吸收系数随非对称因子a的增大而减小，所以整个晶体的透射系数随a的增大而增大．当原子散射因子的实虚部对衍射的贡献之比一定时，晶体内坡印廷矢量偏离色散面实部法向的程度随反射的非对称程度的增大而增大． 关键词：     

Dynamical diffraction theory for wave packet propagation in deformed crystals

We develop a theory for the trajectory of an x ray in the presence of a crystal deformation. A set of equations of motion for an x-ray wave packet including the dynamical diffraction is derived, taking into account the Berry phase as a correction to geometrical optics. The trajectory of the wave packet has a shift of the center position due to a crystal deformation. Remarkably, in the vicinity of the Bragg condition, the shift is enhanced by a factor omega/deltaomega (omega: frequency of an x ray, deltaomega: gap frequency induced by the Bragg reflection). Comparison with the conventional dynamical diffraction theory is also made.     

Influence of high hydrostatic pressure on the vibrational spectrum of an edge dislocation and its dynamic interaction with point defects

The slip of a single edge dislocation in an elastic field of point defects chaotically distributed over a crystal with allowance for a high hydrostatic pressure has been studied theoretically. The numerical estimations have demonstrated that hydrostatic compression of some metals and alloys increases the dislocation drag force by point defects in them by several tens of percent.     

Charge density wave dislocation as revealed by coherent x-ray diffraction

Coherent x-ray diffraction experiments have been performed on high quality crystals of the charge density wave (CDW) system K0.3MoO3. The satellite reflections associated with the CDW have been measured as a function of the 20-microm-diameter beam position. For some positions, regular fringes have been observed. We show that this observation is consistent with the presence of a single CDW dislocation. Beyond charge density wave systems, this experiment shows that coherent x-ray diffraction is a suitable tool to probe topological defects embedded in the bulk.     

Radiation defect clustering in graphite studied by synchrotron radiation scattering

The formation of radiation defect clusters as interstitial dislocation loops in pyrographite irradiated by 20-MeV carbon ions in a cyclotron has been studied by means of synchrotron radiation scattering. The experimental data are interpreted in terms of the Krivoglaz model and the model of deformation domain formation by dislocation loops. Parameters of the pyrographite crystal lattice in the deformed state upon ion irradiation have been determined using experimental data on the shift and broadening of the Bragg peaks. The results of experiments and their theoretical analysis indicate that the phenomena of the crystal lattice densification (shrinkage) and the radiation-induced swelling (increase in volume) observed for graphite irradiated by fast neutrons in a nuclear reactor can be studied in model experiments on charged particle accelerators using irradiation of the samples with carbon ions at much lower doses and significantly shorter exposure times.     

Simulation of the spatial structure of x-ray beams under conditions of the correction of the heat flow incident on a crystal

Simulation of the formation and correction processes of the spatial structure of x-ray diffraction beams (x-ray images) depending on the parameters of the crystal diffraction peak and on the conditions of the temperature deformation field formation at its surface has been performed. Methods for x-ray image contrast improvement are proposed.     

Formation of x-ray images by means of thermal action of a light beam on the surface of a diffracting crystal

The results of experimental investigations of the formation of the spatial structure of x-ray diffraction beams (x-ray images) from the KDP crystal surface under its illumination by a light beam spatially modulated in intensity are presented. A simulation of the x-ray image, depending on the parameters of the diffraction peak of a crystal and on the conditions of the creation of a temperature deformation field at its surface, has been carried out.     

Influence of collective effects on the dynamic behavior of a single edge dislocation in a crystal with point defects

The glide of a single edge dislocation in an elastic field of point defects randomly distributed over a crystal is investigated taking into account the influence of the phonon subsystem of the crystal. The force of retardation of the dislocation motion is calculated, and the velocities at which this force has a local maximum and a local minimum are determined. A comparative analysis of the glide of a single dislocation and the glide of a pair of edge dislocations is performed.     

Studium von Einzelversetzungen in nahezu idealen Kristallen mit einer Röntgenmethode

The integrated intensities of X-ray diffraction for theLaue and theBragg case have been calculated for both an ideal and a mosaic crystal. The ratio of both intensities is thought to be a measure for the contrast of topographic X-ray work. Concerning to the Laue case, in thin crystals the distorted regions around dislocations have a higher diffraction intensity than the undistorted regions. In thick crystals the contrast is reverted. That is the case of anomalous transmission in ideal crystals. In the region of anomalous transparency some experiments have been made with slices of germanium crystals containing only few dislocations. Topographic pictures have been made by a simple method which is described. Secondary effects have been observed besides the normal contrast effects between distorted and undistorted regions. They can be explained assuming that the direction of propagation of the transmitting wave field is shifted in regions containing a long range lattice distorsion.     

Diffuse x-ray scattering near Bragg peaks from point defects in a general lattice

Using the continuum theory of linear elasticity, diffuse x-ray scattering has been calculated in the immediate neighbourhood of Bragg peaks from point defects in a lattice containing more than one atom in the unit cell. General expressions are obtained for the Debye-Waller factor, Huang diffuse scattering and the asymmetric scattering due to the defect. For lattices with one atom per unit cell, these expressions reduce to the well-known formulae of diffuse scattering.     

Mechanism of Plastic Collapse of Nanosized Crystals with BCC Lattice under Uniaxial Compression

Within the dislocation–kinetic approach, based on the nonlinear kinetic equation for dislocation density, an attempt is made to consider the problem of a catastrophic plastic collapse of defect-free nanocrystals of metals with bcc lattice under their uniaxial compression with a constant deformation rate. Solutions of this equation were found in the form of moving waves, describing the dislocation multiplication process as the wave moves along the crystal from a local dislocation source. Comparison of the theory with the results of experiments on defect-free Mo nanocrystals showed that their ultrahigh strength at the initial stage of deformation is associated with a low rate of rise of crystal plastic deformation in comparison with the growth of its elastic component. The subsequent plastic collapse of crystal is caused by a sharp increasing the plastic component, ending with reaching the equality of elastic and plastic deformation rates.