On axially-symmetric finite-energy monopole configurations

Axially symmetric finite energy monopole configurations are investigated for the gauge group SO(3) with the Higgs field in the adjoint representation. To avoid the complications due to gauge freedom gauge invariant fields are introduced and used throughout. From topological and continuity considerations it is argued that the only regular axially symmetric magnetic charge distributions permitted are isolated charges of uniform strength and alternate sign located along the axis of symmetry. In particular, if there is only one sign, the magnetic charge must be located at a single point. For a zero Higgs potential the minimal energy (first order Bogomolny) field equations take a simple form when written in terms of the gauge-invariant fields. In general, there are nine equations for nine (axially symmetric) fields, but these reduce to five equations for five fields if a further symmetry (invariance under reflexions in planes through the axis of symmetry) is imposed. Remarkably, four of the equations are the same whether the reflexion symmetry is imposed or not, and these four equations can be completely solved in terms of a master potential. From these and the remaining equations (just one in the case of mirror symmetry) the asymptotic behaviour of the functions at large distances and in the neighbourhood of the origin (the location of the charge) is obtained and studied in some detail.     

Huang diffuse scattering from interstitials in an hcp lattice

Using the continuum theory of linear elasticity, the Huang diffuse scattering from interstitials in an hcp lattice has been calculated to distinguish between the possible interstitial configurations. The symmetry of the lattice permits four such configurations. In each case, the Huang diffuse scattering is averaged over all possible equivalent orientations (assumed to be equally populated) of the defect configuration. The limitations of Huang diffuse scattering in discriminating between defect configurations having the same long-range symmetry are discussed, considering the specia I cases of Mg and Zn.     

Scalar hairy black holes and solitons in a gravitating Goldstone model

We study black hole solutions of Einstein gravity coupled to a specific global symmetry breaking Goldstone model described by an O(3) isovector scalar field in four spacetime dimensions. Our configurations are static and spherically symmetric, approaching at infinity a Minkowski spacetime background. A set of globally regular, particle-like solutions are found in the limit of vanishing event horizon radius. These configurations can be viewed as ‘regularised’ global monopoles, since their mass is finite and the spacetime geometry has no deficit angle. As an unusual feature, we notice the existence of extremal black holes in this model defined in terms of gravity and scalar fields only.     

Solitonlike solutions for interacting fields with consideration of gravitation

Within the general theory of relativity the interaction between scalar and vector massless fields with interaction LagrangianF ^αβ F _αβ Ψ (?) is considered, where ψ is an arbitrary function of the scalar field. For six types of space-time symmetry (spherical, cylindrical, pseudospherical, planar, pseudoplanar, and toroidal) such interaction induces nonlinearity in the scalar field, which can be chosen in trigonometric (for example, sin-Gordon) or polynomial form. Exact solutions of the field equations are obtained for all six symmetries. The spherically symmetric solutions are studied in detail and solitionlike solutions are found.     

Broken time reversal of light interaction with planar chiral nanostructures

We report unambiguous experimental evidence of broken time-reversal symmetry for the interaction of light with an artificial nonmagnetic material. Polarized color images of planar chiral gold-on-silicon nanostructures consisting of arrays of gammadions show intriguing and unusual symmetry: structures, which are geometrically mirror images, lose their mirror symmetry in polarized light. The symmetry of images can be described only in terms of antisymmetry (black-and-white symmetry) appropriate to a time-odd process. The effect results from a transverse chiral nonlocal electromagnetic response of the structure and has some striking resemblance with the expected features of light scattering on anyon matter.     

Scalar-tensor theory of gravitation: Generalizations and experimental limitations

Several theories with scalar field can be derived from different variational principles. Here we consider a very general variational principle and we prove that, in the exterior case without electromagnetic field, the solution for a particular case generates the set of solutions for the general case. This is applied to the exterior solution in the static case with spherical symmetry without electromagnetic field. We investigate the predictions for the classic effects and the event horizons. Then we get some limitations for the variational principles which generalize the usual limitations. In all these cases the Schwarzschild solution with his horizon appears as a very particular case.     

Static charged dust in general relativity

Solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations for static charged dust are discussed. Contrary to what has been asserted earlier it is found that cylindrically symmetric and plane symmetric solutions with the following properties, exist: (a) They are regular in the interior region; (b) the mass density is positive and vanishes at the boundary; (c) the metric, its first derivate, and the electrical field strength are continuous at the boundary; (d) the solutions are mirror symmetric in the plane symmetric case.     

Some exact models for nonspherical collapse. II

For charged dust distributions with spherical, planar, and pseudospherical symmetries the general solution to the Einstein-Maxwell equations is presented in quadratures. For zero cosmological constant all the concrete models are listed. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for these models to have no temporal (occurring at a certain moment of proper time) singularities. Properties of planarly symmetric configurations are discussed in more detail. In particular, conditions are formulated for a plane layer to be mirror-symmetric in the thickness direction; it is shown that an external electromagnetic field cannot prevent a neutral matter distribution from evolving to a singularity; it is demonstrated that one of two electrovacuum space-times matched to a physically acceptable plane layer of matter can have a Cauchy horizon while the other has none. Examples of regular mirror-symmetric layers are presented.     

Equilibrium configurations of the conducting liquid surface in a nonuniform electric field

Possible equilibrium configurations of the free surface of a conducting liquid deformed by a nonuniform external electric field are investigated. The liquid rests on an electrode that has the shape of a dihedral angle formed by two intersecting equipotential half-planes (conducting wedge). It is assumed that the problem has plane symmetry: the surface is invariant under shift along the edge of the dihedral angle. A one-parametric family of exact solutions for the shape of the surface is found in which the opening angle of the region above the wedge serves as a parameter. The solutions are valid when the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the liquid is zero. For an arbitrary pressure difference, approximate solutions to the problem are constructed and it is demonstrated the approximation error is small. It is found that, when the potential difference exceeds a certain threshold value, equilibrium solutions are absent. In this case, the region occupied by the liquid disintegrates, the disintegration scenario depending on the opening angle.     

Fundamental monopoles and multimonopole solutions for arbitrary simple gauge groups

Magnetic monopole solutions for an arbitrary compact simple gauge group are considered in the Prasad-Sommerfield limit. For each group and choice of symmetry breaking there is a set of fundamental monopoles with minimal topological charges and possessing no internal degrees of freedom; the number of these is less than or equal to the rank of the gauge group. It is shown that if the unbroken gauge group is abelian, all solutions with higher topological charges belong to p-parameter families, where p is the number of position and group orientation parameters needed to describe a set of non-interacting fundamental monopoles with the given topological charge. It is argued that these solutions, some examples of which are given, should therefore be interpreted as multimonopole configurations. An extension of these results to the case of a non-albelian unbroken gauge symmetry is conjecture and shown to be valid for a number of examples.     

Metastable ringlike semitopological solitons

We show the existence of new stable ringlike localized scalar field configurations whose stability is due to a combination of topological and nontopological charges. In that sense these defects may be called semitopological. These rings are Noether charged and also carry Noether current (they are superconducting). They are local minima of the energy in scalar field theories with an unbroken U(1) global symmetry. We obtain numerical solutions of the field configuration corresponding to large rings and derive virial theorems demonstrating their stability. We also derive the minimum energy field configurations in 3D and simulate the evolution of a finite size Q ring on a three dimensional lattice.     

Solitons of nonlinear scalar electrodynamics in general relativity

Solitons with spherical and/or cylindrical symmetry in the interacting system of scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational fields have been obtained. As a particular case it is shown that the equations of motion admit a special kind of solution with a sharp boundary, known as droplets. For these solutions, the physical fields vanish and the space-time is flat outside of the critical sphere or cylinder. Therefore, the mass and the electric charge of these configurations are zero.     

Entropic information for travelling solitons in Lorentz and CPT breaking systems

In this work we group four research topics apparently disconnected, namely solitons, Lorentz symmetry breaking, supersymmetry, and entropy. Following a recent work (Gleiser and Stamatopoulos, 2012), we show that it is possible to construct in the context of travelling wave solutions a configurational entropy measure in functional space, from the field configurations. Thus, we investigate the existence and properties of travelling solitons in Lorentz and CPT breaking scenarios for a class of models with two interacting scalar fields. Here, we obtain a complete set of exact solutions for the model studied which display both double and single-kink configurations. In fact, such models are very important in applications that include Bloch branes, Skyrmions, Yang–Mills, Q-balls, oscillons and various superstring-motivated theories. We find that the so-called Configurational Entropy (CE) for travelling solitons shows that the best value of parameter responsible to break the Lorentz symmetry is one where the energy density is distributed equally around the origin. In this way, the information-theoretical measure of travelling solitons in Lorentz symmetry violation scenarios opens a new window to probe situations where the parameters responsible for breaking the symmetries are arbitrary. In this case, the CE selects the best value of the parameter in the model.     

Constraints on reggeon amplitudes from analyticity and planar unitarity

Using planar dual amplitudes as a guide, we discuss some features of reggeon amplitudes which are relevant in the context of the topological expansion. We look into the analytic properties and, in particular, discuss the validity of finite-mass sum rules for reggeon-reggeon scattering. We investigate the form taken by planar unitarity when a multiperipheral assumption is added. The integral equations obtained are not of the standard Chew-Goldberger-Low type. We find that pure pole-type solutions (i.e. without Regge cuts) to planar unitarity are possible in a way consistent with the symmetry and factorization properties of reggeon-reggeon amplitudes. The appearance of “good” FMSR in the unitarity integrals follows from a careful treatment of phase space — all possible configurations are counted uniquely — and is crucial in achieving the cut cancellation. Throughout the paper we emphasize various subtle points that have been overlooked in the literature.     

Use of quantum dots as a switch for single-electron transfer free from cotunneling

Based on symmetry constraint that leads to the appearance of nodes in the wave functions of 3-electron systems at regular triangle configurations, it was found that, if the parameters of confinement are skillfully chosen and if a magnetic field is tuned around the first critical point of the single-triplet transition, a 2-electron quantum dot can be used as a switch for single-electron transport free from cotunneling.     

On Some Solutions of Relativistic Wave Equations

In this paper we present exact solutions of the Klein-Gordon and the Dirac equations in different configurations of an electromagnetic field, which are characteristic for free-electron laser-type gauges. In the case of motion of a charge scalar particle in standing wave an energy spectrum is studied. For the motion of an electron in a so-called wiggler magnetic field a spinor wave function is proved to be obtainable. An undulator field configuration with propagating wave is treated also.     

On the energy of Yang-Mills fields in the presence of an external source

An expression is derived for the energy of a non-Abelian solution of the Yang-Mills equations in the presence of an external source, which permits an immediate comparison with the energy of the corresponding Coulomb-type solution, For any semisimple gauge group, a number of different field configurations are exhibited which always lead to solutions of lower energy than the Coulomb solution independent of the strength and symmetry properties of the source. The various implications of these results in view of the known instability of the Coulomb-type solution of a spherically symmetric source are discussed.     

Cylindrical electromagnetic waves in a nonlinear nondispersive medium: Exact solutions of the Maxwell equations

The excitation and propagation of cylindrical electromagnetic waves in a nonlinear nondispersive medium are analyzed. It is assumed that the medium lacks a center of symmetry and that the dependence of the electric displacement on the electric field can be approximated by an exponential function. For this case, a method for integrating the system of the Maxwell equations is proposed. Exact solutions to a set of nonlinear electromagnetic field equations are obtained by this method. It is shown that nonlinear effects described by these solutions can become apparent under experimental conditions.     

Stability of racemic and chiral steady states in open and closed chemical systems

The stability properties of models of spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking in chemistry are characterized algebraically. The models considered here all derive either from the Frank model or from autocatalysis with limited enantioselectivity. Emphasis is given to identifying the critical parameter controlling the chiral symmetry breaking transition from racemic to chiral steady-state solutions. This parameter is identified in each case, and the constraints on the chemical rate constants determined from dynamic stability are derived.