低功率氩电弧加热发动机的数值模拟

采用可求解可压缩流动与传热的全速度SIMPLE算法,对低功率氩电弧加热发动机内部的传热与流动进行了数值模拟,获得了电弧加热发动机内的温度、速度、马赫数及流线分布。计算结果表明:电弧加热发动机内最高温度出现在阴极下游附近中心轴线处,这是因为电弧在阴极表面收缩形成阴极弧点,从而焦耳热成为该高温区的主要加热机制;沿着发动机中心轴线,气体温度和速度开始时随着距阴极距离的增加而迅速增加,然后在等离子体流向喷管出口的过程中,气体温度和速度逐渐下降。此外还详细考察了弧电流变化对电弧加热发动机内部传热与流动特性的影响,计算获得的发动机流量和比冲与实验结果基本一致。     

千瓦级氩电弧加热发动机的二维数值模拟

本文对千瓦级氩电弧加热发动机内的传热与流动进行了数值模拟研究,获得了典型工况下发动机内温度、速度和马赫数以及发动机喷管温度等参数分布。模拟结果表明,工作气体主要是在阴极下游附近以及约束通道内被加热电离,气体在发动机喷管的上游为亚音速流动,经过约束通道后转变为超音速流动。在进气总压一定时,随着弧电流的增加,发动机出口温度和速度均随之增加,但工作气体流量略有下降。     

氮氢电弧加热发动机气体流动特性分析

采用数值模拟的方法对低功率氮氢电弧加热发动机内的气体流动状况进行了分析研究,根据发动机内气体流动特性,确定了电弧加热发动机内的热边界层和流动边界层的定义方法,考察了主流区和边界内的能量转化过程。研究表明,在发动机约束通道内,电弧的热能主要在主流区转化为气体的热能,提升气体的焓值,而在发动机喷管扩张段的电弧贴附区域,电弧加热起到提升边界层内气体焓值和动能的作用.进一步的分析表明,缩小约束通道直径以及增加工作电流都有助于增加主流区气体对推力的贡献,从而提高发动机的性能。     

低功率电弧加热发动机喷管扩张段内壁面温度测量

采用滤光成像,摒弃电弧及羽流干扰,实验获得了采用纯氮、纯氢以及氢-氮混合气为推进剂时,低功率电弧加热发动机喷管内壁面的热辐射强度分布。通过辐射强度-温度标定以及图像分析,导出了相应的温度分布。实验结果表明,喷管扩张段内壁面温度最高处位于喉道出口附近。采用不同推进剂时,喷管内壁面温度分布情况有显著区别。     

极限重力下冲压发动机再生冷却中燃油流动及传热特性研究

为了了解重力水平对超燃冲压发动机再生冷却中航空燃油流动及传热特性的影响,本文采用有限容积法对不同重力水平下水平圆管内RP-3航空煤油的流动和传热进行三维数值模拟。水平圆管内径为1.8 mm,壁厚为0.2 mm,长为300 mm,管内工质为RP-3航空煤油,管壁受到q=400 kW/m~2的均匀热流密度加热。研究结果表明,根据重力水平的不同可将二次流流型沿管长的变化归纳为3种流型演变规律。0g时截面流型由入口段的汇流发展为源流,最终再次变为汇流;当重力水平增加至0.1g时,在管道轴线上方出现涡状流动,涡胞中心沿管长方向逐渐向下移动,最终流型转变为汇流;当重力水平增加至0.3g时,涡状流动涡胞中心位于管道轴线下方,沿着管长方向快速上移至轴线上方,最终发展至管道轴线下方。随着重力水平的增大,水平圆管轴线上方流体的湍动能逐渐增大,而轴线下方流体的湍动能却逐渐减小。流体湍动能受浮升力效应诱导二次流影响呈非对称分布。重力水平的增大能强化下管壁附近的对流换热,而抑制上管壁附近的对流换热,在上壁面出现了传热恶化现象。管壁平均对流换热系数会随重力水平的增大而增大。     

自然对流的LB方法模拟及其非线性特性

采用LB方法和QUICK差分方法模拟了方腔内竖直平板自然对流和底部加热方腔内自然对流换热问题.实现了LB方法对具有孤立体的封闭空间内耦合的流动和传热问题的数值模拟,所得数值结果与QUICK差分方法的数值结果及已有的烟可视化实验结果一致;两种方法对底部加热方腔内自然对流问题的预测结果均出现了静态分岔和动态分岔;根据底部加热方腔内自然对流换热数值结果给出的极限环型速度相图和功率谱表明,两种方法得到的数值结果的非线性特性一致.     

小型平板CPL蒸发器耦合计算及优化设计研究

本文建立了小型平板CPL蒸发器毛细多孔芯内汽液两相流动与传热的模型以及金属外壁和工质区的导热模型,并进行耦合求解.分析了金属侧壁效应对蒸发器性能的影响,提出小型平板CPL存在着侧壁效应传热极限.数值结果表明,工质蒸发发生在多孔芯加热表面附近,蒸发器采用单一金属外壁时由于侧壁效应导致系统传热极限低,而上壁采用导热系数大,侧壁及下壁采用导热系数小的新型结构能够明显的提高系统的传热能力,同时使加热表面的温度维持在较低的水平.     

沉降分布孔隙率多孔介质模型及数值研究

研究沉降分布孔隙率多孔介质流动和传热,根据"O"形圈理论和现场测定确定孔隙率系数,建立坐标方向孔隙率分布函数;考虑流体密度变化,并引入Brinkman-Forchheimer的扩展Darcy模型,能量方程采用界面连续条件,建立沉降分布孔隙率多孔介质流动和传热求解模型.采用差分法对模型进行离散化,应用高斯-赛德尔方法迭代求解.数值分析表明:沉降分布孔隙率条件下多孔介质内流体流动速度在壁面附近较大,中心部位较小,壁面附近孔隙率的增大使得低流速区域减小,较高流速区域增大;当孔隙率小值时,温度按线性减小;当孔隙率大值时,温度在高低温壁面附近迅速减小,在中部减小较缓,热量按导热和对流共同传递;孔隙率增大能使平均怒谢尔数增大,对流换热作用增强.     

电弧放电等离子体诱导激波的计算

基于电弧放电物理过程,分析气动激励机理,建立用于电弧放电等离子体诱导激波数值模拟的爆炸丝传热模型.主要结论有:电弧放电等离子体气动激励的主要机理是热等离子体的热阻塞效应,热电弧放电对于超声速来流而言就像-个具有-定斜坡角度的虚拟突起;理论分析只适用于纵坐标较小的阶段;当传热的功率设为放电功率的10%时,本文所建立的模型能够用于电弧放电等离子体诱导激波的仿真研究;等离子体虚拟斜坡角度及其诱导激波角都随来流总压和速度的增大而减小,随着放电功率的增大而增大,在总压、速度和放电功率较小的阶段这种变化较明显,在总压、速度和放电功率较大的阶段这种变化较缓慢.     

采用双分布函数格子Boltzmann方法的直流氩等离子体流动与传热分析

本文采用双分布函数格子Boltzmann方法(DDF-LB)模拟了直流氩电弧等离子体中的流动与传热问题。针对非局域热平衡状态下热等离子体中的原子、离子和电子三种组分,推导给出了不同组分的格子Boltzmann方程,通过耦合迭代求解得到各组分的温度和速度分布。文中采用随温度变化的松弛时间用以提高数值计算的稳定性。通过将本文的计算结果与文献结果进行比较,验证了DDF-LB方法求解等离子体中能量输运问题的稳定性和数值精度。     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

Muonic and pionic L- and M-series in carbon and oxygen and the pionic 2p level shift and width of oxygen

Muonic and pionic X-rays of the L- and M-series in C and O have been measured with a Si(Li) detector in the energy range between 7 keV and 60 keV. The target consisted of mylar (C₅H₄O₂). Energies and intensities of 21 transitions have been determined. The strong interaction shift of the pionic 2p level in O was measured and found to be +4.1 ±2.3 eV. The measured width of this level is 11±6 eV. The measured yields have been compared with cascade calculations.     

Atomic and electronic structures and stability of icosahedral nanodiamonds and onions

The relative stability of alternative carbon nanoparticles with icosahedral symmetry, such as diamond-like nanocrystallites and multiwalled fullerenes (onions), is investigated using the parametric model and the density functional tight-binding (DFTB) method. It is demonstrated that an increase in the size of particles and their hydrogenation favor the stabilization of diamond-like nanocrystallites. The formation of “intermediate” nanostructures consisting of diamond-like nanocrystallites inside the fullerene cage is revealed. The electronic spectra of icosahedral carbon nanoparticles are calculated.     

Spin and Statistics and First Principles

It was shown in the early seventies that, in Local Quantum Theory (that is the most general formulation of Quantum Field Theory, if we leave out only the unknown scenario of Quantum Gravity) the notion of Statistics can be grounded solely on the local observable quantities (without assuming neither the commutation relations nor even the existence of unobservable charged field operators); one finds that only the well known (para)statistics of Bose/Fermi type are allowed by the key principle of local commutativity of observables. In this frame it was possible to formulate and prove the Spin and Statistics Theorem purely on the basis of First Principles.     

Visualization and interferometry for cylindrical and spherical sample tomography and profilometry

A technique combining image processing and laser interferometry for visualizing and detecting the deformation of transparent cylindrical and spherical sample is proposed. This deformation includes geometric deformation such as volume transition in profilometry and physical deformation such as refractive index change in tomography. Phase contour lines are used for quantitative analysis and graphical representation of the deformation. This method allows us to visually detect the spatial variation of the deformation field and to evaluate the test quality such as misalignment of optical system. A theoretical analysis using phase contour map to characterize the deformation field is described in detail. A method using phase contour map to qualify the interferometric test is proposed. Analysis of test examples is carried out. Suggestions on using phase contour line method to ameliorate test system design are finally discussed.     

Nonlocal potentials and their exact and approximate local and velocity-dependent equivalents

We show that good approximations to the exact equivalent local potential (ELP) and damping factor of a nonlocal Perey-Buck potential can be calculated in the partial wave WKB approximation of Horiuchi. The exact ELP and damping factor are obtained by means of a method previously given by one of us. We also confirm that an approximate ELP proposed by Bauhoff et al. is of comparable accuracy as the Horiuchi approximation. Thesel-dependent ELP's exhibit reduced attraction in the interior and provide a test for higher order WKB approximations. We subsequently obtain an equivalent velocity dependent potential (EVDP) which is even exactly wave function equivalent to the original nonlocal potential. This almost local potential, unlike the trivial equivalent local potential, is smooth and well-behaved and is therefore particularly useful in nuclear reactions where the off-shell behaviour of the potential is important.