MRD Cl calculation of the first and second ionization potential of OH

Multireference Cl calculations are reported for OH(²Π). OH⁺ (³Σ⁻), and OH²⁺ (⁴Σ⁻) using several basis sets. Ionization potentials derived from the potential curves are compared to previous calculations and to experimental values. We show that the errors obtained from the calculations can be traced to the difficulty in obtaining an accurate treatment of the ionization energy of the oxygen atom. No experimental artifact needs to be invoked to explain the discrepancy with the experimental results.     

The valence orbital ionization potential of the first transition-metal atoms and ions

The 3d, 4s and 4p valence orbital ionization potentials (VOIP) are determined for the atoms and the ions with the electron configuration 3d 4s p , using the Anno-Teruya values of the average energies of the configurations and the experimental ionization potentials. Not all the configurations of this type are treated for lack of the data. As far as the data are available, a quadratic equation in terms of the atomic number Z is fitted to the VOIP's of an isoelectronic series: VOIP=A ₀+A ₁ Z+A ₂ Z ². The coefficients A ₀'s, A ₁'s and A ₂'s thus obtained are analysed in the light of Slater's simple expression for the total energy of an atom with the idea of screening effect due to inner electrons.

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Zusammenfassung Mit den Anno-Teruya-Werten für die durchschnittliche Energie der Konfigurationen und den experimentellen Ionisationspotentialen werden für Atome und Ionen der Konfigurationen 3d 4s p die 3d-, 4s- und 4p-VOIPs bestimmt. Mangels verfügbarer Daten werden nicht alle Konfigurationen dieses Typs behandelt. Sofern Daten verfügbar sind, wird den VOIPs einer isoelektronischen Reihe eine in der Kernladungszahl Z quadratische Gleichung angepa\t: VOIP=A ₀+A ₁ Z+A ₂ Z ². Dies aus dieser Gleichung gewonnenen RegelmÄ\igkeiten in den Koeffizienten A ₀, A ₁ und A ₂ werden mit der einfachen Slaterformel für die Gesamtenergie eines Atoms als Abschirmeffekte der inneren Elektronen erklÄrt.

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Résumé Les potentiels d'ionisation des orbitales de valence (VOIP) 3d, 4s et 4p sont déterminés pour les atomes et les ions de configuration électronique 3d 4s p en utilisant les valeurs de Anno-Teruya des énergies moyennes des configurations et les potentiels d'ionisation expérimentaux. Par suite d'absence de données toutes les configurations de ce type ne sont pas étudiées. Dans la mesure des données existantes, une relation quadratique en fonction du numéro atomique Z est ajustée pour les VOIP d'une série isoélectronique: VOIP=A ₀+A ₁ Z+A ₂ Z ². Les coefficients A ₀, A ₁ et A ₂ ainsi obtenus sont analysés à la lumière des expressions simples de Slater pour l'énergie totale d'un atome avec l'idée d'un effet d'écran dû aux électrons internes.

     

A simplified calorimeter for the precise determination of purity

A calorimetric apparatus has been constructed for the determination of the mole fraction of impurity in a highly purified sample of a chemical compound by measurement of the temperature of solid-liquid equilibrium as a function of the fraction of the sample melted. An experimental value of the heat of fusion of the compound is also obtained, thus yielding the cryoscopic constant A. The apparatus, though relatively simple to Operate, has given results of good precision. The method has been tested over a wide temperature range using methylcyclopentane, n-heptane, n-decane, cyclohexylcyclohexane, and n-hexadecane, which have freezing points ranging from —142°C to +18°C.     

Experimental determination of the ionization potentials of the first five members of the nanodiamond series

The ionization potentials of size- and isomer-selected diamondoids (nanodiamond containing one to five crystal cages) have been measured by means of total-ion-yield spectroscopy. We find a monotonic decrease of the ionization potential with increasing diamondoid size. This experimental result is compared to recent theoretical predictions and comparable investigations on related carbon clusters, the fullerenes, which show isomer effects to be stronger than size dependence.     

Theoretical determination of electron affinity and ionization potential of DNA and RNA bases

The ionization potentials and electron affinities of thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine, and uracil were determined at density functional level using different exchange‐correlation functionals and basis sets. Results showed that the computed ionization potentials are very close to the experimental counterparts. The sign of adiabatic electron affinities of adenine, thymine, and uracil is unaffected by the used level of theory while that for guanine and cytosine depends on both the used potential and basis set. Vertical electron affinities are always negative in agreement with the experimental indications. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 21: 1243–1250, 2000     

CEPA calculations on open-shell molecules. VI. The first ionization potential of HCO

According to an investigation by Dyke et al. (1980) HCO seems to be one of the rare cases in which the correlation energy of the neutral molecule is smaller (in absolute value) than that of the first monopositive ion, such that the ΔSCF method yields a value for the first vertical ionization potential (IP _v ) which is larger than the experimental value. In order to understand this observation we have performed a series of SCF and CEPA calculations on HCO and HCO⁺ using as many as ten different orbital basis sets. The best ΔSCF result for IP _v is 9.24 eV, i.e. slightly smaller than the “experimental electronic” IP _v of 9.38 eV. Inclusion of electron correlation lowers IP _v as long as small basis sets are used, the convergence with increasing basis size is very slow. Extrapolation to a complete basis leads to a CEPA estimate of 9.26±0.10 eV for IP _v (and 8.05 ±0.10 eV for the adiabatic IP) which shows that the correlation contribution to IP _v is indeed very small. The reason for this is that the gain in correlation energy in HCO due to the presence of the unpaired electron is compensated by a loss of core correlation energy since the low-lying antibonding in-plane C-O-π- orbital is only partially available for excitation in HCO, but fully available in HCO⁺.     

Relation between the vaporization heat and the first ionization potential in series of liquids at normal boiling point

It is shown that a general relationship exists between the latent heat of vaporization and the first ionization potential for liquids at the normal boiling point. The generalized parabolic relation is:

where Y = In(hcωT_B) and X = In(ΔH_v/RT_B), such that ω is the first ionization potential expressed in reciprocal centimeters; while ΔH_v is the latent heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point temperature T_B.     

Controversy on the first ionization potential of PuO2 (nearly) settled by new experimental evidence

The first ionization potential of the PuO2 molecule was for a long time considered to be 4-5 eV higher than that of UO2. This feature could hardly be explained by the most advanced "ab initio" calculations, which, on the other hand, provide satisfactory results for other actinide oxides. From recent experiments, performed with different techniques, a lower ionization potential of approximately 7 eV was measured, in better agreement with the theoretical predictions. Our recent experiments, where thermally produced ions were measured, make it possible to formulate an accurate relation between the ionization potential of PuO2 and that of PuO: I0(PuO2) = I0(PuO) + 0.42 +/- 0.005 eV. The present uncertainty of I0(PuO) leads to the final assessment, 6.2 < or = I0(PuO2) < or = 6.6 eV, whereby the upper limit is more in line with the aforementioned recent measurements. Considering the still existing uncertainties, one can conclude that these results remove major doubts on the validity of the current theoretical predictions. However, the very small ionization cross section of PuO2 by low-energy electron collisions, which led to the previous spurious assessment of the ion appearance potential, has still an unexplained cause.     

Resonance ionization mass spectrometry for precise measurements of isotope ratios

Resonance ionization mass spectrometry offers extremely high sensitivity and elemental selectivity in microanalysis, but the isotopic precision attainable by this technique has been limited. Measured isotope ratios are sensitive to small fluctuations in the pointing, pulse timing, and wavelength of the resonance lasers. We show that, by minimizing these fluctuations using feedback controls and by power-broadening the optical transitions, we are able to measure chromium isotope ratios with statistics-limited precision better than 1%. Small additional improvements in reproducibility come from careful shaping of the electric field in the region where atoms are photoionized and from minimizing pulse-to-pulse variations in the time-of-flight mass spectrometer through which the photoions travel. The increased reproducibility of isotopic measurements on standard materials has enabled us to detect anomalous chromium isotopic abundances in presolar SiC grains extracted from primitive meteorites.     

The ionization potential of the BeH molecule

The ionization potential of the BeH molecule is derived from a few Rydberg states observed in the absorption spectrum and from “ab initio” calculations of the energies of the ground states of the BeH and BeH⁺ molecules at their equilibrium distances. The values are in agreement and yield PI(BeH, X²Σ⁺) = 66 100 ± 500 cm^?1.     

The first ionization potentials and conjugation in benzene derivatives containing organosilicon, organogermanium, organotin, and organolead substituents

The inductive and resonance effects of silicon-, germanium-, tin-, and lead-containing and some organic substituents on the HOMO energies (E _HOMO) for 43 monosubstituted andp-disubstituted benzene derivatives were analyzed in the Koopmans approximation. A linear dependence between the perturbation energy δE and the resonanceσ _R ⁺ parameters of the substituents was established. The Koopmans approximation is a rough approximation for the compounds studied, since to provide for its rigorous fulfilment, the δE values must depend on the σ _R ⁰ parameters of the substituents. The principal regularities of increasing the σ,π-conjugation between the organoelement substituents and the π-system caused by a positive charge on the benzene ring were established. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 70–75, January 1997.     

Dissociative ionization of 1,4-bis(2,5-phenyloxazolyl)benzene

Dissociative ionization of 1,4-bis(2,5-phenyloxazolyl)benzene (POPOP) molecule by electron impact in gaseous phase is studied. Potentials of appearance of some fragments of the molecule under study are determined from the experimentally measured dependences of ionization cross-section on the ionizing electron energy. A new ion with m/z = 144 [C₉H₆ON]⁺ is detected in the mass spectrum of the POPOP molecule, being complementary to the fragment with m/z = 220 [C₁₅H₁₀ON]⁺. The threshold of appearance of this ion is determined (E_ap = 9.51 eV) as well as the first ionization potential of the POPOP molecule and fragment ion appearance potentials.     

A survey of the potential energy surface for the (benzene)13 cluster

We report on a survey of the potential energy surface for the 13-molecule benzene cluster, (C(6)H(6))(13), bound by an atom-atom intermolecular potential developed from first principles. The potential, which has an anisotropic repulsion term, is found to support distinct pairs of structures of C(3), C(i), and S(6) symmetry as low-lying minima, including a C(3) global minimum. The organisation of the low-lying region of the potential energy surface suggests that one of the S(6) structures is likely to act as a kinetic trap, hindering efficient relaxation to the global minimum, in agreement with the hypothesis that two isomers coexist in this system, suggested by spectroscopic experiments.     

A simple and precise conductometric method for the determination of losartan in pharmaceutical products

Losartan is an antihypertensive agent that lost its patent protection in 2010, and, consequently, it has been available in generic form. The latter motivated the search for a rapid and precise alternative method. Here, a simple conductometric titration in aqueous medium is described for the losartan analysis in pharmaceutical formulations. The first step of the titration occurs with the protonation of losartan producing a white precipitate and resulting in a slow increase in conductivity. When the protonation stage is complete, a sharp increase in conductivity occurs which was determined to be due to the presence of excess of acid. The titrimetric method was applied to the determination of losartan in pharmaceutical products and the results are comparable with values obtained using a chromatographic method recommended by the United States Pharmacopoeia. The relative standard deviation for successive measurements of a 125 mg L^?1 (2.71×10^?4 mol L^?1) losartan solution was approximately 2%. Recovery study in tablet samples ranged between 99 and 102.4%. The procedure is fast, simple, and represents an attractive alternative for losartan quantification in routine analysis. In addition, it avoids organic solvents, minimizes the risk of exposure to the operator, and the waste treatment is easier compared to classical chromatographic methods.      

A rapid and precise computer-aided method for the spectrophotometric determination of substances in solution

The Newton—Raphson iteration method for the solution of mass-balance equations is used. Given accurate spectrophotometric data (absorbances, absorptivities) and equilibrium constants, this procedure permits rapid determination of substances in solution. The program is convenient to use and gives satisfactory results on a number of systems. The pyridoxal hydrochloride system was selected for evaluation of equilibrium constants and molar absorptivities from spectrophotometric and potentiometric data and was then used as the main test of the SPEDEAD program (SPEctrophotometric DEtermination by Absorbance Data).     

Spectrophotometric determination of the ionization constants of fluorodinitromethane

Summary Spectrophotometric methods determined the ionization constant of fluorodinitromethane in water and absolute alcohol.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2063–2065, November 1965