Processes and properties of electric arc stabilized by water vortex

Experimental investigation of an electric arc stabilized by a water vortex was carried out in a DC arc plasma torch for the power range 90-200 kW. Volt-ampere characteristics of the arc as well as the power balance were determined separately for the part of the arc column stabilized by water and for the remaining part between the nozzle exit and the external anode. The temperature of arc plasma close to the nozzle exit was determined by emission spectroscopy. Negatively biased electric probes in the ion collecting regime were used for determination of the plasma flow velocity. The measured temperatures up to 27000 K, and velocities up to 7 km/s are higher than the values commonly reported for plasma torches with DC arcs stabilized by a gas flow. Mass and energy balances within the arc chamber were determined from the experimental results. The radial transport of the energy by radiation was identified as a decisive process controlling the arc and plasma properties. The balance of radial energy transport was studied. The ratio of energy spent for evaporation of the water to the energy absorbed in the evaporated mass is very low in the water stabilized arc. This is the principal cause of high plasma temperatures and velocities found by the measurements     

Viscosity of interfacial water

The effective shear viscosity and frequency-dependent dynamic oscillatory shear spectra of water containing monovalent or divalent ions (ionic strength 25 mM), confined between mica crystals at 1-2 water molecules thickness, oscillated with twist angle with the period expected for the pseudohexagonal surface lattice. The effective viscosity varied by orders of magnitude as the twist angle was changed. Confinement appeared to imprint lateral spatial correlation on the ultrathin liquid, the more so the better the confining lattices were aligned, but the oft-proposed "ice structure" was not observed dynamically.     

Viscosity and density of lysozyme in water

The viscosity and density of solutions of lysozyme in water have been measured in the range of concentration from 0.2% to 26% by weight. It is found that a critical concentration exists, namely 17% by weight, which separates two distinct kinds of behaviour. The results agree with those previously obtained by other authors using Raman spectroscopy, and are also compared with results obtained from some electrolytic solutions.     

Analysis of physicochemical properties of nanoparticles obtained by pulsed electric discharges in water

Aqueous dispersions of nanoparticles are obtained by pulsed electric discharges in water between silver, copper, and iron electrodes. It is shown that depending on the type of the electrode metal, metallic and oxide nanoparticles with the I and II degrees of oxidation, as well as nanoparticles with the magnetite and hematite structure, are formed.     

Dielectric half-disk resonator with whispering-gallery modes for measurements of the electric properties of water

We study experimentally the possibility of measuring the dielectric properties of water in the millimeter wavelength range using dielectric resonators excited at the whispering-gallery modes. The influence of various conditions for excitation of such resonators by a local source on the sensitivity and resolution of the performed measurements is shown. Electrodynamic characteristics of the dielectric resonator as a cell for measurements of the electric properties of water are studied. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 51, No. 9, pp. 769–776, September 2008.     

Modeling the radiative properties of nonspherical soil-derived mineral aerosols

Mineral dust aerosols have complex nonspherical shapes and varying composition. This study utilizes data on morphology (size and shape) and composition of dust particles to determine the extent to which the optical properties of real particles differ from those of spheres. A method for modeling the optical properties of complex particle mixtures is proposed. The method combines dust particle composition-shape-size (CSS) distributions reconstructed from the electron microscopy data, effective medium approximations and discrete dipole approximation. The method is used to compute optical characteristics of realistic dust mixtures representative of Saharan and Asian dust. We demonstrate that considered CSS distributions result in various differences in the extinction coefficient, single scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter and the scattering phase function relative to the volume-equivalent spheres and the mixtures of the randomly oriented oblate and prolate spheroids. Implications of these differences for radiation/climate modeling and remote sensing are discussed.     

On the magnetic properties of some industrial metal aerosols

The magnetic properties of some dusts and fumes collected from different work environments are studied. The specific magnetic remanent and saturation moments, pulse coercive forces and iron contents of the dusts are given and regression equations for the relation between the results are calculated. Some examples of the remanent magnetization curves of the dust are illustrated. A change in the magnetizing time from 0.4 ms to 1 s was not found to affect the remanent moment of stearin embedded dust. When loaded filters were used as a sample, the specific remanent moment was not found to depend on the amount of dust. The variations of the remanent moments among magnetite samples mixed with viscose media is shown to be much higher than that of samples with stearin.     

Viscosity and thermodynamic properties of QGP in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

We study the viscosity and thermodynamic properties of QGP at RHIC by employing the recently extracted equilibrium distribution functions from two hot QCD equations of state of O(g ⁵) and O(g ⁶ln (1/g)), respectively. After obtaining the temperature dependence of the energy density and the entropy density, we focus our attention on the determination of the shear viscosity for a rapidly expanding interacting plasma, as a function of temperature. We find that the interactions significantly decrease the shear viscosity. They decrease the viscosity to entropy density ratio, as well.     

Laser Doppler velocimeter for remote measurement of polluted water and aerosols discharges

A continuous wave Doppler velocimeter has been developed for remote estimation of the volume of polluted water and gaseous discharges using an actively stabilized ring dye laser. Doppler shifted backscattered signals induced by fluids in motion using heterodyne detection technique has been applied for measurement of Doppler shifts. Polluted water and gaseous discharge flow rates have been measured remotely for simulation purposes. The system is capable of measuring Doppler shifts as low as 0.25 MHz corresponding to 0.1 m/s velocities of the fluids.     

Asymmetric chiral growth of micron-size NaClO3 crystals in water aerosols

We describe an aerosol-liquid cycle that launches the autocatalytic amplification of any initial imbalance of the order of 10(-7)% (1 ppb) up to total chiral purity in a single step process. Crystal nucleation of NaClO3 is initiated at the aerosol air-water interface where, due to the accumulation of ambient chiral impurities or added hydrophobic chiral aminoacids in tiny concentrations (ppb), the initial levorotatory (l) and dextrorotatory (d) excess will not be produced with equal probability. The enantiomeric yield is then enhanced up to homochirality by recycling the crystallites through a liquid phase. In the absence of added catalysts this process leads to preferential (d) homochiral crystallizations in a ratio of 4:1 which is due to ambient contamination. By adding only 2 ppb of (L) or (D) Phe, we induce a final preferential homochiral crystallization of (d) or (l) handedness, respectively, in a ratio of 2:1.     

Photoelectric and electric properties of four-component copper chalcogenides

The results of investigation of the electrophysical and photoelectric properties of complex copper chalcogenides are presented, namely, the properties of CuSnAsSe₃, which exhibits ferroelectric properties, and CuInAsS₃, which exhibits ionic conductivity. The spectral and temperature regions of photosensitivity of these crystals are determined. The depth of the level of carrier trapping centers, which manifest themselves under thermal activation, are evaluated from the analysis of thermally stimulated conductivity (TSC) curves in CuInAsS₃.     

Adhesion of mineral and soot aerosols can strongly affect their scattering and absorption properties

We use the numerically exact superposition T-matrix method to compute the optical cross sections and the Stokes scattering matrix for polydisperse mineral aerosols (modeled as homogeneous spheres) covered with a large number of much smaller soot particles. These results are compared with the Lorenz-Mie results for a uniform external mixture of mineral and soot aerosols. We show that the effect of soot particles adhering to large mineral particles can be to change the extinction and scattering cross sections and the asymmetry parameter quite substantially. The effect on the phase function and degree of linear polarization can be equally significant.     

外电场作用下C6H6的分子结构及其特性

采用 B3P86方法计算了C6H6在外电场作用下分子系统的能量及分子轨道能级、谐振频率、CH键离解能和极化率等分子特性;通过跃迁矩阵元计算了各激发态的激发能,吸收及自发辐射系数,从而进一步分析了苯分子的外场效应.对于高分子化合物尤其是具有苯环结构的有机高分子化合物的外场作用特性的研究具有参考价值.     

Some electric and photoelectric properties of p-type Si-CdSe heterojunctions

Russian Physics Journal -     

Nonlinear electric properties of alkali metal halides

The first and second hyperpolarizabilities as well as the dipole moments and dipole polarizabilities are studied for a series of the alkali metal halides (MeX, Me = Li, Na, K, X = F, Cl, Br). The static results have been calculated at various levels of including the electron correlation contribution. The frequency-dependent data for different nonlinear optical processes correspond to TDHF calculations and can be approximately scaled for the electron correlation contribution. The present study also gives a systematic comparison of the performance of the so-called Pol basis sets and the recently developed basis sets (HyPol) designed for calculations of electric hyperpolarizabilities. Several regularities in the calculated data are observed and discussed in terms of ionic models supplemented by the electron density confinement effect. For some of the studied systems the first and second hyperpolarizabilities are found to have interestingly high values, comparable to those for molecules used in nonlinear optical materials.     

Thermo electric properties of titanium doped hausmannite

Measurements of electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power of Mn₃O₄ and Ti-doped Mn₃O₄ are reported. Below 900 K n- and p-type conductivity can occur, which can be interpreted to be of a hopping type; above 900 K only p-type conductivity is found, which is explained as band-type conduction.     

Optical properties of III-nitrides in electric fields

The influence of intermediate to high electric fields on the optical properties of direct-gap strongly-polar III-Nitrides is characterized. It is manifested through the dependence on the electric field of the nonequilibrium thermodynamic state of the system, which is characterized by a nonequilibrium effective temperature (quasi-temperature), quasi-chemical potentials and drift velocities of the excited carriers driven away from equilibrium, and the quasi-temperatures of the phonons in the different branches. In particular, we analyze the processes of absorption and luminescence, and a field-dependent Roosbroeck-Shockley relation is derived. It is shown that it is possible to measure the carriers’ drift velocity and quasi-temperature, in the steady state or with ultrafast time resolution, resorting to luminescence together with Raman scattering experiments.