Dynamic fracture of the surface of an aluminum alloy under conditions of high-speed erosion

The kinetics of fracture and deformation of the standard aluminum alloy AD1 and a similar alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation by high-pressure torsion under conditions of high-speed erosion has been investigated. It has been shown that, with an increase in the loading rate, the fraction of the brittle component on the fracture surface of the standard material, as well as the thickness of the damaged layer, increases more significantly than that for the material after the severe plastic deformation by high-pressure torsion. A relationship of the surface roughness of the material after the erosion with the loading rate and the thickness of the erosion-damaged layer has been established.     

Dynamic and fractal properties of SP-28 steel under high-speed loading conditions

Using an interferometric method to record the velocity of the free surface of a target subjected to two-dimensional shock loading, it is shown experimentally that the decrease in the compression pulse amplitude is due to the nonstationary nature of mesoscale processes — the amplitude decrease is progressively larger for higher rates of change of the variance of the mesoparticle velocity. It is shown theoretically that the loading rate influences the spallation strength of a material in a planar collision only if the variance of the particle velocity is nonzero. A fractal analysis of the spallation surfaces of steel samples is performed by quantitative fractography methods. An expression relating the fractal dimension of the spallation fracture surface and the variance of the mesoparticle velocity is derived. For typical values of the load pulse parameters for which back-side spallation occurs the fractal dimension agrees satisfactorily with the fractal dimensions for triadic Koch islands. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 43–49 (October 1998)     

Polymer surface erosion under an oxygen plasma stream

Erosion of a polyimide, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polymethylmethacrylate in oxygen plasma streams with the particle average energy of 20–30 eV is investigated. The erosion yield of the materials with respect to the polyimide is measured by the gravimetric method. The surface texture formed under etching is investigated using a scanning electron microscope. It is shown that a relative erosion yield takes similar values at energies of 5 eV and 20–30 eV and surface reliefs contain similar elements.     

冲击加载下LY12铝合金的动态屈服强度和层裂强度与温度的相关性

采用可测量任意反射表面的速度干涉仪对LY12铝合金在不同初始温度条件下的动态屈服与层裂行为进行了实验研究，温度范围从室温到接近熔化温度.实验结果显示：LY12铝合金的动态屈服强度随着温度升高而快速下降，当初始温度为847K (比熔化温度低86K) 时，其屈服强度仅为室温下的15％，层裂强度也随着温度升高而减小，在296—847K的实验温度范围内，层裂强度损失80%.通过实验结果与模型估算值的比较，发现Zerilli-Armstrong (ZA) 模型可以对LY12铝合金的动态屈服强度与温度的相关性进行较好 关键词： 温度相关性 LY12铝合金 动态屈服强度 层裂强度     

Cavitation erosion mechanism of titanium alloy radiation rods in aluminum melt

Ultrasound radiation rods play a key role in introducing ultrasonic to the grain refinement of large-size cast aluminum ingots (with diameter over 800 mm), but the severe cavitation corrosion of radiation rods limit the wide application of ultrasonic in the metallurgy field. In this paper, the cavitation erosion of Ti alloy radiation rod (TARR) in the semi-continuous direct-chill casting of 7050 Al alloy was investigated using a 20 kHz ultrasonic vibrator. The macro/micro characterization of Ti alloy was performed using an optical digital microscopy and a scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results indicated that the cavitation erosion and the chemical reaction play different roles throughout different corrosion periods. Meanwhile, the relationship between mass-loss and time during cavitation erosion was measured and analyzed. According to the rate of mass-loss to time, the whole cavitation erosion process was divided into four individual periods and the mechanism in each period was studied accordingly.     

Viscosity of aluminum under shock-loading conditions

A reliable data treatment method is critical for viscosity measurements using the disturbance amplitude damping method of shock waves. In this paper the finite difference method is used to obtain the numerical solutions for the disturbance amplitude damping behaviour of the sinusoidal shock front in a flyer-impact experiment. The disturbance amplitude damping curves are used to depict the numerical solutions of viscous flow. By fitting the experimental data to the numerical solutions of different viscosities, we find that the effective shear viscosity coefficients of shocked aluminum at pressures of 42, 78 and 101 GPa are (1500±100) Pa · s, (2800±100) Pa · s and (3500±100) Pa · s respectively. It is clear that the shear viscosity of aluminum increases with an increase in shock pressure, so aluminum does not melt below a shock pressure of 101 GPa. This conclusion is consistent with the sound velocity measurement.     

铝合金表面的直接光学抛光实验

单点金刚石车削铝合金表面具有较好的表面质量和精度,但车削纹路会产生散射现象,难以满足高品质光学系统要求。对铝合金表面进行直接光学抛光可以去掉表面产生的车削纹路,提高反射表面的光学性能,分析酸性条件下和碱性条件下的铝镜抛光原理,采用新型抛光盘与抛光液对单点金刚石车削后铝合金表面进行抛光实验。实验结果表明:通过合理控制工艺参数,能够消除铝合金表面残留的周期性车削刀纹,并且不会产生新的表面划痕,得到较好的铝镜光学表面质量,测得的铝镜表面粗糙度Ra=2.6 nm。     

Excimer laser surface treatment of aluminum alloy in nitrogen

The excimer laser nitriding process reported is developed to enhance the mechanical and chemical properties of aluminum alloys. An excimer laser beam is focused onto the alloy surface in a cell containing 1-bar nitrogen gas. A vapor plasma expands from the surface and a shock wave dissociates and ionizes nitrogen. It is assumed that nitrogen from plasma in contact with the surface penetrates to some depth. Thus it is necessary to work with a sufficient laser fluence to create the plasma, but this fluence must be limited to prevent laser-induced surface roughness. The nitrogen-concentration profiles are determined from Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Crystalline quality is evidenced by an X-ray diffraction technique. Transmission electron microscopy gives the in-depth microstructure. Fretting coefficient measurements exhibit a lowering for some experimental conditions. The polycrystalline nitride layer obtained is several micrometers thick and composed of a pure AlN (columnar microstructure) top layer (200–500 nm thick) standing on an AlN (grains) in alloy diffusion layer. From the heat conduction equation calculation it is shown that a 308-nm laser wavelength would be better to increase the nitride thickness, as it corresponds to a weaker reflectance R value for aluminum. Received: 17 October 2000 / Accepted: 19 October 2000 / Published online: 23 May 2001     

Experimental and numerical analysis of the high-speed deformation and erosion damage of the titanium alloy VT-6

The temporal characteristics of the dynamic fracture of the titanium alloy VT-6 have been investigated under high-speed loading conditions. A relationship has been established between the process of dynamic tension of the specimen according to the Kolsky method and the surface erosion damage. A numerical analysis of the experimental data has been carried out. The method of erosion loading has been further developed as a tool for the dynamic testing of strength properties of materials.     

Structure and phase composition of an Al-Mg-Li-Zr alloy under high-rate superplasticity conditions

Uniaxial-tensile tests are performed on samples of a commercial aluminum-lithium alloy subjected to equal-channel angular extrusion. It is found that the material under study has a highly fine-grain structure and exhibits superplasticity under tension. The microstructure of the samples is studied during their plastic deformation.     

Computational study of the surface properties of aluminum nanoparticles

We calculate the surface energy, surface stress, and lattice contraction of Al nanoparticles using ab initio density functional and empirical computational techniques. Ab initio calculations are carried out using the siesta pseudopotential method combined with the generalized gradient approximation. Empirical calculations are conducted using the embedded atom method. The ab initio density functional approach predicts the surface energies of Al nanoclusters to be in the range of 0.9-2.0 J/m². These values are consistent with the surface energy of bulk aluminum and are close to the surface energies of silver nanoparticles calculated in our previous study. In contrast to our previous results for Ag nanoparticles, we found a significant discrepancy between the theoretical values of surface energy and stress for Al nanoclusters. This result could be explained by a greater degree of surface reconstruction in Al clusters than in Ag clusters.     

激光诱导2024铝合金表面动态应变检测

采用PVDF贴片传感器对脉冲激光作用下2024铝合金表面的动态应变进行了测量,分析了动态应变曲线的特性。结果表明,PVDF贴片传感器在动态应变测量中动态响应快,灵敏度高,可有效应用于脉冲激光诱导材料表面动态应变的实时测量。脉冲激光作用过程中,2024铝合金冲击光斑周围材料先受挤压,后压应变减小。脉冲激光作用结束后,2024铝合金冲击光斑周围材料表面粒子在卸载稀疏波和表面稀疏波的作用下不断往复运动,冲击光斑周围材料甚至受到了拉应变的作用。最后随着时间的推移,材料表面粒子的动态响应经反复震荡后逐渐衰弱形成最终的稳定状态。     

激光诱导2024铝合金表面动态应变检测

采用PVDF贴片传感器对脉冲激光作用下2024铝合金表面的动态应变进行了测量,分析了动态应变曲线的特性。结果表明,PVDF贴片传感器在动态应变测量中动态响应快,灵敏度高,可有效应用于脉冲激光诱导材料表面动态应变的实时测量。脉冲激光作用过程中,2024铝合金冲击光斑周围材料先受挤压,后压应变减小。脉冲激光作用结束后,2024铝合金冲击光斑周围材料表面粒子在卸载稀疏波和表面稀疏波的作用下不断往复运动,冲击光斑周围材料甚至受到了拉应变的作用。最后随着时间的推移,材料表面粒子的动态响应经反复震荡后逐渐衰弱形成最终的稳定状态。     

Nanoporosity of fine-crystalline aluminum and an aluminum-based alloy

The presence of nanopores formed during the equal-channel angular pressing of aluminum is revealed using small-angle x-ray scattering. The parameters of nanopores are determined, and a correlation between the level of nanoporosity and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries is found. The data obtained indicate that the level of nanoporosity can affect the tensile durability of fine-crystalline aluminum in the creep mode. The data on the regularities in the development of nanopores under deformation of the fine-crystalline aluminum-based alloy in the superplasticity mode are obtained.     

Submicrosecond strength of the D16T aluminum alloy at room and elevated temperatures

The dynamic yield stress and the dynamic strength were measured for D16T aluminum alloy samples loaded by plane shock waves of submicrosecond duration. The temperature was varied from 20 to 470°C. It is established that the dynamic yield stress of the alloy decreases upon heating due to annealing. The dynamic yield stress of annealed samples increases with temperature, a fact that was observed earlier for aluminum. The dynamic strength of the alloy in the initial state decreases significantly upon heating, while the strength of the annealed material varies only slightly with temperature.     

切削用量对铝靶表面质量的影响

 采用单点金刚石切削技术，完成了对ICF实验用铝靶的切削加工，重点研究了切削用量对加工表面质量的影响。实验结果表明：采用较小的进给速度，较大的主轴转速能够获得较低的表面粗糙度，切削深度对表面质量影响较小。通过Form Talysurf 表面轮廓仪测量，结果表明表面粗糙度小于50 nm。     

Effect of a fullerene C60 addition on the strength properties of nanocrystalline copper and aluminum under shock-wave loading

The Hugoniot elastic limit and the spall strength of aluminum and copper samples pressed from a mixture of a metallic powder and 2–5 wt % C₆₀ fullerene powder are measured under a shock loading pressure up to 6 GPa and a strain rate of 10⁵ s^?1 by recording and analyzing full wave profiles using a VISAR laser interferometer. It is shown that a 5% C₆₀ fullerene addition to an initial aluminum sample leads to an increase in its Hugoniot elastic limit by an order of magnitude. Mixture copper samples with 2% fullerene also exhibit a multiple increase in the elastic limit as compared to commercial-grade copper. The elastic limits calculated from the wave profiles are 0.82–1.56 GPa for aluminum samples and 1.35–3.46 GPa for copper samples depending on the sample porosity. The spall strength of both aluminum and copper samples with fullerene additions decreases approximately threefold because of the effect of high-hardness fullerene particles, which serve as tensile stress concentrators in a material under dynamic fracture.