On the Ability of the Equivalent Material Concept in Predicting Ductile Failure of U-Notches under Moderate- and Large-Scale Yielding Conditions

In the present research, first, the equivalent material concept (EMC), proposed originally by the first author to equate a ductile material with a virtual brittle material, was utilized in conjunction with two stressbased brittle fracture criteria, namely the point-stress (PS) and the mean-stress (MS) criteria, to develop two combined failure criteria capable of predicting tensile crack initiation from U-notches in ductile materials. Then, to verify the two failure criteria, several rectangular thin plates weakened by a central bean-shaped slit with two U-shaped ends and made of aluminum alloys Al 7075-T6 and Al 6061-T6 were tested under tension. Experimental observations indicated that Al 7075-T6 plates failed by moderate-scale yielding while Al 6061-T6 by largescale yielding. It was found that the EMC-MS criterion could predict the experimental results of both materials successfully. Meanwhile, the EMC-PS criterion was found to be accurate for moderate and large notch radii, particularly for Al 6061-T6 material.     

激光-载荷联合作用下碳纤维／环氧树脂板的断裂阈值研究

介绍了激光 载荷联合作用下碳纤维/环氧树脂编织复合材料单边缺口板断裂的实验和理论研究。实验测量了断裂阈值曲线,并结合显微观察确定了三种断裂模式：热应力、热减薄和热击穿模式。获得了热应力模式断裂的理论判据,与实验结果基本吻合。该判据建立了断裂临界条件下热－力和几何参数与材料性能参数之间的关系。     

激光-载荷联合作用下碳纤维／环氧树脂板的断裂阈值研究

 介绍了激光 载荷联合作用下碳纤维/环氧树脂编织复合材料单边缺口板断裂的实验和理论研究。实验测量了断裂阈值曲线,并结合显微观察确定了三种断裂模式：热应力、热减薄和热击穿模式。获得了热应力模式断裂的理论判据,与实验结果基本吻合。该判据建立了断裂临界条件下热－力和几何参数与材料性能参数之间的关系。     

Mixed mode I/II brittle fracture in V-notched Brazilian disk specimens under negative mode I conditions

The well-known round-tip V-notched Brazilian disk specimen is utilized for conducting mixed mode I/II fracture tests on PMMA under negative mode I conditions for different notch angles and various notch radii with the aim to measure experimentally the fracture load and the fracture initiation angle. It is shown by the finite element analysis that although the notch is under negative mode I loading, one side of the notch border still experiences tensile tangential stresses suggesting that fracture would take place from the same side of notch border. Experimental observations also indicated that fracture occurs from the tensile side of the notch border confirming the finite element results. The experimental results are then theoretically estimated by means of two stress-based brittle fracture criteria, namely the round-tip V-notch maximum tangential stress and the mean-stress criteria. It is shown that both criteria provide very good predictions to the experimental results obtained under negative mode I conditions.     

Fracture assessment of polymethyl methacrylate using sharp notched disc bend specimens under mixed mode I + III loading

Mixed mode I/III behavior of Perspex (polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)) is studied experimentally and theoretically in this research using a new and simple laboratory test configuration. The specimen is a circular disc containing a sharp V-notch along the diameter that is loaded by the conventional three-point bend fixture. The critical values of notch stress intensity factors (K _I ^V and K _III ^V ) were obtained for the whole combinations of modes I and III simply by changing the notch inclination angle relative to the loading rollers. The value of notch fracture toughness under pure or dominantly tension loads was greater than its corresponding value under mode III or dominantly torsion loads. The experimental results were also predicted very well by employing the local strain energy density (SED) criterion.     

Elastic-plastic fracture analysis of notched Al 7075-T6 plates by means of the local energy combined with the equivalent material concept

The main goal of the present research is to analyze tensile fracture in Al 7075-T6 thin plates weakened by blunt V-notches. For this purpose, first, 27 fracture tests are carried out on rectangular plates containing a central rhombic hole with two blunt V-shaped corners horizontally located. The experimental observations indicated that a plastic region initiates from the notch tip and grows as the tensile load monotonically increases, and finally, fracture happens suddenly with a significant opening of the notch tip. By showing significant plastic deformations around the notch tip and also inclined fracture planes, the specimens after fracture confirm well the ductile rupture in V-notched Al 7075-T6 plates. As the main experimental result, the load-carrying capacity of the notched plates corresponding to the onset of crack initiation from the notch tip is recorded. To theoretically predict the experimental results, the equivalent material concept is utilized together with the well-known brittle fracture criterion, namely the averaged strain energy density criterion. Without requiring elastic-plastic finite element analysis, it is shown that the combination of the averaged strain energy density and equivalent material concept is successful in predicting the load-carrying capacity of the V-notched Al 7075-T6 plates that fail by moderate-scale yielding regime.     

Visualization and numerical analysis of stress waves in blasting process

Visualization studies were performed both experimentally and theoretically to observe stress wave propagation in a material and its interaction with the free surface of the material in a blasting process. PMMA (polymethyl-methacrylate) plates were used as a transparent material. The stress wave was generated by initiation of an electric detonator. The stress waves in the PMMA specimen with the right-angled corner were observed by means of the shadowgraph system using a Q switched ruby laser as a light source. In addition to the experiment, a numerical analysis using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) was also carried out to clarify the dynamic behavior of stress waves in the blasting process. Transmittance and reflection of the stress wave at the free surface could be visualized by both the experiment and the numerical analysis.     

强冲击载荷下边界对固支方板的毁伤破坏试验

冲击载荷作用下边界条件对方板的毁伤破坏具有很大影响。利用落锤试验机开展了不同边界支撑下固支方板的冲击试验,为获取固支方板边界撕裂的典型破坏模式,专门设计加工了与固支方板尺寸相当的冲击锤头和可改变倒角的方板支撑框架。研究结果表明:(1)冲击载荷作用下,固支方板呈现出塑性大变形、单边撕裂、双边撕裂等典型破坏模式,倒角越小,方板越容易撕裂;(2)边界支撑对固支方板中心位移、整体变形轮廓影响较小,但对方板的撕裂长度、临界撕裂阈值存在较大影响;(3)不同边界支撑主要改变方板边界处的剪切应变,边界支撑倒角越小,剪切效果越明显,方板边界临界撕裂应变位于[0.191,0.241]区间。     

岩石Hopkinson层裂的流形元法模拟

 利用二阶流形元法,通过引入裂纹产生及扩展判据,对冲击载荷作用下岩石Hopkinson动态层裂过程进行了数值模拟,再现了拉伸波作用下Hopkinson层裂过程,计算得到的层裂片厚度和速度等与理论值符合较好,验证了流形元法在模拟冲击载荷作用下材料动态破坏过程方面的有效性和优越性。     

The influence of the icosahedral percolation transition in supercooled liquid iron on the diffusion mobility of atoms

An experiment on preparation of entangled photon pairs (biphotons) in an arbitrary polarization state is described. The biphotons are qutrits (three-state quantum systems). They can be used in ternary quantum cryptography protocols. A theoretically derived orthogonality criterion for the prepared biphotons is validated experimentally. The criterion can be used to identify orthogonal biphoton states.     

Mode III Notch Fracture Toughness Assessment for Various Notch Features

In the present paper, two stress-based failure criteria are proposed to predict the notch fracture toughness for three different notch features under pure mode III loading. These criteria are developed based on the two well-known failure concepts of the point-stress and the mean-stress previously used for predicting brittle fracture in notched members under various loading conditions. The validity of the criteria is verified through the comparison of their theoretical predictions with a bulk of test data reported in the open literature on mode III fracture of graphite notched round bars. Very good agreement is shown to exist between the experimental and theoretical results. Moreover, the comparison revealed that the mean-stress criterion is more accurate than the point-stress criterion in predicting mode III brittle fracture of V-notches and semicircular notches.     

The effect of the boundary conditions on in-plane and out-of-plane stress field in three dimensional plates weakened by free-clamped V-notches

Dealing with the material microstructure an analytical multiscale model has recently been developed by Sih. Physically, the different orders of the stress singularities are related to the different constraints associated with the defect thought as a microscopic V-notch at the tip of the main crack. Irregularities of the material microstructure tend to curl the crack tip being the clamped-free boundary conditions the more realistic and general representation of what occurs on the microscopic V-notch. As a result, mixed mode conditions are always present along the V-notch bisector line.It is known for a long time that at the antisymmetric (mode II) stress distribution ahead of the crack tip generates a coupled out-of-plane singular mode. Recent theoretical and numerical analyses have demonstrated that this out-of-plane mode due to three-dimensional effects occurs also in the case of large V-notches where the mode II stress field is no longer singular. In addition, when the notch opening angle is non-zero, the three-dimensional singular stress state is strongly influenced by the plate thickness.The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of free-fixed boundary conditions along the notch edges in three dimensional plates weakened by pointed V-notches and quantify the intensity of the out-of-plane singularity occurring under this constraint configuration. For the sake of simplicity a macronotch is considered rather than a micronotch. A synthesis of the magnitude of the stress state through the plate thickness is carried out by using the mean value of the strain energy density over a given control volume embracing the notch tip. The capability of the strain energy density to capture all the combined effects due to the out-of-plane mode make it a powerful parameter at every scale levels.     

Continuum damage mechanics for sintered powder metals

Sintered metals are characterized by the high porosity(8%)and voids/micro-cracks in microns.Inelastic behavior of the materials is coupled with micro-crack propagation and coalescence of open voids.In the present work the damage evolution of the sintered iron under multi-axial monotonic loading conditions was investigated experimentally and computationally.The tests indicated that damage of the sintered iron initiated already at a stress level much lower than the macroscopic yield stress.The damage process can be divided into the stress-dominated elastic damage and the plastic damage described by the plastic strain.Based on the uniaxial tensile tests an elastic-plastic continuum damage model was developed which predicts both elastic damage and plastic damage in the sintered iron under general multi-axial monotonic loading conditions.Computational predictions agree with experiments with different multi-axial loading paths.A phenomenological continuum damage model for the sintered metal is developed based on the experimental observations to predict the inelastic behavior and damage process to failure under multi-axial loading conditions.The proposed damage model is experimentally verified under different loading conditions.     

A Numerical Assessment of the Propagation and Coalescence of Delamination Cracks in Thermal Barrier Systems

Interactions have been calculated between cracks induced in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) upon thermal cycling, motivated by displacement instability in the thermally grown oxide (TGO). The results indicate that the energy release rate G cycles as the temperature changes, with the largest value arising at ambient temperature. It increases on a cycle-by-cycle basis. The trends in G predict two responses. (i) Isolated cracks should be confined to the vicinity of the imperfection, as observed experimentally. (ii) Cracks that converge from neighboring imperfections exhibit a minimum G prior to convergence, providing the possibility that they might coalesce. Equating this minimum to the toughness of the TBC provides a criterion for coalescence and failure. Imposing this criterion allows the change in crack length upon cycling and the number of cycles to failure to be ascertained. The results are consistent with experimental measurements obtained from furnace cycle tests.     

Technique for calculating the vulnerability of explosive surface objects by lightning

A probabilistic technique for estimating the vulnerability of explosive surface objects by lightning has been proposed. It uses a combined criterion for initiation of upward streamer and leader discharges form the elements of the object and lightning diverters. This criterion takes into account the probabilistic nature of avalanche–streamer and streamer–leader transitions and also the trajectories of the lightning’s downward stepped leader and lightning current. It has been shown that, if the formation of the downward leader of incomplete streamer discharges from the elements of the object in an electric field is neglected (these discharges may set fire on explosive emissions), the probability of lightning-induced failure of the object is underestimated by several times compared with the calculated value.     

Theoretical and experimental investigations of the dynamics of cantilevered flexible plates subjected to axial flow

In this paper, the dynamics of cantilevered flexible plates subjected to axial flow is investigated theoretically and experimentally. A nonlinear equation of motion of the plate based on the inextensibility assumption, coupled with an unsteady lumped vortex model for the aerodynamic part is used to analyze the instability and post-critical dynamical behaviour of this fluid–structure system theoretically. Experiments have been conducted in a 3 ft×2 ft (914 mm×610 mm) cross-section wind tunnel, using polypropylene carbonate (PPC) films, thin brass plates, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets, and type 304 stainless steel sheets, with maximum dimensions 224 mm×168 mm. In the experiments, time traces, power spectral densities (PSDs), phase-plane plots, Poincaré maps, probability density functions (PDFs) and autocorrelations are used to characterize the motions of the system.Periodic and chaotic oscillations have been observed in the experiments. It has also been observed that flutter arises via a subcritical bifurcation involving hysteresis for large aspect ratio plates; this hysteresis does not occur for low aspect ratio plates. The hysteresis phenomenon is considered to be due to spanwise deformation of the plates. The effect of aspect ratio on critical flow velocity is investigated. The experimental critical flow velocities for flutter onset are in good agreement with the theoretically predicted values.     

加筋板结构声导纳的面接触判据

通过采用有限元方法建立加筋板模型,计算不同边界条件下具有不同加筋形式的薄板在不同加载面尺寸下的导纳差值,进而得到与频率相关的加筋板面接触判据,揭示了加筋板面导纳和点导纳之间的相关关系,得到了“点”和“面”是否能够等效处理的面接触判据。进一步通过考察薄板的不同加筋形式和加载面形状以及加筋板的速度分布,可以发现:在不加筋、单加筋和十字加筋3种情况中不加筋平板的面接触判据最严格,而十字加筋板的面接触判据最宽松;单加筋板的速度差值与导纳差值的计算结果较为吻合;单加筋板的加载面沿垂直加筋方向的边长越长导纳差值越大。     

Focusing of Long-Wavelength X-Rays by Means of Spherical and Planar Microchannel Plates

JETP Letters - The possibility of focusing (concentration) of long-wavelength X-rays by thick spherically bent and planar microchannel plates has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The...     

Sound field prediction in long enclosures with branches: A combined method

The propagation of sound in long enclosures with branches has been studied theoretically and experimentally, and an efficient combined method is proposed to predict the sound field in long enclosures with branches. Based on the wave-acoustics theory, the theoretical analysis of the sound field of the long enclosures with branches is performed. This paper also investigated the sound field prediction of long enclosures with branches, by using the acoustic modeling program, ODEON. The results obtained by the theoretical analysis and the numerical simulation ODEON are compared with the experimental measurements, and the characteristics of the two methods for predicting the sound field of long enclosures with branches are analyzed. Compared with the experimental results, it is found that: (1) the results predicted by the theoretical analysis fluctuate relatively large with respect to the source-receiver distance, and the sound pressure level (SPL) attenuation obtained is smaller than that measured; and (2) the results predicted by the numerical simulation is smoother, and the calculated SPL attenuation is larger than that measured. To effectively predict the sound field of long enclosures with branches, a combined numerical method is thus proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed combined method is demonstrated by the scale-model experiments.     

On the use of the digital image correlation method for heterogeneous deformation measurement of porous solids

In this paper, several crucial issues arising from the application of the digital image correlation (DIC) method to the measurement of heterogeneous deformation of porous solids are discussed. To handle samples with complex geometry, the performance of the two commonly employed DIC methods, namely the subset-based DIC and the finite-element based DIC methods are first evaluated and compared. A combined DIC approach and an adaptive DIC approach suitable for samples with discontinuities/holes are then proposed. Aluminum plates with circular holes subject to compressive loading are employed to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed methods. It has been found that in addition to other factors such as the number of pixels and speckle size, the orientation of the camera lens also plays an important role on the measurement accuracy. A calibration method for the adjustment of camera orientation is proposed, which leads to a good agreement between the experimentally measured displacements and finite element simulation results. Another finding of the presented work is that for relatively stiff specimens, the deformation of the loading system itself must be considered in order to obtain an accurate displacement.