用光电子能谱相位确定法同时测量阿秒超紫外线XUV脉冲的频率和强度时间分布

介绍阿秒超紫外线(XUV)激发惰性气体原子产生光电子并在强激光电场中运动的半经典近似 方法，以及同时、直接、全面地测量阿秒XUV脉冲频率和强度时间分布的光电子能谱相位确定法. 采用飞秒超短脉冲激光和XUV间的交叉关联技术，从不同激光强度下、与激光线性极化方向成0°或180°方向上测得的光电子能量积分谱，可以重建XUV的频率和强度时间分布. XUV脉冲时间宽度的测量范围从1／4到1／2激光振荡周期，时间分辨率取决于激光束和XUV脉冲之间的相对延时控制精度和光路抖动时间. 所述方法可用于在阿秒尺度上的超快速测量，以及有关电子在原子和分子中运动的超快速动力学过程研究. 关键词： 阿秒测量 光电子能谱 相位确定法 超紫外线 频率和强度时间分布     

用变换方程测量窄带阿秒超紫外线XUV脉冲的强度时间结构

阿秒超紫外线(extreme ultra-violet, XUV)与飞秒超短激光脉冲共同激发惰性气体原子产生光电子，其终态能量与光电子产生时刻即激光相位有关. 介绍光电子的激光相位确定法，并利用光电子能谱本身(其比例谱)，计算出待测窄带XUV脉冲的强度时间结构. 研究表明，在与激光线性极化方向成0°或180°方向测量得到的光电子能谱动态范围大，容易解谱. XUV脉冲的时间宽度的测量范围为半个激光振荡周期，时间分辨率主要取决于测量系统的时间晃动和控制精度. 关键词： 光电子能谱 相位确定法 变换方程 脉冲强度时间结构     

氢原子在红外激光和极紫外脉冲组合场中的阈上电离

通过求解氢原子在强红外(IR)激光和极紫外（XUV）脉冲组合场中的三维含时薛定谔方程(TDSE),理论研究了XUV脉冲的加入对光电子能谱和二维光电子动量分布的影响.计算结果表明,与仅由红外场驱动的情况相比,组合场驱动下的光电子能谱和二维光电子动量分布中呈现出明显的干涉增强结构,干涉结构对XUV脉冲的强度、光子能量和时间延迟都有很强的依赖,该方案可实现高能阈上电离谱的选择性增强.     

超短脉冲激光与乙醇微滴相互作用中超热电子的双叶状角分布

测量了聚焦光强为1016W/cm2的超短脉冲激光与乙醇微滴相互作用中产生的能量大于50?keV的超热电子的角分布和电子能谱.观察到的超热电子角分布明显依赖于激光的偏振特性，在与激光偏振平面平行的平面上超热电子相对于激光入射方向呈对称的双叶状分布.超热电子的能谱显示超热电子的最大能量大于750?keV.以上超热电子的角分布可用一个基于共振吸收机制的模型加以解释. 关键词： 超短脉冲激光 超热电子 微滴 共振吸收     

红外激光载波包络相位对氦原子的极紫外光(XUV)吸收谱的量子调控研究

本文通过数值求解双电子含时薛定谔方程, 研究了利用红外(IR)超短超强激光的载波包络相位(CEP)对氦(He)原子的极紫外光(Extreme Ultra-Violet, XUV)吸收谱进行量子调控的可能性. 当XUV作用到He原子上时, 原子存在两个电离通道: 无明显电子关联的直接电离和带强烈电子关联的间接电离(即通过双激发态自发电离). 两个通道相互干涉可在XUV吸收谱中形成人们所熟知的Fano共振线型, 并且谱线的形状由两个通道间的比例决定. 通过引入另外一束IR激光, 我们发现, 原子的XUV吸收谱将发生明显改变, 即伴随着超短脉冲CEP的改变而 呈现出从Fano线型到Lorentz线型的周期性连续变化. 上述结果表明, 通过合理地控制超短脉冲的CEP可以有效地调控两个电离通道之间的量子干涉, 进而为探测和操控原子中的极端超快电子关联提供可能.     

皮秒级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱

介绍了一种利用光电摄谱法和条纹管相结合测量ps级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱的方法。论述了条纹相机工作原理和平面衍射光栅的分光原理,分析指出利用介绍的装置,可以实现波长300 nm ～1 600 nm、脉宽＞2 ps超快高能脉冲激光的光谱测量。采用1 054 nm超快高能脉冲激光器,实验得到了条纹像,对条纹像进行数据处理后得到测量光谱曲线,通过能量标定后,得到了超快高能脉冲激光器实际光谱曲线,验证了ps级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱方法。讨论了系统中耦合透镜组对光谱测量和光纤色散角对条纹图像的影响,论述了ps级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱的作用。随着条纹管制造技术的飞速发展,该方法可用于fs级激光光谱的测量。     

超短激光脉冲测量研究进展

超短激光脉冲作为产生阿秒激光与探索物质微观世界的重要工具,其时间特性的精确测量尤为重要。介绍了几种少周期激光脉冲的产生以及常用的表征技术,并将表征技术在广义上分为频域测量与时域测量两大类。在频域测量中,通过测量非线性过程产生的光谱信息来反演重构超短激光脉冲的包络及相位;在时域测量中,利用“超快门开关”直接对脉冲的光场信息进行采样,从而获取时间特性。两类技术在应用场景上各有侧重,频域测量因其装置简便快捷而被广泛应用在快速表征的实验场景中,而时域采样则因为可以直接获得光电场信息,常用于与光电场直接相关的超快物理实验。     

VUV超短脉冲的产生及其在超快动力学中的应用

真空紫外超短脉冲激光具有波长短、单光子能量高、脉宽小等特点,在飞秒化学以及超快动力学等方面具有相当广泛的应用前景.由于直接利用受激辐射获得真空紫外超短脉冲是相当困难,因此利用非线性频率转换技术,超短脉冲与惰性气体相互作用,将红外、可见或紫外光波段的超短脉冲转换到真空紫外波段是目前获得紫外超短脉冲最快捷有效的方式.围绕真空紫外超短脉冲的产生及其在超短动力学中应用展开,介绍了产生真空紫外超短脉冲的高斯谐波、空心光纤四波混频和光丝四波混频的方法,对其优缺点作了评述,并对真空紫外超短脉冲激光在超快动力学过程中的应用进行了简单的总结.     

超短激光脉冲测量技术的发展

 自从60年代中期实现固体激光器的锁模以来,激光脉冲的宽度经历皮秒(ps,10-12秒)、飞秒(fs,10-15秒)量级,目前已向阿秒(as,10-18秒)量级进军。超短激光脉冲自诞生以来一直朝着更短更强及波段更宽的方向发展。超短激光脉冲为人类提供了强有力的研究超快现象的手段,应用领域日趋扩大。作为评价和应用超短脉冲的前提,测量技术和超短脉冲的产生技术本身具有同等的重要意义。纵观超短激光脉冲测量技术的发展历史,其进步与超短激光脉冲产生技术的发展是分不开的。因此研究超短激光脉冲测量技术,完整准确地了解脉冲的宽度、相位及形状信息,是超快技术研究中非常重要的内容。     

红外激光场中共振结构原子对极紫外光脉冲的压缩效应

通过数值求解一维原子的含时薛定谔方程, 研究了具有共振结构的原子在双色场(红外激光(IR)+极紫外光(XUV)) 驱动下发射高次谐波的特征. 研究结果表明, 具有共振结构的原子所发射的高次谐波与无共振结构原子(简称为一般原子)发射的高次谐波有明显不同, 共振结构的原子除了在某一能量附近(原子的共振能量+电离能)高次谐波的强度有很大提高外, 它还对XUV光的响应较一般原子表现得更为敏感, 即使XUV光的强度较弱, 也能够明显提高XUV光脉冲中心频率附近的谐波强度, 更重要的是通过调节双色场的时间延迟, 能使输入的XUV光的脉宽得到明显的压缩, 通过时间-频率分析给出了发生这种现象的原因. 由此提出了通过滤波-连续反馈的方式可使XUV光的脉冲从200 as压缩至120 as左右.     

Direct XUV probing of attosecond electron recollision

We demonstrate that the recolliding electron wave packet, fundamental to many strong field phenomena, can be directly imaged with sub-A spatial and attosecond temporal resolution using attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses. When the recolliding electron revisits the parent ion, it can absorb an XUV photon yielding high energy electron and thereby providing a measurement of the electron energy at the moment of recollision. The full temporal evolution of the recollision wave packet can be reconstructed by measuring the photoelectron spectra for different time delays between the driving laser and the attosecond XUV probe. The strength of the photoelectron signal can be used to characterize the spatial distribution of the electron density in the longitudinal direction. Elliptical polarization can be used to characterize the electron probability in transversal direction.     

High harmonic XUV spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction

We demonstrate the first experimental complete temporal characterization of high-harmonic XUV pulses by spectral phase interferometry, with an all-optical setup. This method allows us to perform single-shot measurements of the harmonic temporal profile and phase, revealing a remarkable shot-to-shot stability. We characterize harmonics generated in argon by a 50 fs 800 nm laser pulse. The 11th harmonic is found to be 22 fs long with a negative chirp rate of -4.8 x 10(27) s(-2). This duration can be reduced to 13 fs by modulating the polarization of the generating laser. The technique is easy to implement and could be routinely used in femtosecond XUV pump-probe experiments with harmonics.     

Characterization of attosecond XUV pulses from photoelectron spectra of atoms

A method to characterize attosecond extreme ultra violet (XUV) pulses from photoelectron spectra of atoms is presented. A pump pulse prepares a coherent superposition of two atomic bound states, from which photoionization takes place after variable time delays by the attosecond XUV pulse. Information on the spectral phase of the attosecond XUV pulse is extracted from the analysis of photoelectron spectra as a function of photoelectron energy and time delay. Together with information on the spectral intensity obtained from a separate optical measurement, a temporal shape of the attosecond XUV pulse can be precisely reconstructed. After the theoretical formulation of the problem, we present numerical examples for H atom and show that, depending on the choice of energy separation of two bound states, a different accuracy is reached to characterize attosecond XUV pulses.     

On the coherence measurement of a narrow bandwidth dye laser

In this paper, we report a new technique for spatial and temporal coherence measurement of narrow bandwidth sources. In particular, coherence measurement of a narrow bandwidth dye laser using Young’s double slit method and the Fabry–Perot interferometer has been carried out. In the spatial coherence measurement, a central fringe visibility of 0.85 was observed, and from this measurement, the dye gain medium source size was estimated. The variation in the visibility with slit separation (0.1–3.0 mm) for different source sizes (0.1–0.2 mm) was also analyzed. The temporal coherence length of the tunable dye laser was measured to be 10 and 60 cm for multimode and single-mode operations, respectively. The technique, in general, can also be used for spatial and temporal measurement of broadband spectrum source.     

Beam properties of fully optimized,table-top,coherent source at 30 nm

We present results on development and experimental implementation of a 1-kHz, coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radia- tion source based on high-order harmonic generation of the femtosecond, near-infrared laser pulses produced by the titanium-doped sapphire laser system (35 fs, 1.2 mJ, 810 nm) at the Institute of Physics AS CR / PALS Centre. The source comprises a low-density static gas cell filled with a conversion medium, typically argon. The comprehensive optimization of the XUV harmonic source has been performed with respect to major parameters such as gas pressure in the cell, cell length, position of the focus of the driving laser field with respect to the gas cell position, size of the driving near-infrared laser beam, chirp of the femtosecond pulse, and the focal length of the lens deployed in the experimental setup. Harmonic spectra were recorded using an XUV transmission grating spectrometer developed specifically for this purpose. Detailed characterization of the XUV source has been performed including measurement of the XUV beam profile, M² parameter of the beam, absolute energy, and spatial coherence.     

Controlling the spacing of attosecond pulse trains from relativistic surface plasmas

When a laser pulse hits a solid surface with relativistic intensities, XUV attosecond pulses are generated in the reflected light. We present an experimental and theoretical study of the temporal properties of attosecond pulse trains in this regime. The recorded harmonic spectra show distinct fine structures which can be explained by a varying temporal pulse spacing that can be controlled by the laser contrast. The pulse spacing is directly related to the cycle-averaged motion of the reflecting surface. Thus the harmonic spectrum contains information on the relativistic plasma dynamics.