Almost Primitive Elements of Free lie Algebras of Small Ranks

Let K be a field, X = {x1, . . . , xn}, and let L(X) be the free Lie algebra over K with the set X of free generators. A. G. Kurosh proved that subalgebras of free nonassociative algebras are free, A. I. Shirshov proved that subalgebras of free Lie algebras are free. A subset M of nonzero elements of the free Lie algebra L(X) is said to be primitive if there is a set Y of free generators of L(X), L(X) = L(Y ), such that M ? Y (in this case we have |Y | = |X| = n). Matrix criteria for a subset of elements of free Lie algebras to be primitive and algorithms to construct complements of primitive subsets of elements with respect to sets of free generators have been constructed. A nonzero element u of the free Lie algebra L(X) is said to be almost primitive if u is not a primitive element of the algebra L(X), but u is a primitive element of any proper subalgebra of L(X) that contains it. A series of almost primitive elements of free Lie algebras has been constructed. In this paper, for free Lie algebras of rank 2 criteria for homogeneous elements to be almost primitive are obtained and algorithms to recognize homogeneous almost primitive elements are constructed.     

PBW-Pairs of Varieties of Linear Algebras

The notion of a Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt (PBW)-pair of varieties of linear algebras over a field is under consideration. Examples of PBW-pairs are given. We prove that if (𝒱, 𝒲) is a PBW-pair and the variety 𝒱 is homogeneous and Schreier, then so is 𝒲; the results similar to the Schreier property for PBW-pairs are also true for the Freiheitssatz and Word problem. In particular, it follows that the Freiheitssatz is true for the varieties of Akivis and Sabinin algebras. We give also examples of varieties that do not satisfy the Freiheitssatz. It is shown that an element u of a free algebra 𝒲[X] in a homogeneous Schreier variety of algebras 𝒲 satisfying the Freiheitssatz is a primitive element (a coordinate polynomial) if and only if the factor algebra of 𝒲[X] by the ideal generated by the element u is a free algebra in 𝒲. We consider also properties of primitive elements.     

Lie algebras of infinitesimal norm isometries

Given a norm on a finite dimensional vector space V, we may consider the group of all linear automorphisms which preserve it. The Lie algebra of this group is a Lie subalgebra of the endomorphism algebra of V having two properties: (1) it is the Lie algebra of a compact subgroup, and (2) it is “saturated” in a sence made precise below. We show that any Lie subalgebra satisfying these conditions is the Lie algebra of the group of linear automorphisms preserving some norm. There is an appendix on elementary Lie group theory.     

Descent from the form ring and buchsbaum rings

An element it of a finitely generated free Lie algebra L is a test element if any endomorphism of L fixing u is an automorphism. We prove that test elements of L are precisely those elements not contained in any proper retract of L. In addition we characterize retracts of free Lie algebras.     

Engel Subalgebras of n-Lie Algebras

Engel subalgebras of finite-dimensional n-Lie algebras are shown to have similar properties to those of Lie algebras. Using these, it is shown that an n-Lie algebra, all of whose maximal subalgebras are ideals, is nilpotent. A primitive 2-soluble n-Lie algebra is shown to split over its minimal ideal, and all the complements to its minimal ideal are conjugate. A subalgebra is shown to be a Cartan subalgebra if and only if it is minimal Engel, provided that the field has sufficiently many elements. Cartan subalgebras are shown to have a property analogous to intravariance.     

A Hilbert-Nagata theorem in noncommutative invariant theory

Nagata gave a fundamental sufficient condition on group actions on finitely generated commutative algebras for finite generation of the subalgebra of invariants. In this paper we consider groups acting on noncommutative algebras over a field of characteristic zero. We characterize all the T-ideals of the free associative algebra such that the algebra of invariants in the corresponding relatively free algebra is finitely generated for any group action from the class of Nagata. In particular, in the case of unitary algebras this condition is equivalent to the nilpotency of the algebra in Lie sense. As a consequence we extend the Hilbert-Nagata theorem on finite generation of the algebra of invariants to any finitely generated associative algebra which is Lie nilpotent. We also prove that the Hilbert series of the algebra of invariants of a group acting on a relatively free algebra with a non-matrix polynomial identity is rational, if the action satisfies the condition of Nagata.

     

On Lie Algebras with Wild Automorphisms

We exhibit a class of Lie algebras (which contains, in particular, free polynilpotent Lie algebras) that have wild automorphisms, i.e., automorphisms which are not induced by automorphisms of a free Lie algebra.     

Free and cofree Hopf algebras

We first prove that a graded, connected, free and cofree Hopf algebra is always self-dual. Then, we prove that two graded, connected, free and cofree Hopf algebras are isomorphic if and only if they have the same Poincaré–Hilbert formal series. If the characteristic of the base field is zero, we prove that the Lie algebra of the primitive elements of such an object is free, and we deduce a characterization of the formal series of free and cofree Hopf algebras by a condition of growth of the coefficients. We finally show that two graded, connected, free and cofree Hopf algebras are isomorphic as (nongraded) Hopf algebras if and only if the Lie algebras of their primitive elements have the same number of generators.     

Automorphisms and primitive elements of free lie superalgebras

We consider images of primitive elements of free color Lie (p-)su per algebras under endomorphisms of these algebras Web prove that endomorphisms preserving primitivity of elements are automorphisms (Theorem 4). Note that for free groups this problem was discussed in [10], Problem 2a. At the same time we show that it is not true if we consider only images of linear combinations of elements from free generatig set (see Example, Theorem 5). We formulate some open questions. In Section 1 we give necessary definitions and collect preliminary results. In Section 2 we prove main theorems. The results of this article were presented at algebraic semi­nars of Moscow State University.     

Dimension Formulas for the Free Nonassociative Algebra

The free nonassociative algebra has two subspaces which are closed under both the commutator and the associator: the Akivis elements and the primitive elements. Every Akivis element is primitive, but there are primitive elements which are not Akivis. Using a theorem of Shestakov, we give a recursive formula for the dimension of the Akivis elements. Using a theorem of Shestakov and Umirbaev, we prove a closed formula for the dimension of the primitive elements. These results generalize the Witt dimension formula for the Lie elements in the free associative algebra.     

The Lie Algebras in which Every Subspace s Its Subalgebra

In this paper, we study the Lie algebras in which every subspace is its subalgebra (denoted by HB Lie algebras). We get that a nonabelian Lie algebra is an HB Lie algebra if and only if it is isomorphic to g+Cidg, where g is an abelian Lie algebra. Moreover we show that the derivation algebra and the holomorph of a nonabelian HB Lie algebra are complete.     

Assosymmetric algebras under Jordan product

We prove that assosymmetric algebras under the Jordan product are Lie triple algebras. A Lie triple algebra is called special if it is isomorphic to a subalgebra of the plus-algebra of some assosymmetric algebra. We establish that the Glennie identity of degree 8 is valid for special Lie triple algebras, but not for all Lie triple algebras.     

Generic, almost primitive and test elements of free Lie algebras

We construct a series of generic elements of free Lie algebras. New almost primitive and test elements were found. We present an example of an almost primitive element which is not generic.

     

Projective algebras and primitive subquasivarieties in varieties with factor congruences

We prove that in the varieties where every compact congruence is a factor congruence and every nontrivial algebra contains a minimal subalgebra, a finitely presented algebra is projective if and only if it has every minimal algebra as its homomorphic image. Using this criterion of projectivity, we describe the primitive subquasivarieties of discriminator varieties that have a finite minimal algebra embedded in every nontrivial algebra from this variety. In particular, we describe the primitive quasivarieties of discriminator varieties of monadic Heyting algebras, Heyting algebras with regular involution, Heyting algebras with a dual pseudocomplement, and double-Heyting algebras.     

The Lie Algebras in which Every Subspace Is Its Subalgebra

In this paper, we study the Lie algebras in which every subspace is its subalgebra (denoted by HB Lie algebras). We get that a nonabelian Lie algebra is an HB Lie algebra if and only if it is isomorphic to $g\dot{+}\mathbb{C}id_g$, where $g$ is an abelian Lie algebra. Moreover we show that the derivation algebra and the holomorph of a nonabelian HB Lie algebra are complete.     

Strongly Flat and PO-Flat S-Posets

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to study Lie algebras L such that if a subalgebra U of L has a maximal subalgebra of dimension one then every maximal subalgebra of U has dimension one. Such an L is called lm(0)-algebra. This class of Lie algebras emerges when it is imposed on the lattice of subalgebras of a Lie algebra the condition that every atom is lower modular. We see that the effect of that condition is highly sensitive to the ground field F. If F is algebraically closed, then every Lie algebra is lm(0). By contrast, for every algebraically non-closed field there exist simple Lie algebras which are not lm(0). For the real field, the semisimple lm(0)-algebras are just the Lie algebras whose Killing form is negative-definite. Also, we study when the simple Lie algebras having a maximal subalgebra of codimension one are lm(0), provided that char(F) ≠ 2. Moreover, lm(0)-algebras lead us to consider certain other classes of Lie algebras and the largest ideal of an arbitrary Lie algebra L on which the action of every element of L is split, which might have some interest by themselves.     

Classification of three-dimensional zeropotent algebras over an algebraically closed field

A nonassociative algebra is defined to be zeropotent if the square of any element is zero. Zeropotent algebras are exactly the same as anticommutative algebras when the characteristic of the ground field is not two. The class of zeropotent algebras properly contains that of Lie algebras. In this paper, we give a complete classification of three-dimensional zeropotent algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic not equal to two. By restricting the result to the subclass of Lie algebras, we can obtain a classification of three-dimensional complex Lie algebras, which is in accordance with the conventional one.     

Classification of three-dimensional zeropotent algebras over the real number field

A nonassociative algebra is defined to be zeropotent if the square of any element is zero. In this paper, we give a complete classification of three-dimensional zeropotent algebras over the real number field up to isomorphism. By restricting the result to the subclass of Lie algebras, we can obtain a classification of three-dimensional real Lie algebras, which is in accordance with the Bianchi classification. Moreover, three-dimensional zeropotent algebras over a real closed field are classified in the same manner as those over the real number field.     

Free nonassociative supercommutative algebras

In the present work, we prove that homogeneous subalgebras of free nonassociative supercommutative algebras are free. As a consequence, we show that the group of automorphisms of a free nonassociative supercommutative algebra of finite rank is generated by elementary automorphisms. __________ Translated from Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Matematika, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 103–109, 2003.     

Invariant Lie Algebras and Lie Algebras with a Small Centroid

A subalgebra of a Lie algebra is said to be invariant if it is invariant under the action of some Cartan subalgebra of that algebra. A known theorem of Melville says that a nilpotent invariant subalgebra of a finite-dimensional semisimple complex Lie algebra has a small centroid. The notion of a Lie algebra with small centroid extends to a class of all finite-dimensional algebras. For finite-dimensional algebras of zero characteristic with semisimple derivations in a sufficiently broad class, their centroid is proved small. As a consequence, it turns out that every invariant subalgebra of a finite-dimensional reductive Lie algebra over an arbitrary definition field of zero characteristic has a small centroid.