多乙酰氧基硅烷与环氧氯丙烷的开环反应

本文详细地研究了在5-叔丁基呋喃甲酸铬的存在下,多乙酰氧基硅烷与环氧氯丙烷的开环反应及其产物。     

手性Salen配合物水解拆分环氧氯丙烷的动力学

在立体控制合成有机化合物方面,环氧化合物是一类极有价值的中间体,其中以外消旋混合物形式存在的端基环氧化合物因其价廉易得更是备受关注. 在试图获得高光学纯形式环氧化物的研究中,Jacobsen等[1]对消旋的端基环氧化物的水解动力学拆分(HKR)反应,取得了令人鼓舞的结果,获得了高立体选择性和高产率的手性环氧化物(Y=44%,e.e.＞98%)和1,2-二醇化合物(Y=50%,e.e.=98%). 在该项研究中,水是唯一的试剂,手性Salen-CoⅢ显示出良好的催化性能,并得到反应速率与催化剂浓度的平方成正比的反应动力学结果. Jacobsen等[2]又将手性Salen-CoⅢ催化剂固载于聚苯乙烯树脂和硅胶上,用于催化HKR反应,产物的对映选择性又获得进一步提高(Y=41%,e.e.=99%);他们提出了与Salen-CrⅢ配合物催化TMSN3(三甲基叠氮基硅烷)开环环氧化物相似的双金属协同作用机理[3]. 近年来,Salen金属催化的HKR反应广泛地用于高光学纯药物中间体和天然产物的制备. 首先,Jacobsen等[4,5]成功地利用HKR反应高选择性地制备合成出多种β-肾上腺素的关键中间体,并完成了天然产物Muconin的首次全合成. 随后,Gurjar等[6]和Gandour等[7]也通过HKR反应合成了一些在天然产物及药物分子不对称合成中有广泛应用的中间体. 在国内,上海有机化学所的戴立信等[8]利用HKR反应成功地合成了三种β-肾上腺素的构建模块. 吴毓林等[9,10]则通过HKR反应完成了天然番茄枝内酯类化合物4-Deoxyannomontacin的全合成. 所有这些工作,或是重在提高产物的对映体过量及催化剂的活性,或是重在HKR反应在天然产物及药物化学合成中的应用. 由于对外消旋环氧化物的水解拆分反应机理缺乏详细的研究,从而限制了对新型催化剂的开发及对现有催化剂的改进. 本文以各类手性Salen金属配合物为催化剂,通过对水解拆分环氧氯丙烷反应动力学的研究,考察了浓度、温度、催化剂种类对HKR反应的影响,得到一些反应动力学规律;根据动力学实验数据,进一步证实了环氧氯丙烷的水解拆分反应属于双金属催化的过程.     

Reaction of chlorine-containing polymers with living polymers

A graft polymer was prepared by means of the coupling reaction of chlorinated ethylene–propylene terpolymer with living polystyrene, obtained with a sodium–naphthalene complex as initiator, under various conditions; the grafting efficiency and the percentage of grafting are discussed. Poly(chloroprene), chlorinated butyl rubber, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(epichlorohydrin), and epichlorohydrin–ethylene oxide copolymer were also used as chlorine-containing polymers. The grafting efficiencies were found to be in the following order: chlorinated butyl rubber > poly(epichlorohydrin) > epichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide copolymer > chlorinated ethylene-propylene terpolymer > poly(chloroprene) > poly(vinyl chloride). A graft polymer was obtained from the reaction between chlorinated ethylene–propylene terpolymer and living poly(isoprene), with butyllithium in benzene. The undesirable metal–halogen interchange reaction was considerable.     

The solvent effects in the reactions of carboxylic acids with oxiranes. 1. Kinetics of the reaction of acetic acid with epichlorohydrin in butan‐1‐ol

Kinetics of the reaction of acetic acid with epichlorohydrin in the presence of chromium(III) acetate in butan‐1‐ol solution have been studied. The partial reaction orders with respect to reagents were found. The reactions were of first‐order with respect to both epichlorohydrin and catalyst and zeroth order with respect to acetic acid. A kinetic model for the overall process has been proposed. The reaction constants have been calculated along with the activation parameters. The effect of dilution on the rate of addition is discussed. In the equimolar mixture of acetic acid and epichlorohydrin the apparent rate constant of the addition k₁ initially decreases to increase again at the concentration of butan‐1‐ol exceeding 3 M. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 32: 378–387, 2000     

交联壳聚糖膜的制备及其性能的研究

用环氧氯丙烷成功地制备出交联壳聚糖膜。用FTIR,XRD和SEM方法表征其结构,并测试了其力学性能。结果表明,壳聚糖在低温下只有氨基参与交联反应,反应温度高于40℃时,羟基才发生反应;环氧氯丙烷的交联作用显着提高了壳聚糖膜的抗张强度,并有效地降低了溶菌酶对其降解速率;该交联膜有望用作可控降解的生物医用材料。     

乙二醇二缩水甘油醚的合成及作为阳离子型紫外光固化稀释剂性能研究

以三氟化硼乙醚络合物为催化剂,以氢氧化钠为成环反应的闭环剂,利用乙二醇和环氧氯丙烷为原料合成了乙二醇二缩水甘油醚.研究了催化剂三氟化硼乙醚络合物用量、环氧氯丙烷和乙二醇摩尔比、氢氧化钠和乙二醇摩尔比,以及成环反应温度这些因素对合成反应的影响.结果表明较好的合成反应条件是:三氟化硼乙醚络合物质量分数为0.40%,环氧氯丙烷和乙二醇较佳摩尔比为2.4:1,氢氧化钠和乙二醇较佳摩尔比为2.2:1,较佳的成环反应温度为30℃.同时,把乙二醇二缩水甘油醚作为稀释剂加入到环氧树脂E-51中,利用三芳基锍鎓六氟锑酸盐作为引发剂,制备了阳离子型紫外光固化涂料,其紫外光固化膜的拉伸强度为46.25MPa,杨氏模量为1487.26MPa,断裂伸长率为6.27%.     

Study of the O-glycidylation of natural phenolic compounds. The relationship between the phenolic structure and the reaction mechanism

The O-alkylation reaction by epichlorohydrin of some natural phenolic compounds such as 4-methylcatechol, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, pyrogallol and resorcinol was investigated. Phenolic compounds reacted first with epichlorohydrin in the presence of benzyltriethylammonium chloride as phase transfer catalyst. Then, an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was added.It was demonstrated that the two competitive mechanisms involved in the O-alkylation reaction were highly dependent of the starting material. The O-alkylated products obtained in this reaction could be further used as bisphenol A substitutes in the synthesis of epoxy resins pre-polymers.     

An environmentally benign route for epichlorohydrin from allyl chloride epoxidation catalyzed by heteropolyphosphatotungstate

In the absence of organic solvent, allyl chloride was epoxidized with aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by a heteropolyphosphatotungstate catalyst with very good activity and recycling activity. Under optimized conditions, an epichlorohydrin yield of 88.7% was achieved in the first run; after two recycles, the epichlorohydrin yield remained still above 85.0%. Various factors affecting the catalytic reaction were investigated systematically. The reaction rate of hydrogen peroxide in the epoxidation of allyl chloride is zero order with respect to hydrogen peroxide. The activation energy is 52.27 kJ/mol.     

Kinetics of regioselective acetolysis of epichlorohydrin

The liquid phase acetolysis of epichlorohydrin (ECH) with acetic acid was studied over bentonite clay catalysts and was found to be very active for the selective formation of 1-acetoxy-3-chloro-2-propanol. The reaction followed first order kinetics with respect to epichlorohydrin and obeyed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism.     

Kinetic studies for the esterification of acetic acid with epichlorohydrin over an anion exchange resin catalyst

The kinetics of the esterification reaction between acetic acid and epichlorohydrin catalysed by Purolite A-520E strong basic anion exchange resin was studied. The effects of certain parameters such as stirring speed, particle diameter, temperature, catalyst amount and molar ratio between reactants were experimentally determined. It was found that the overall reaction rate is intrinsically kinetically controlled. The partial orders of reaction with respect to catalyst, acetic acid and epichlorohydrin were determined. A reaction mechanism is proposed. Based on chromatographic data and taking into account the partial orders of reaction, a more detailed kinetic model is suggested.      

烯丙基缩水甘油醚的合成

烯丙醇和环氧氯丙烷在三氟化硼乙醚络合物的催化作用下进行加成和环化反应制得标题化合物。研究了催化剂用量、反应原料配比及碱用量对产物收率的影响。     

Synthesis of 1,3-diglycidylimidazolium salts

For the first time, 1,3-diglycidylimidazolium salts were obtained. Their synthesis was accomplished by two routes: the reaction of imidazole with epichlorohydrin in the presence of sodium perchlorate with the subsequent dehydrochlorination of the reaction products with alkalis, and the quaternization of 1-glycidylimidazoles with epichlorohydrin in the presence of salts of strong acids.Institute of Organophysical Chemistry and Carbon Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Donetsk 340114. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1062–1066, August, 1996. Original article submitted May 31, 1996.     

球形纤维素固定化DNA制备免疫吸附剂

以球形纤维素为载体,经环氧氯丙烷活化后共价键联小牛胸腺DNA,制备DNA免疫吸附剂,通过血液灌流能够治疗系统性红斑狼疮.对病人血清的吸附实验结果表明,每毫升吸附剂与3mL病人血清混合,于37℃保温1 h,可吸附除去40%～70%致病抗体     

Effect of sodium chloride on the solubility and hydrolysis of epichlorohydrin in water

The mutual solubility of the components in the epichlorhydrin–water–sodium chloride system was studied in the temperature range of 20–90 °С. It was found that epichlorohydrin is salted out as the concentration of NaCl increases. The Sechenov coefficient was determined to be equal to 0.29. It was found that epichlorohydrin reacts with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride to form glycerol dichlorohydrins. Alkali formed during this reaction catalyzes the hydrolysis of epichlorohydrin to glycerol monochlorohydrin, acts as a reagent in the glycidol formation and accelerates its subsequent conversion to glycerol.     

四溴双酚A双缩水甘油醚的合成研究

研究了四溴双酚A双缩水甘油醚的合成方法,探索了不同原料摩尔比、溶剂、反应温度、第一步反应中碱的用量以及第一步反应时间对反应的影响,并对产品进行了环氧当量的测定。     

Determination of epichlorohydrin by sulfite derivatization and ion chromatography: characterization of the sulfite derivatives by ion chromatography-mass spectrometry

This work is an upgrade of a previously developed method (J. Chromatogr. A 884 (2000) 251] for epichlorohydrin determination by ion chromatography (IC) and conductivity detection. Here, an ion chromatography-mass spectrometry (IC-MS) coupling has been employed for the separation and the identification of products of epichlorohydrin when reacted with the nucleophilic agent SO3(2-). The high capacity column (IonPac AS11-HC) used for separation provided good resolution. This allowed evaluation of the IC behavior and mass spectrometric identification of epichlorohydrin sulfite derivatives. By using atmospheric pressure interfaces (ESI and APCI) the following species were tentatively identified: 2,3-dihydroxy-1-propanesulfonic, 2,3-epoxy-1-propanesulfonic,1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanesulfonic and 3-oxetanesulfonic acids and 2-hydroxy-1,3-propanedisulfonic acid (or its isomer 3-hydroxy-1,2-propanedisulfonic acid). The study showed that chlorine atoms are displaced from epichlorohydrin during the reaction, while mass spectrometry confirmed that none of the products formed contains chlorine atoms.     

含有联萘环结构的新型环氧树脂的合成与性能研究

以2-萘酚为原料,先合成出2,2?二羟基-1,1?联萘,再合成出一种新型的具有联萘结构的环氧树脂(BEBN)。通过红外光谱研究了树脂的结构,推测了树脂合成的机理,并对树脂的性能作了一定的研究。该树脂的固化物表现出良好的热性能及力学性能。     

磷钨杂多酸盐催化的氯丙烯水油两相条件下的环氧化

研究了磷钨杂多酸盐对氯丙烯与H2O2水溶液两相条件下环氧化反应的催化活性.反应结果表明,环氧氯丙烷的产率受溶剂二氯乙烷量影响;二氯乙烷作溶剂时,这一反应体系具有很好的催化性能,环氧氯丙烷产率可达88.3%;甲苯不是氯丙烯环氧化的优良溶剂.     

Novel synthesis of methylenecyclobutanols and 4-methylenetetrahydrofurans from gamma-oxide ylides

The reaction of delta-halo-gamma-oxide ylide, prepared from methylenetriphenylphosphorane and epichlorohydrin, with aldehydes afforded alkylidenecyclobutanols in moderate yields. The reaction initially proceeded through internal nucleophilic attack on delta-carbon of this ylide. Another novel approach toward the synthesis of 4-methylenetetrahydrofurans was achieved by the reaction of gamma-oxide ylides with paraformaldehyde.     

Preparation of polyfunctional oligoethers

Copolymerization of epichlorohydrin with allyl glycidyl ether under the action of boron trifluoride tetrahydrofuranate in diethyl ether and dimethoxyethane was studied under the conditions of synthesis of alkyl ether and diols where water was used to produce terminal hydroxy groups. ¹H NMR spectroscopy showed the formation of a copolymer. The integrated intensity ratio for the signals related to allyl and other groups showed that the rate of allyl glycidyl ether introduction into the copolymer is higher than that of epichlorohydrin. Alkyl- and hydroxy-containing oligoethers with enhanced content of functional groups of different nature were obtained by polymer analogous reaction.