轴对称横观各向同性浅球壳受物体撞击的非线性动力响应分析

基于非线性扁壳理论和弹性接触力学,建立了横观各向同性浅球壳在其顶部受集中载荷作用的非线性运动微分方程,根据Hertz定律,考虑撞击物与浅球壳之间的弹性接触效应,确定了壳体顶部所承受的冲击力,它与撞击物的质量、初始速度、壳体的几何和物理性质等因素相关.对此非线性动力问题,采用正交配点法与时间增量法求解.算例中,讨论了撞击物的冲击速度、壳体的厚度及中曲面曲率半径对壳体所受冲击载荷及其位移响应的影响.     

Interaction of a Shock Wave with a Spherical Gas–Liquid Cluster

Experimental studies were performed of the interaction of a plane shock wave with a spherical gas–liquid cluster (polyurethane foam ball saturated with a bubbly liquid) in a vertical shock tunnel filled with a liquid. The cluster was shown to generate a solitary pressure wave of large amplitude.     

Thermal Shock Resistance of a Kyanite-Based (Aluminosilicate) Ceramic

This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of microstructure and thermal shock resistance of an aluminosilicate ceramic. Shock-induced crack growth is studied in sintered structures produced from powders with different particle size ranges. The underlying crack/microstructure interactions and toughening mechanisms are elucidated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The resulting crack-tip shielding levels (due to viscoelastic crack bridging) are estimated using fracture mechanics concepts. The implications of the work are discussed for the design of high refractory ceramics against thermal shock.     

Nonlinearly Viscoelastic Nanoindentation of PMMA Under a Spherical Tip

The Oliver-Pharr method has been well established to measure Young’s modulus and hardness of materials without time-dependent behavior in nanoindentation. The method, however, is not appropriate for measuring the viscoelastic properties of materials with pronounced viscoelastic effects. One well-known phenomenon is the formation of unloading “nose” or negative stiffness during unloading that often occurs during slow loading-unloading in nanoindentation on a viscoelastic material. Most methods in literature have only considered the loading curve for analysis of viscoelastic nanoindentation data while the unloading portion is not analyzed adequately to determine the nonlinearly viscoelastic properties. In this paper, nonlinearly viscoelastic effects are considered and modeled using the nonlinear Burgers model. Nanoindentation was conducted on poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) using a spherical indenter tip. An inverse problem solving approach is used to allow the finite element simulation results to agree with the nanoindentation load–displacement curve during the entire loading and unloading stage. This approach has allowed the determination of the nonlinearly viscoelastic behavior of PMMA at submicron scale. In addition, the nanoindentation unloading “nose” has been captured by simulation, indicating that the negative stiffness in the viscoelastic material is the result of memory effect in time-dependent materials.     

重要性抽样法在计算球罐断裂失效概率中的应用

本文结合实例,在探讨了原分布函数平移一定距离后作为重要性函数的基础上,提出采用优化理论中的直接搜索法,以原分布函数与重要性函数相似比的变异系数最小为优化目标求得最佳平移量。同时提出迭代计算程序,即依据前次迭代计算得到的失效点分布确定计算时原分布函数的平移量,经多次迭代也能求出最佳平移量。多次迭代后诸失效点的中值与一阶二次矩法的设计点值接近。在本文算例中,由这二种方法求得的重要性函数减少了模拟计算总次数和提高了计算精度。     

珠形爆炸容器水压试验应力测试及分析

设计压力12MPa的球形爆炸容器内径1m,壁厚2.5×10-2m,在3,6,9,12,15和0MPa的水压试验条件下,对其外表面具有代表性的20个测点进行了应力测试.并用三维ANSYS有限元编码对12和15MPa两种工况进行了应力分析,分析结果与测试结果基本吻合,这表明爆炸容器在整个试验压力范围是处于线弹性状态,容器的强度设计是合理的.     

Strength and Specific Fracture Energy of Metals Subjected to a Thermal Shock

Time dependences of spalling strength and critical specific fracture energy of some metals under a thermal shock initiated by xrays of a nuclear explosion are obtained. Under thermalshock conditions, the durability of metals decreases exponentially as the amplitude of the fracture stress increases. The critical specific fracture energy of metals subjected to a thermal shock increases with the duration of tensile stresses. Using an example of cones, conical shells, disks, and rods, it is shown that the geometric factor should be taken into account, which can reduce the fracture threshold and increase the degree of fracture of an object subjected to a thermal shock. This is a result of stress cumulation, occurrence of cumulative ejection of the material, and stability loss due to the action of powerful energy fluxes.     

Effective Permeability of a Porous Medium with Spherical and Spheroidal Vug and Fracture Inclusions

Vugs and fractures are common features of carbonate formations. The presence of vugs and fractures in porous media can significantly affect pressure and flow behavior of a fluid. A vug is a cavity (usually a void space, occasionally filled with sediments), and its pore volume is much larger than the intergranular pore volume. Fractures occur in almost all geological formations to some extent. The fluid flow in vugs and fractures at the microscopic level does not obey Darcy’s law; rather, it is governed by Stokes flow (sometimes is also called Stokes’ law). In this paper, analytical solutions are derived for the fluid flow in porous media with spherical- and spheroidal-shaped vug and/or fracture inclusions. The coupling of Stokes flow and Darcy’s law is implemented through a no-jump condition on normal velocities, a jump condition on pressures, and generalized Beavers–Joseph–Saffman condition on the interface of the matrix and vug or fracture. The spheroidal geometry is used because of its flexibility to represent many different geometrical shapes. A spheroid reduces to a sphere when the focal length of the spheroid approaches zero. A prolate spheroid degenerates to a long rod to represent the connected vug geometry (a tunnel geometry) when the focal length of the spheroid approaches infinity. An oblate spheroid degenerates to a flat spheroidal disk to represent the fracture geometry. Once the pressure field in a single vug or fracture and in the matrix domains is obtained, the equivalent permeability of the vug with the matrix or the fracture with matrix can be determined. Using the effective medium theory, the effective permeability of the vug–matrix or fracture–matrix ensemble domain can be determined. The effect of the volume fraction and geometrical properties of vugs, such as the aspect ratio and spatial distribution, in the matrix is also investigated. It is shown that the higher volume fraction of the vugs or fractures enhances the effective permeability of the system. For a fixed-volume fraction, highly elongated vugs or fractures significantly increase the effective permeability compared with shorter vugs or fractures. A set of disconnected vugs or fractures yields lower effective permeability compared with a single vug or fracture of the same volume fraction.     

初应力条件下超临界CO2气爆致裂规律研究

为研究地下爆破工程中初始地应力条件下超临界CO2气爆的致裂规律,利用自主研发的三轴加载式超临界CO2气爆实验系统,对不同应力组合工况下混凝土试件进行了超临界CO2气爆致裂实验,实验结果表明超临界CO2气爆爆破峰值压力低且高压持续时间长,致裂过程不同于传统炸药爆破,分为动态和准静态过程：应力波将气爆孔附近介质压碎形成粉碎区,在环向拉应力作用下粉碎区周围介质产生径向裂隙的动态过程,高压CO2气体进入裂隙形成气楔,促使裂隙继续扩展的准静态过程,得到了气爆后试件沿最大初始压应力方向开裂的规律。通过理论计算的方法分析了初应力作用下气爆过程中介质应力状态的变化规律,揭示了初应力影响裂纹起裂和扩展的机理：位于气爆孔最大初始压应力方向的介质产生初始环向压应力最小,在超临界CO2径向冲击产生的环向拉应力作用下首先发生开裂;位于气爆孔最小初始压应力方向介质中初始环向压应力最大,开裂所需的径向冲击压力增大,开裂滞后;垂直裂隙方向的应力抑制裂隙的张开而阻碍CO2气体的进入,同时增大了裂隙扩展所需的气楔压力,气楔作用效果大幅减弱,对裂隙扩展的阻碍作用显著。裂隙的扩展速度与扩展距离呈“S型”曲线关系,初始压应力越大,裂隙扩展相同距离降低的速度值越大,且压碎区和裂隙扩展范围逐渐减小。     

金属丝网——油液介质耦合减振器抗冲击动态力学特性研究

基于金属丝网－油液介质耦合减振器原理样机的抗冲击动态力学特性进行研究，样机的多参数匹配冲击试验研究表明该减振器具有强非线性动态特征，并能实现抗大冲击；在此基础上结合流体理论和库伦摩擦理论建立了原理样机非线性冲击动态特性模型，研究减振器抗冲击力学特性的设计可控性，该建模方法直接引入结构参数，为直接设计具体的器件建立了理论基础。     

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Impact Fracture in Polycrystalline Materials

Technique for creation of polycrystalline computer materials is presented. The method considered allows for the obtaining of not only polycrystalline particle packings with various grains sizes but also the creating of materials with the preset value of porosity. Plate impact experiments were performed to compare strength properties of mono- and polycrystalline computer materials and also to investigate influence of the material porosity on the shock wave penetration and spallation processes. The experiments show significant differences in the impact fracture processes between mono- and polycrystalline materials. Smearing the shock waves due to heterogeneity of the granular structure of the polycrystals decreases localization effects, and the fracture occupies larger areas but with the smaller level of injury. Porosity adds significant resistance due to the strong plastic deformation during the pore collapsing. This effect can strongly decrease the penetration distance of the shock wave and even prevent the spallation.     

双向应力状态下三维球形空穴应力集中的实验研究

用光弹三维应力冻结切片法研究了双向应力状态下球穴附近应力分布和集中问题，介绍了含球穴的三维光弹性模型的尺寸确定、浇注工艺和实现双向应力状态及大面积均匀拉伸加载的方法，分析了在特定平面上的正应力σ，剪应力τ沿球穴边缘的分布及衰减规律。文中对实验数据进行了统计分析处理，证明了实验与理论结果符合一致     

Numerical Simulation of the Dynamics of Spherical Sandwich Shells Reinforced with Discrete Ribs Under a Shockwave*

International Applied Mechanics - The equations of vibrations of a stringer-reinforced spherical sandwich shell under unsteady loading are obtained. In analyzing the elements of the elastic...     

Experimental Investigation of Fracture Process Zone in Rocks Damaged Under Cyclic Loadings

Compared with other materials, most rocks generally fail in a brittle fashion rather than exhibiting yielding or purely plastic deformation. However, the initiation and coalescence of micro-cracks in the nonlinear region, known as the ‘fracture process zone’ (FPZ), are the primary reason for fracture propagation in rocks. Different elasticity-related models proposed for determining the features of the FPZ have not achieved an adequate understanding of its various fracture patterns. Based on previous experiments and numerical models, micro-crack density has been shown to be a function of loading history and to vary depending on whether the loading is monotonic or cyclic. The aim of the study reported here was to examine the different patterns of the FPZ under various types of cyclic loading and to quantitatively define damage and fracture patterns through the grains or rock matrix. Considerable laboratory testing was conducted, and fractured samples were investigated by computerised tomography scanning, supported by thin-section analysis. In the study, two different types of cyclic loading were tested: stepped and continuous. A diametral compressive loading was applied at predetermined amplitude and frequency with the continuous cyclic loading. The applied cyclic diametral compressive load was returned to the original level after each step, and at the next step, the amplitude started from zero, with stepped cyclic loading (SCL). An average 30 % strength reduction was found due to the SCL and emergence of high micro-fracture density in the FPZ. We presume that hard rock breakage techniques will be improved, especially for rock-cutting technologies, such as drag bits and oscillating disc cutting, by understanding the effects of cyclic loading on rock strength.     

Spherical wave propagation in a viscoplastic medium

Summary A study is presented of the problem of spherical wave propagation in an infinite viscoplastic medium. The surface of a spherical cavity is subjected to a uniform impact load which is continuously maintained. The material is elastic/viscoplastic, satisfying Mises condition, isotropic hardening, and viscoplastic incompressibility. A generalized form of Malvern's constitutive relation is used with a bilinear static shear stressshear strain curve, the method of characteristics, and an IBM 7040–7094 digital computer. Particular emphasis is placed on the influence of strain hardening and of the viscosity coefficient. It is shown that changes in the strain hardening coefficient and in the viscosity coefficient have considerable influence on the results, which is to some extent unexpected in view of previous work on this subject.

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Übersicht Eine konkave innere Oberfläche wird durch eine konstante gleichmäßig verteilte Kraft belastet. Das Material wird als elastisch-viscoplastisch angenommen mit isotroper Verfestigung und viscoplastischer Inkompressibilität; es genügt der von Mises'schen Fließbedingung. Es werden eine sinngemäße Erweiterung der Malvernschen Materialgleichung und numerische Lösungen für ein Material mit bilinearer Schubspannungs- and Scherungskennlinie angegeben. Dabei zeigt sich überraschenderweise, daß Änderungen des Verfestigungskoeffizienten und der Viscosität die spherische Wellenausbreitung erheblich beeinflussen.

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This investigation was supported by the National Science Foundation under a grant to Yale University.     

Real-time Detection of CMAS Corrosion Failure in APS Thermal Barrier Coatings Under Thermal Shock

Experimental Mechanics - Calcium-magnesium-alumina-silicate (CMAS) corrosion has been regarded as the most important factor that leads to the degradation of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). The...     

陶瓷水煤浆喷嘴的热冲击特性及有限元分析

采用热压烧结工艺制备出口无锥度(直口)和出口带锥度(锥口)2种Al2O3/TiC陶瓷水煤浆喷嘴,在工业锅炉上研究其热冲击行为,采用扫描电子显微镜分析喷嘴磨损表面形貌和微观组织结构,利用有限元法分析喷嘴的温度场和热应力.结果表明:陶瓷水煤浆喷嘴的出口结构对其热冲击行为影响很大,锥口喷嘴因所受热辐射面积小于直口喷嘴,内部的温度梯度和热应力较低,表现出较好的抗热冲击性能;Al2O3/TiC陶瓷喷嘴的温度梯度和热应力由入口到出口逐渐增大,出口部位的较高温度梯度和热应力是导致其磨损失效的主要原因;Al2O3/TiC陶瓷喷嘴的磨损形式表现为脆性断裂、研磨损伤、热裂纹和热崩等特征,其中热裂纹和热崩为主要磨损形式.     

Thermophoresis of a Rigid Spherical Particle in a Fluid

In the Stokes approximation, for small Reynolds and Péclet numbers, the motion of a heated rigid spherical particle in a viscous fluid, in which external sources maintain a small constant temperature gradient, is described theoretically. The hydrodynamic equations are solved using an exponential-power form of the temperature dependence of the viscosity. The possibility of observing thermophoresis in a fluid experimentally is discussed.     

Dynamics of a Spherical Microcavity in a Polymeric Liquid

The formation and collapse of a vapor microcavity (microbubble) in aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide with a molecular mass of 0.5–11 million and concentration of 0–6% is studied experimentally. A microbubble less than 100 m in size is formed as a result of local superheating of the liquid by a microheater. Using stroboscopic visualization, the microbubble evolution is investigated in detail. At high polymer concentrations and low molecular masses, a slowing of bubble collapse is noted. On the range of parameters considered, no radical change in microbubble dynamics due to the action of polymeric additives was observed.     

Shock waves in a particulate suspension

A continuum theory for the distribution of incompressible particles in an incompressible fluid is employed to study the behaviour of plane shock waves in a particulate suspension. An expression is derived for the speed of displacement in terms of the jump in the volume fraction of one of the constituents across the shock. A differential equation is derived to govern the evolutionary behaviour of the shock wave propagating into a region which is in a uniform equilibrium state before the arrival of the shock wave. The implications of this equation are examined in detail.