厚壁管道周向导波检测技术实验研究

厚壁管道是火电机组四大管道系统的核心部件,将超声导波技术应用于厚壁管道的无损检测显得十分重要.首先确定厚壁管道检测的激励方式,优化选取适合厚壁管道检测的0.5MHz探头和楔形块角度为60°的斜探头组合.通过改变斜探头与外壁轴向缺陷之间周向距离,在一定范围内仍可检测到缺陷回波,且接收到的周向回波幅值变化不大,表明周向导波...     

周向超声导波在薄壁管道中的传播研究

本文研究了薄壁管道内周向导波的传播及其频散特性，并且通过对比薄壁板与薄壁管道内的导波，找出了一个比较简便研究周向导波的方法。并通过实验验证了周向导波的频散现象以及激励模态与斜探头楔型角的关系，并且认定在管道中可以激励出单一的周向导波模态。     

周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟研究

在石油、化工、食品和城市供水等行业,由于腐蚀等原因而引起泄漏事故,造成巨大的经济损失和资源浪费.因此,能够预先检测到管道缺陷避免事故发生显得十分重要.基于弹性动力学理论,利用Matlab编程实现周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播的数值模拟.利用特征函数展开法计算出周向导波的频散曲线及0.6MHz和1MHz各个模态的时域波形图并据此分析激励方式同周向导波传播的关系,频率为1MHz或0.6MHz时,1和2模态在空心圆柱壳中传播的周向导波中处于主导地位:各模态的径向或周向位移幅度会受到激励入射角的影响而变化并且周向导波的位移幅度随着激励入射角的增加而增加:得到特定频率下,周向导波各模态径向、周向位移的变化关系.本文结果为进一步利用实验方法研究周向导波在空心圆柱体中传播特性和缺陷检测奠定了基础.     

受内压厚壁圆筒的塑性变形条件与脆断分析

基于弹性约束的概念,分析了受内压厚壁圆筒产生塑性变形的条件。发现厚壁圆筒发生脆性断裂的根本原因是,圆筒内壁高应力区因受到外壁低应力区的弹性约束,在应力达到材料的屈服条件时不能产生塑性变形。通过计算给出了受内压管道避免脆性断裂的壁厚设计和选材方法。研究结果表明,对外直径2b=300mm的不同管线钢,随屈强比从0.51增大到0.91,其临界壁厚由62.2mm降低至12.9mm,极限内压由225.2MPa降低至69.0MPa,即选用材料的屈强比越低,设计管道不发生脆断的壁厚尺寸范围越大,在临界壁厚尺寸范围内管道的极限承载能力也越高。因此使用较低屈强比的材料并控制合理的管道壁厚,能使管道在承受意外的冲击内压时,出现全面塑性变形,以吸收冲击能量,避免管道脆性断裂的发生。     

应力波在管道中传播的实验研究

实验研究了轴对称加载条件下,在有、无缺陷的管道中应力波的传播特性。实现了在非弥散频率范围内单模态应力波的激励;在无缺陷的情况下研究了应力波的反射、衰减等;同时研究了缺陷前后不同点、距缺陷一定距离的同一截面上的多点对激励的响应。结果表明,由于在波的传播过程中衰减相对较小,这种方法有望实现管道的长距离缺陷检测。     

功能梯度空心圆柱体中的周向超声导波

为了更有效地使用超声技术检测功能梯度管道中纵向缺陷,基于3维弹性理论,采用一种正交多项式法研究无限长功能梯度材料管道中的周向导波。为验证方法的正确性与适用性,首先采用该方法计算均匀各向异性管道中的周向导波,并与已有数据相比较。其次,计算了不同梯度函数下管道周向导波的频散曲线,并与均匀管道进行了比较,说明了梯度材料管道中周向导波的特点以及梯度函数变化对频散曲线的影响。最后,求解了不同径厚比下功能梯度材料圆柱壳周向导波的频散曲线,分析了径厚比的变化对频散曲线的影响。     

充水压力管道受弹体冲击破坏的实验研究

报导了厚壁管 (外径D =4 5mm ,壁厚H =3mm)和薄壁管 (外径D =4 4mm ,壁厚H =1mm)两组充水压力管道的撞击穿透破坏实验结果 .借助落锤装置实现对三跨连续管梁撞击加载 ,冲头形状有平头、半球头和 90°圆锥头三种 .实验为内空管和管内充水加压 0MPa ,5MPa ,10MPa ,15MPa和 2 0MPa六种工况 .实验得到了不同工况下的破坏模式 ,同时记录了撞击过程中管内压力变化时程曲线及冲击力时程曲线 .实验结果表明 ,内充介质显著降低了薄壁管的穿透能量 ,而对厚壁管的降低程度较小 .随内充介质的压力增高 ,穿透能量也有不同程度的降低 .     

利用兰姆波对板状结构中隐蔽腐蚀缺陷的检测

在石油、天然气、化工和石化行业中,许多大型容器和储罐常用来储存带有腐蚀性液体或气体,其内壁极易被腐蚀变薄而影响其使用寿命。为了激励出合适的导波模态检测容器内壁的隐蔽腐蚀缺陷,本文对一块2.76mm厚并蚀刻了一个人工腐蚀缺陷的钢板进行了检测。实验中,采用了一发一收法,并分别激励了对称模态S1和反对称模态A1对该缺陷进行了检测。利用短时傅立叶变换对接收到的时域信号进行了时频分析,得到各导波模态的模态转换,频散和衰减结果。通过对比可以看出,S1模态更适用于检测隐蔽腐蚀缺陷。结果显示,通过选取合适的模态,导波检测方法有可能用于大型容器和储罐内壁腐蚀缺陷的检测。     

管道超声导波检测专用探头的研制

结合常规超声探头的研制技术，根据检测对象——管道的特殊性，从敏感元件、背衬材料、保护层以及外型等各方面详细介绍了一种管道超声导波检测专用探头的研制过程；利用这种探头分别在板和管中进行了激励接收超声导波的实验，结果表明，这种探头能够激励接收超声导波。     

钢轨轨底垂直振动模式导波检测技术的实验研究

现有铁路钢轨超声探伤车技术无法检测线路钢轨轨底缺陷,给铁路运输安全带来很大隐患.本文开展了钢轨轨底超声导波传播特性和垂直振动模式导波检测技术研究,采用半解析有限元方法分析了我国60型钢轨轨底的各振动模态导波频散曲线和波结构.应用模态锤技术对自由状态钢轨轨底垂直振动模态导波传播特性进行了实验测量,结果表明,在0～100kHz频率范围内,钢轨轨底垂直振动模态优势模式与厚度为14 mm板中的A0模式兰姆波具有等效性.进一步研究了激励频率、激励脉冲周数、传播距离对轨底垂直振动模态导波传播的影响,设计了导波斜探头,选择合适的参数在钢轨轨底激励出垂直振动模态导波并检测出了轨底的人工缺陷.本文的研究结果为线路钢轨轨底的导波检测技术奠定了一定的基础.     

Damage detection based on the propagation of longitudinal guided wave in a bimetal composite pipe

This paper investigates the damage detection based on the propagation of guided wave in bimetal composite pipes, which can identify damage locations in both axial and circumferential directions. The feasibility of the method is showed by numerical simulations using FEM code ANSYS. Mode analysis is used to evaluate the guided wave mode and its structure, which can provide the basis of the mode selection in measurements scheme. The guided wave propagation in a damaged pipe is computed by transient analysis. 16 nodes around the pipe wall, as probes, are used to record the guided wave signal. When Pseudo Margenau—Hill distribution (PMHD) for each signal is carried out, three types of modes could be found, which are led mode, excited mode and lag mode in sequences. Based on the results, the arrival time of the excited mode could be used to locate damage in axial direction, and the energy distribution around the pipe of lag mode is consistent with the damage in circumferential direction. The simulation illustrated the possibility of detecting damage location in both axial and circumferential directions based on longitudinal ultrasonic guided waves only.     

Measurement of the Distribution of Residual Stresses in Layered Thick-Walled GFRP Pipes

The objective of this study is to measure the axial, circumferential, shear and radial residual stress distributions in three thick-walled glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) filament-wound pipes, two of which are layered. The measurement of residual stresses was carried out using a recently published layer removal method which overcomes the limitations of previous techniques and can be applied to layered anisotropic pipes of any wall thickness. Layers of approximately 0.3 mm thickness were incrementally ground from the outer surface of the pipes. The resulting strains were measured on the inner surfaces. A least-squares polynomial was fitted to each measured data set, and used to calculate the corresponding stress distributions. All of the resulting axial, hoop and shear stress distributions adhere to the requirement of self-equilibrium and the radial stress distributions all vanish to zero at the inner and outer surfaces. The radial stresses of the layered pipes showed a tendency to have two peaks, one for each layer, a consequence of the two-stage manufacturing process of these pipes. The measured axial and hoop stresses of all three pipes were similar at the inner surfaces despite significant differences in the stiffnesses in the principal directions arising from different wind angles.     

管道超声纵向导波裂纹检测数值模拟

简述了近年来超声导波技术的发展现状及其检测原理，并用有限元程序ANSYS对管道超声纵向导波裂纹检测进行了数值模拟。管道模型中，删除单元模拟管道周向裂纹，通过对管道一端端部周向各节点施加轴向瞬时位移载荷模拟纵向入射应力波，同端接收反射应力波，根据裂纹纵波回波信号到达时间和反射系数能较为精确地判断裂纹位置、周向开口裂纹长度、管壁减薄程度及裂纹截面积，但反射系数对管道轴向裂纹宽度不十分敏感。数值模拟结果与前人实验结果及理论计算结果吻合较好。     

Study of wave motion on tubulars using broad-band laser ultrasound

We investigate the transition characteristics of laser-generated ultrasonic waves propagating along the axial and circumferential directions in tubulars. The thermoacousto-photonic non-destructive evaluation technique is employed to initiate broad-band surface and guided waves in tubulars of several different outer diameters and wall thicknesses. A non-contact broad-band optical sensor known as fiber-tip interferometry is used for wave acquisition. Wave dispersion as a function of thickness to mean radius ratio is resolved using a Gabor wavelet transform based algorithm. The algorithm enables dispersion to be established through the deployment of just one sensing interferometer. This is in contrast to techniques which require multiple detection locations for the determination of wave dispersion.     

Scattering of guided waves by circumferential cracks in composite cylinders

A somewhat generalized numerical procedure is used in this paper to study the problem of wave scattering by circumferential cracks in composite pipes. The study is motivated by the need to develop a model for the quantitative, ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation of cracks in pipes. For this purpose, a stiffness-based Rayleigh–Ritz type approach is employed first to obtain the approximate wave numbers and wave modes. Using the wave function expansions of the incident and scattered fields in the axial direction and decomposing the problem into separate symmetric and anti-symmetric problems, a three-dimensional wave scattering problem is reduced to two, independent two-dimensional problems over the circular cross-section. Both these problems can be reduced further to quasi-one-dimensions by discretizing the cross-section into finite elements and using a transfer matrix approach in the circumferential direction. This simplification greatly reduces the computational time. A comparison of the results for an isotropic pipe demonstrates the reliability and accuracy of the modified numerical procedure. Numerical results for the reflection and transmission coefficients of different incident wave modes are also presented for a 2-ply composite pipe with a crack. The crack may have an arbitrary circumferential length and radial depth. Simple extrapolations from one wave to another wave, separately incident on a crack, are demonstrated to be impossible due to different mode conversions by the crack.     

An analytical approach to reconstruction of axisymmetric defects in pipelines using T(0, 1) guided waves

Torsional guided waves have been widely utilized to inspect the surface corrosion in pipelines due to their simple displacement behaviors and the ability of longrange transmission. Especially, the torsional mode T (0, 1), which is the first order of torsional guided waves, plays the irreplaceable position and role, mainly because of its non-dispersion characteristic property. However, one of the most pressing challenges faced in modern quality inspection is to detect the surface defects in pipelines with a high level of accuracy. Taking into account this situation, a quantitative reconstruction method using the torsional guided wave T (0, 1) is proposed in this paper. The methodology for defect reconstruction consists of three steps. First, the reflection coefficients of the guided wave T (0, 1) scattered by different sizes of axisymmetric defects are calculated using the developed hybrid finite element method (HFEM). Then, applying the boundary integral equation (BIE) and Born approximation, the Fourier transform of the surface defect profile can be analytically derived as the correlative product of reflection coefficients of the torsional guided wave T (0, 1) and the fundamental solution of the intact pipeline in the frequency domain. Finally, reconstruction of defects is precisely performed by the inverse Fourier transform of the product in the frequency domain. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach is suitable for the detection of surface defects with arbitrary shapes. Meanwhile, the effects of the depth and width of surface defects on the accuracy of defect reconstruction are investigated. It is noted that the reconstructive error is less than 10%, providing that the defect depth is no more than one half of the pipe thickness.