On the electroreduction of 4-chloro-2,6-diisopropylamino-s-triazine (propazine) on mercury electrodes

This paper presents a polarographic (dc and differential pulse (DP)) study of the reduction of the s-triazine derivative propazine (4-chloro-2,6-diisopropylamino-s-triazine). The study is performed in acidic media (from solutions 2.25 M in H₂SO₄ to pH 5) because no signals were obtained above pH 5 (even at pH values of 11–12). In the pH range 2–4 the polarograms decreased until they vanished. In DP polarography, two main reduction peaks were observed, accompanied by a pre-peak at less negative potentials, and a post-peak at more negative potentials, due to the adsorption of propazine on the electrode. The main peaks corresponded to two-electron reduction processes. At pH below the protonation pK of the triazine ring (about 1.7), the results showed that, in a first stage, propazine suffers a cleavage of the Cl atom via a CEC process (electron transfer placed between two chemical reactions) to yield a dechlorinated intermediate, which is reduced through an irreversible two-electron process, the rate-determining step (r.d.s.) being the second electron transfer. At pH above the pK, a protonation of the triazine ring precedes the reduction process, this reaction being also responsible for the observed decrease in limiting current.     

The influence of aminobenzoic acid on Zn(II) electroreduction on a mercury electrode in water-methanol

Summary The influence of the isomers of aminobenzoic acid on the reaction Zn(II)/Zn(Hg) was studied in water-methanol mixtures. Theo- andm-isomers accelerate this reaction in all investigated solutions. The standard rate constants are similar at the same degree of electrode coverage with these isomers in water and mixed solutions.p-Aminobenzoic acid inhibits the process of Zn(II)/Zn(Hg) electroreduction. The results suggest that the decisive role in the acceleration is played by the formation of the active complex inside the adsorption layer.

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Der Einfluß von Aminobenzoesäure auf die Elektroreduktion von Zn(II) an einer Quecksilberelektrode in Methanol-Wasser

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der verschiedenen Isomeren von Aminobenzoesäure auf die Reduktion von Zn(II) an einer Quecksilberelektrode wurde in Methanol-Wasser-Mischungen untersucht. Dieo- undm-Isomeren beschleunigen die Reaktion, und die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten sind in Wasser und in Methanol-Wasser gleich. Die Beschleunigung wird wahrscheinlich durch Bildung des aktivierten Komplexes innerhalb der Adsorptionsschicht verursacht.p-Aminobenzoesäure hemmt die Elektroreduktion.

     

Mechanism of electroreduction of cobalt(II) in thiocyanate solutions at mercury electrodes

The process of electroreduction of cobalt(II) in thiocyanate solutions at mercury electrodes has been investigated by cyclic voltammetric, chronoamperometric and polarographic methods. The influences of pH, the concentrations of Co(II) and SCN^?, and the reduction products of SCN^?, CN^? and S^2? on the reduction waves are described. The polarographic pre-wave is an autocatalytic in nature. A mechanism involving an initial reduction of Co(II)—SCN^? at a mercury electrode followed by the chemical reduction of thiocyanate ion with the electroreduced metallic cobalt, and taking into account cyanide, sulfide, and hydroxide ions, the latter being produced by the hydrolysis of cyanide ion, is presented. Cobalt sulfide adsorbed at the electrode surface stimulates further reduction of Co(II)—CN^? and —SCN^? complexes, and depresses the interfering influence of Co(OH)₂, which is reductively desorbed from the electrode surface with giving rise to an additional peak near ?1.08 V vs. SCE.     

Organic halide electroreduction on silver

Silver, whose extraordinary electrocatalytical properties for organic halide reduction have been recently evidenced, has been used as cathode material for systematic preparative electrolyses in membrane-divided cells. To better elucidate the substrate role on the remarkable positive shift of reduction potentials, and on the "cage effect" i.e. the promotion of intermolecular reaction on adsorbed intermediates, three halide substrate patterns are here compared in terms of both voltammetric characterization and preparative electroreduction products: aliphatic halides (adamantanes), aromatic halides (phenols) and anomeric glycosyl halides. The preparative electroreductions result mainly in dimerization in the case of glycosyl halides, in H-->Br substitution in the case of bromophenols, in dimerization + substitution in the case of haloadamantanes. The product analysis, both at the end of the reaction and at intermediate times, allows discussing the reaction pathways in terms of intermediate stability and of active surface accessibility. The possibility of complete dehalogenation on a wider substrate variety with remarkably lower energy consumption and almost quantitative current yields makes the process potentially very interesting for environmental purposes.     

核黄素电化学还原研究

本文采用循环伏安、本体电解、荧光光谱、电子自旋共振波谱等技术对核黄素电化学还原机理进行了研究。结果表明,在DMSO溶液中,核黄素以质子化和非质子化两种形式存在,它们的还原电位分别是-0.78和-1.05(vs.SEC)。两种形式的核黄素都可在汞电极上得到一个电子,生成相应的自由基。自由基的g值分别为2.005和2.002。对质子化式的自由基的ESR超精细谱进行了理论分析,提出了核黄素可能的电化学还原机理。     

The accelerating influence of thiourea on the electroreduction of Zn(II) at a mercury electrode in water/methanol mixtures

Summary The influence of thiourea on the Zn(II)/Zn(Hg) electrode process was studied in water/methanol mixtures under addition of NaClO₄. Diffusion coefficients, formal potentials, and charge transfer rate constants have been determined. It is postulated that the composition of the active complex formed on the electrode plays the dominant role in the acceleration of the electrode processes.

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Der beschleunigende Einfluß von Thioharnstoff auf die Elektroreduktion von Zn(II) an einer Quecksilberelektrode in Wasser-Methanol-Gemischen

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Thioharnstoff auf den Elektrodenprozeß Zn(II)/Zn(Hg) wurde in Wasser-Methanol-Mischungen unter Zusatz von NaClO₄ untersucht. Diffusionskoeffizienten, Potentiale und Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Ladungsübertragung wurden bestimmt. Es wird angenommen, daß bei der Beschleunigung der Elektrodenprozesse die Zusammensetzung des an der Elektrode gebildeten aktiven Komplexes eine entscheidende Rolle spielt.

     

不饱和醇电还原的质谱-电化学循环伏安(MSCV)法研究:II.炔丙醇的电还原

炔丙醇在多孔Pt黑电极上, 0.5mol.dm^-3HCLO4溶液中电还原的MSCV研究结果表明炔丙醇电还原时既涉及烯丙基C-OH断键反应亦涉及炔丙基上C-OH断键反应生成烃类。此外有少量炔丙醇直接质子化生成部分饱和的烯丙醇。表征各种反应产物的M/Z的质谱电流-电极电位扫描曲线(IM-Φ)详细描绘了各分步反应的图象。各M/Z的1gIM-Φ曲线在一空电位范围内呈线性, 并求得它们的Tafel斜率。依据实验结果对反应机理进行了详细分析。     

The electroreduction of formaldehyde on tin and indium

The electrochemical behavior of formaldehyde on tin and indium cathodes has been studied over a wide range of pH (0.4–13), concentrations (1×10^?3 to 6×10^?1M) and potentials. Potentiostatic, potentiodynamic, ac impedance and photoe mission techniques were used to determine the kinetics of the reaction and to postulate a mechanism. The behavior on indium is similar to that reported on mercury cathodes. Tafel slopes are about 65 to 80 mV/decade. This value indicates that protonation of a reaction intermediate is the rate determining step of the reaction. The value of the slope depends slightly on concentration and pH because of adsorption under Temkin conditions. The reaction order with respect to formaldehyde is close to 1 in the limiting current region, but smaller in the Tafel region. The effect of formaldehyde on tin in neutral and alkaline solutions is to decrease the hydrogen overpotential by about 0.5 V, without affecting the Tafel slope. The rate of formaldehyde reduction is very slow. An explanation for this catalytic effect is postulated, based on the adsorption of formaldehyde-related species on the electrode surface. Formation of bridge-type complexes is also postulated. The exact nature of the adsorbed species is unknown. Preliminary results indicate that the behavior of formaldehyde on lead is similar to that on tin. The influence of this species on the reduction of formic acid on tin and lead is discussed.     

Nitrate electroreduction on Pt in metatungstate-containing solution

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不饱和醇电还原质谱-电化学循环伏安(MSCV)法研究:I.烯丙醇的电还原

用MSCV法研究了烯丙醇在多孔Pt电极上0.5ol.dm^-3HCLO4中的电还原。烯丙醇电还原时主要涉及二类反应:烯丙基上C-OH断键生成丙烯; 丙烯进一步氢化生成丙烷。表征丙烯及丙烷的诸碎片M/Z的质谱电流(IM)-电极电位(Φ)扫描曲线线详细描绘了各分步反应的状况。在一定电位范围, 各M/Z的lgIM-Φ呈线性; 求得各有关M/Z的Tafel斜率。根据实验结果对反应机理进行了详细分析。     

On the mechanism of electroreduction of sulphur-containing ligands induced by the electroreduction of transition metal cations

The large scale electrolysis of Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Co(III), Fe(II), Mn(II), Cr(II), Cr(III), Bi(III), In(III) and Sb(III) at mercury electrodes in presence of mercaptoacetic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, cysteine and thiourea was carried out and the products were investigated. In case of transition metal ions the catalytic reduction of organic compounds resulting in the formation of sulphide ions was found. There are two possible ways of the production of these ions: (i) consisting in the formation of a complex between transition metal ion and organic ligand which is subsequently, reduced, and (ii) direct electroreduction of organic compound on the electrode modifiied by the deposition of metal and metal sulphide. For both cases the mechanism of electroreduction was discussed.     

Mechanism of nitrate electroreduction on Pt(100)

Kinetics and mechanism of nitrate anion reduction on the Pt(100) electrode in perchloric and sulfuric acid solutions are studied. Analysis of the results of electrochemical measurements (combination of potentiostatic treatment and cyclic voltammetry) and the data of in situ IR spectroscopy allow suggesting the following scheme of the nitrate reduction process on Pt(100) differing from that in the literature. If the potential of 0.85 V is chosen as the starting potential for a clean flame-annealed electrode surface and negativegoing (cathodic) potential sweep is applied, then an NO adlayer with the coverage of about 0.5 monolayer is formed on Pt(100) in the nitrate solution already at 0.6 V. The further decrease in the potential results in NO reduction to hydroxylamine or/and ammonia, desorbing products vacate the adsorption sites for nitrate and hydrogen adatoms. At E < 0.1 V, adsorbed hydrogen is mostly present on the surface. During positive-going (anodic) potential sweep, the process of nitrate reduction starts after partial hydrogen desorption, the cathodic peak of nitrate reduction to hydroxylamine or ammonia is observed at 0.32 V on cyclic voltammograms. The process of nitrate anion reduction continues up to 0.7 V; at higher potentials, the surface redox process with participation of hydroxylamine or ammonia (the anodic peak at 0.78 V) and nitrate (the cathodic peak at 0.74 V is due to nitrate reduction to NO on the vacant adsorption sites) occurs.     

草酸电还原制取乙醛酸的研究

研究了由草酸电解还原制备乙醛酸时，温度、草酸纯度、电解时间、电极状态和电解产物对电流效率和产率的影响。实验发现，除温度和原料纯度是重要的影响因素外，电极表面的有机物吸附和电解产物－乙醛酸的浓度具有更大的影响。     

Diastereoselective dl-hydrocoupling of benzalacetones by electroreduction

Electroreduction of benzalacetones with an undivided cell in Et(4)NOTs/acetonitrile gave cyclized dl-hydrodimers as mixtures of two diastereomers. The hydrodimerization proceeded stereoselectively to afford linear dl-hydrodimers, and the following cyclization led to two thermodynamically stable diasteromers of cyclopentanols.     

Mechanism of oxygen electroreduction on gold surfaces in basic media

The mechanism of the electroreduction of oxygen on Au surfaces in basic media is examined using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The spectroscopy reveals superoxide species as a reduction intermediate throughout the oxygen electroreduction, while no peroxide is detected. The spectroscopy also shows the presence of superoxide after the addition of hydrogen peroxide. The calculations show no effect of OH addition to the Au(100) surface with regard to O-O length. These results suggest that the four-electron reduction of O(2) on Au(100) in base arises from a disproportionation mechanism which is enhanced on Au(100) relative to the other two low Miller index faces of Au.