热导式热动力学的数学模型

本文根据文献提出的几类可逆反应通用的微分动力学方程,建立了热导式量热计中可逆反应动力学的数学模型和不可逆反应动力学的数学模型,运用听导出的一级反应模型,处理了乙酸乙酯与丙酸乙酯在85%乙醇—水混合溶剂中的皂化反应,计算结果与文献值甚为符合,验证了有关理论公式的正确性。     

热分析动力学与热动力学

正热分析动力学与热动力学是用热分析和量热技术研究某些物理变化或化学反应动力学的分支学科,是目前热化学最活跃的研究领域之一。热分析动力学主要研究反应过程的活化能和机理函数,热动力学则是在量热学、化学热力学和化学动力学的基础上,通过高精度、自动化和连续式的微     

热塑弹性体热寿命和热降解动力学

利用热重法研究了聚苯乙烯/聚二烯烃/聚苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物(SIS,SBS,SI/BS)在氮气气氛条件下以不同升温速率β时热降解动力学及其热寿命。确定了热降解温度与升温速率的关系,求得了热降解过程的表观活化能和热降解速率常数,得到了不同失重率时的热寿命方程,计算出三种化合物在不同温度下的寿命。     

热动力学的滴定量热法研究2: 考虑热滞后的一级 反应精确热动力学

建立了滴定热量计滴定期一级反应热动力学的精确数学模型,并在此基础上探讨了热滞后对此模型的影响。经过改进的模型大大提高了利用滴定热量计获取动力学数据的准确度,且扩大了滴定热量计研究的一级反应体系的范围,使其适用反应的半衰期可以小至十几秒。本文采用此模型,研究了去离子水溶剂中乙酸乙酯皂化反应的热动力学,实验结果验证了该模型研究一级反应热动力学的适用性。     

热动力学的滴定量热法研究2: 考虑热滞后的一级 反应精确热动力学

建立了滴定热量计滴定期一级反应热动力学的精确数学模型,并在此基础上探讨了热滞后对此模型的影响。经过改进的模型大大提高了利用滴定热量计获取动力学数据的准确度,且扩大了滴定热量计研究的一级反应体系的范围,使其适用反应的半衰期可以小至十几秒。本文采用此模型,研究了去离子水溶剂中乙酸乙酯皂化反应的热动力学,实验结果验证了该模型研究一级反应热动力学的适用性。     

超氧化物歧化酶热变性的量热法研究

用差示扫描量热计,在不同pH值的各种缓冲溶液内、在不同浓度的两种中性盐溶液内,研究了牛红细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的热变性过程.实验表明PIPES是一个不与SOD结合的缓冲剂;阴离子的结合或多或少地影响热变性过程,且对该酶的氧化形式的影响更显著。实验发现在不同的缓冲溶液内,在高于等电点的合适的pH值处,或者在浓度较高的中性盐溶液内,SOD能形成一种热稳定性较低的新构象。它受热后不可逆地转变成常见的高热稳定性的构象。依据无盐蒸馏水中得到的热力学参数,运用Ooi模型和热力学分析揭示出高值的纯构象变性焓△H_d~c是SOD高热稳定性的热力学原因。     

热重分析仪

<正>热重分析仪是一种利用热重法检测物质温度―质量变化关系的仪器。热重法是在程序温控下测定物质的质量随温度(或时间)的变化关系。当被测物质在加热过程中有升华、汽化、分解出气体或失去结晶水时,被测的物质质量就会发生变化。这时热重曲线就不是直线而是有所下降。通过分析热重曲线,可以知道被测物质在多少度时产生变化,并且根据失重量可以计算失去了多少物质。热重法的重要特点是定量性强,能准确地测定物质的质量变化及变化的速率,可以说,只要物质受热时发生重量的变化,就可以用热重法来研究其变化过程。     

微量量热法分析锂离子电池热失控过程

动力锂离子电池(LIB)的安全问题,尤其是热失控这一频发的安全事件严重影响乘车人员的安全以及新能源汽车的推广.本工作使用C80微量量热仪准确测量了商用锂离子电池的内在产热,通过研究分析不同质量比例的负极-电解液产热及不同质量比例的正极-负极产热,明确了LIB在热失控阶段的主要反应分为负极与电解液反应放热(130～200℃),三元镍钴锰酸锂(NCM)正极释氧与负极反应放热(200～240℃)和磷酸铁锂(LFP)正极释氧与负极反应放热(240～300℃)等.通过使用去卷积数学方法对不同质量比例的负极-电解液及不同质量比例的正极-负极产热分析研究表明,在商用锂电池注液系数条件下,电解液会优先与负极反应且被全部消耗,剩余嵌锂负极会进一步与正极反应放热,且反应热与正极材料特性密切相关.残余正极物质虽然结构坍塌仍会释氧,但由于缺少与之反应的负极或电解液,热量不会再明显增加.通过对不同荷电状态(SOC)及不同类型的锂电池主材进行产热测试,能更好地指导电极材料的改性和电池组装的开发设计,从而提高LIB整体热稳定性和安全性,最终获得整包和新能源车的安全提高.     

木材热塑化

利用适当的化学改性反应特别是经典的纤维索改性反应如酯化、醚化反应对木材进行化学改性，可使木材转化为可熔、可溶的新型热塑性高分子材料。这种热塑性木材可用普通塑料加工成型的方法进行加工，制造出许多新产品。为扩大木材的加工方法、劣废木材资源更有效的综合利用及提高木材的应用价值开辟了新的途径。放已成为近十年来木材综合利用新技术研究开发的新热点之一。本文综述这一研究领域的现状。     

热动力学的滴定量热发研究 I.一级反应的热动力学

用滴定量热法分别建立了滴定期和滴反应期一级反应热动力学的数学模型，根据这两种模型，均可由一次实验的滴定量热曲线同时解析出一级反应的速率常数和摩尔反应焓。用滴定量热法研究了去离子水溶剂中乙酸乙酯皂化反应的热动力学，实验结果验证了本文用滴定量热法研究一级反应热动力学的适用性。     

热动力学的研究(ⅩⅩⅢ)——一级反应的精选峰高法

本文建立了一种只需要精选一级反应热谱曲线上2个任意时刻的峰高,而不需要任何其它数据即可算得其反应速度常数的新算法.研究了三乙胺和碘乙烷在二甲亚砜中的季铵化反应,其速度常数的计算值和文献值吻合很好,证明了本法的正确性.     

Prediction of retention times and efficiency in linear gradient programmed pressure analysis on capillary columns

A method for the prediction of the retention time and the resolution of chromatographic peaks in different experimental conditions by starting from few experimental data measured in isothermal and isobaric analyses was published previously. In this paper, the same mathematical model was implemented for calculating the retention times and the column efficiency in programmed pressure runs. Some models originated from the Golay equation and reported in the literature are compared, and a new modified equation for the calculation of the peak width at half height is proposed. The procedure for the prediction of the retention time and the peak width at half height at programmed pressure of the carrier gas and different column temperature and linear gradient by using retention data of different compounds obtained in few isobaric runs is described. The prediction of the retention time and the separation efficiency of compounds with different polarity gave good results for the programmed pressure runs with linear gradient. The effect of the variation of the initial parameters of the experimental analyses and of the mathematical model on the accuracy of the prediction has been evaluated.     

Melting behavior of highly stretched isotactic polypropylene film

Isotactic polypropylene film was stretched in poly(ethylene glycol) at 140°C and its melting behavior was investigated by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC-1B). The shape of the melting curve depends largely on the stretching ratio, v. A sample stretched to moderate extension (1 < v < 3.5–4) has only a single melting peak (163°C) in the thermogram. When the sample is stretched beyond v = 3.5–4, the thermogram becomes more and more complex with increase of v, and some peaks appear when stretched to 10 < v < 13. The lowest peak which is considered to be the melting peak of the intermolecular crystals produced by the unfolding of chain molecules in the lamellae develops gradually with increase of v. In the thermogram for v = 18 the lowest temperature peak is most pronounced, in contrast to the highest temperature peak which decreases markedly in intensity. The phenomenon shows that large amounts of lamellar crystals are converted to intermolecular crystals in this region. On further stretching (v > 20) a very sharp high temperature peak appears, whose half-width is about 1°C. Qualitatively similar results were obtained for the samples stretched in poly(ethylene glycol) at 150°C and in air at 140 and 150°C.     

Peak Profile Analysis in High Field Asymmetric Wave Ion Mobility Spectrometry

High field asymmetric wave ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is a powerful tool to detect and characterize gas-phase ions, while the unsolvable partial differential equation of ions moving in ion drift tube poses a big challenge to FAIMS spectral peak analysis. In this work, a universal and effective model of FAIMS spectral peak profile has been proposed by introducing ion trajectory and loss height. With this model, the influence of the structure of ion drift tube, dispersion voltages, compensation voltages, and carrier gas flow rate on the FAIMS spectral peak characteristics like peak shape, full width at half maximum and peak height is analyzed and discussed. The results show that the influence of different factors on the FAIMS spectral peak profile can be qualitatively described by the model which agrees with the experimental data.     

Thermokinetic Research Method for Faster First-order Reaction. Double-parameter method

This paper presents a novel data processing method for thermokinetics of faster first-order reaction on the basis of the double-parameter theoretical model of a conduction calorimeter, in which the rate constant of a first-order reaction can be calculated from only four peak height data from the same thermoanalytical curve without using any peak-area. The saponifications of ethyl acetate and methyl acetate in aqueous solution and ethyl benzoate in aqueous alcohol have been studied to test the validity of this method. The rate constants calculated with this method are in fair agreement with those in literature; hence the validity of this method is demonstrated. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Applicability of the du pont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis

Some problems of quantitative differential thermal analysis have been studied by means of a Du Pont 900 DTA instrument. Applying the equation of heat transfer the features of a thermogram (base line and peak surface) may be interpreted in terms of heat of transition, specific heat and thermal conductivity. Satisfactory results are obtained for substances with thermal conductivities lower than 10^-3 cal/sec deg.     

液相色谱梯度洗脱中的谱带压缩效应

谱带压缩效应是梯度洗脱区别于等度洗脱的重要特征。经典的范德姆特(van Deemter)理论塔板高度方程基于等度洗脱推导得到,因此不能对谱带压缩效应进行描述。在梯度洗脱中,保留因子(k)会随流动相组成(φ)的改变而发生变化,这就使得对梯度洗脱机理的研究要比等度洗脱复杂许多。该文对近10年来谱带压缩效应的研究进展,特别是溶剂强度模型(即描述ln k与φ关系的数学表达式)的非线性特征对谱带压缩因子(G)的影响进行了述评,指出为了更好地认识谱带压缩效应需要将这种非线性因素考虑在内。     

A dynamical study of the melting behavior of polypivalolactone single crystals by the X-ray diffraction method

Wide-angle and small-angle X-ray diffraction patterns of polypivalolactone single crystals were recorded as a function of temperature while heating at a constant rate. Long periods were found to increase abruptly at a certain temperature, while the degree of crystallinity decreased up to that temperature and then recovered on further heating, to an extent depending on the rate of heating. Multiple endotherms were observed in DSC measurements. The temperature at which the first endotherm peak was observed corresponded exactly to the temperature of the long period jump mentioned above. From these data, it is concluded that the original lamellar crystals melt at each peak temperature in the DSC thermogram and new lamellae are produced by subsequent crystallization. Multiple endotherms in the DSC thermogram are thus considered to represent repeated melt-recrystallization processes.     

Calorimetric analysis of thermal phase transitions in functionalized microgels

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to investigate the thermal phase transitions of a range of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)-based, carboxylic acid-functionalized microgels with well-defined radial and chain functional group distributions. The transition enthalpies of protonated microgels can be correlated with the hydrophobicity of the functional comonomer, while the transition enthalpies for ionized microgels can be correlated with the degree of microgel deswelling achieved across the thermal phase transition. The peak widths at half-height vary inversely with the average length of NIPAM blocks in each of the microgels, as calculated using a kinetic copolymerization model. Deconvolution of the asymmetric DSC thermograms is accomplished using a two-transition model, thought to relate to core-shell-type transitions induced by the significant local heterogeneities within the functionalized microgels. The ratio between the two transition temperatures of these deconvoluted peaks is a useful quantitative probe of the radial functional group distribution. An additional, low-temperature transition is also observed in the thermogram of the vinylacetic acid-functionalized microgel, indicative of the occurrence of local chain rearrangements prior to the macroscopic phase transition in this microgel. Complementary light scattering analysis suggests that microphase separation may account for this additional transition peak.     

热动力学对比进度法VI. 单底物酶促反应的热动力学研究

本文导出了单底物酶促反应的热力学变换方程组, 建立了单底物酶促反应动力学的对比进度方程和热动力学的数学模型。根据此模型, 可由一次反应的热谱曲线同时解析出动力学参数(K~m, V~m)和反应的摩尔焓(△H)。用热导式热量计研究了α-糜蛋白酶催化N-乙酰基-L-酪氨酸乙酯水解的热动力学。并对本文建立的热动力学研究法的特点作了详尽的讨论。