小型风光互补发电演示装置

研制了适用于大学物理演示实验教学的小型风光互补发电演示装置,该装置由叶片、风力发电机、光伏太阳能电池板、控制器、蓄电池、逆变器、负载等几部分组成.整个系统以光电互补控制器为核心,经由风力发电机与光伏太阳能电池板将风能和太阳光能转变为电能,并将其储存于蓄电池中供负载使用.该装置展示了风力发电系统的组成,演示了风力发电原理和相关空气动力学原理.     

微型风力发电演示仪

设计制作了一种基于风光互补原理的微型风力发电演示仪.该仪器由风力发电机、光伏太阳能电池板、控制器、蓄电池、负载等各部分组成.整个系统以控制器为核心,由风力发电机、光伏太阳能电池板把风能和光能转变为电能并储存于蓄电池中供负载使用.该仪器作为演示实验仪不仅小型、直观、模块化和操作简便,而且演示内容突显物理与工程相结合的知识...     

基于Pareto优化理论的多目标超椭梯度线圈设计

磁共振系统梯度线圈设计是一个多目标优化问题,在设计时需要综合考虑能耗、磁场能、线性度等设计要求.这些设计要求通常难以同时获得极小解,因此在设计梯度线圈时需要权衡线圈的各方面的设计需求.本文基于柱面可展性和流函数设计方法,结合Pareto优化方法实现了在超椭圆柱设计表面上梯度线圈的多目标设计.分别分析了磁场能、能耗目标对梯度线圈线性度、线圈构型的影响;并在Pareto解空间中分析各目标的相互变化关系,通过数值算例验证了该方法在超椭梯度线圈设计时的有效性与灵活性.优化结果显示,在满足线性度误差小于5%,能耗与磁场能分别小于用户设定值的设计约束下,梯度线圈的多目标设计存在多个局部优化解.该方法可以直观地比较相同目标函数值的情况下各单目标的具体表现,有利于实现不同的设计要求下梯度线圈的最终定型设计.     

Peaking the current of a microsecond generator operating into a plasma load

A configuration of a plasma flow switch intended for peaking the current of a capacitor bank operating into a liner load has been proposed and tested where the current bridge and the liner are formed with the help of a single pulsed gas valve. The design of the load unit has been optimized for the efficiency of the energy transfer from the energy store to the liner. The peaker was tested in experiments on generation of soft x-radiation and K-radiation of neon. High efficiency of conversion of the magnetic energy of the primary store to x-radiation has been demonstrated. Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 36–40, December, 1999.     

Highly efficient charging and discharging of three-level quantum batteries through shortcuts to adiabaticity

Quantum batteries are energy storage devices that satisfy quantum mechanical principles. How to improve the battery’s performance such as stored energy and power is a crucial element in the quantum battery. Here, we investigate the charging and discharging dynamics of a three-level counterdiabatic stimulated Raman adiabatic passage quantum battery via shortcuts to adiabaticity, which can compensate for undesired transitions to realize a fast adiabatic evolution through the application of an additional control field to an initial Hamiltonian. The scheme can significantly speed up the charging and discharging processes of a three-level quantum battery and obtain more stored energy and higher power compared with the original stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. We explore the effect of both the amplitude and the delay time of driving fields on the performances of the quantum battery. Possible experimental implementation in superconducting circuit and nitrogen–vacancy center is also discussed.     

240 kJ模块化能库型脉冲放电电源研制北大核心CSCD

空间等离子体环境模拟与研究装置用于在地面模拟空间磁场和等离子体环境,需要在3.5μH电感、0.8 mΩ电阻的环向场线圈负载上产生前沿130μs、降流时间不大于1600μs、峰值260 kA的脉冲电流,因此设计了一套模块化的电容器型放电电源。针对相对较小电感的负载,根据设计要求的放电波形和开关组件通流能力,考虑负载短路故障的情形,给出了保护电感、优化的模块数量等回路参数计算方法。进一步采用传输电缆作为能量传输,同时将电缆寄生电感作为保护电感的方案,研制了一套由4个模块组成的放电电源。研究结果表明,本文给出的电路理论计算结果与设计要求一致,放电试验进一步证明电源设计满足设计放电波形要求。     

Evaluation of <Superscript>166<Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis></Superscript>Ho: In search of photonuclear cross sections and trigger-level paths

Part of the Army Research Laboratory’s battery program is research in the viability of nuclear batteries. Particularly attractive is a nuclear battery that can be stored without loss of energy, and then turned on by some external signal. This paper describes the progress toward that goal.     

Globally optimal superconducting magnets part II: symmetric MSE coil arrangement

A globally optimal superconducting magnet coil design procedure based on the Minimum Stored Energy (MSE) current density map is outlined. The method has the ability to arrange coils in a manner that generates a strong and homogeneous axial magnetic field over a predefined region, and ensures the stray field external to the assembly and peak magnetic field at the wires are in acceptable ranges. The outlined strategy of allocating coils within a given domain suggests that coils should be placed around the perimeter of the domain with adjacent coils possessing alternating winding directions for optimum performance. The underlying current density maps from which the coils themselves are derived are unique, and optimized to possess minimal stored energy. Therefore, the method produces magnet designs with the lowest possible overall stored energy. Optimal coil layouts are provided for unshielded and shielded short bore symmetric superconducting magnets.     

基于动态阻抗模型的磁控式持续电流开关

本文研究了高温超导闭合线圈的重要励磁方式——持续电流开关(persistent current switch).高温超导闭合线圈在各种场合中被广泛地应用和研究.为了使高温超导线圈能够工作在持续电流模式(persistent current mode)下,需要持续电流开关利用超导体在超导状态和电阻状态之间的转换来实现开关状态的切换,而磁控式持续电流开关具有响应速度快、励磁效率较高等优点,因而在闭合超导线圈的励磁中具有广阔应用前景.本文提出一种基于动态阻抗模型的磁控式持续电流开关,将动态阻抗以及磁控式持续电流开关的理论研究与探究实验相结合,深入分析磁控式持续电流开关应用于线圈励磁的影响因素,从而实现动态阻抗的灵活设计以及闭合线圈励磁性能的改善.     

Multichannel closing switch for water energy stores

This paper describes a megavolt closing spark gap switch designed to switch water energy stores in pulse power generators. A peculiarity of the closing spark gap switch is the multichannel regime of the current flow in all discharge gaps that prolongs the lifetime of the switch, decreases its inductance and resistance, and finally, reduces the losses of the stored energy transfered to a load. Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 91–99, December, 1999.     

同轴-三平板型水介质自击穿开关设计

 在1 MV水介质自击穿开关降压实验的基础上，设计了用于脉冲功率装置的水介质输出开关，设计的最高运行电压为4 MV，放电电流600 kA。4 MW水介质自击穿开关为同轴-三平板结构，由输入输出电极、预脉冲屏蔽板和连接部件组成。在结构设计中拟使用电流线圈测量每个通道的放电电流，用开关前后传输线上靠近开关端的D-dot测量开关的输入输出电压。对开关间隙进行了2维和3维静电场分析，结果发现二者差别较大，3维静电场分析应该更接近实际电场分布。     

Induced current of high temperature superconducting loops by combination of exciting coil and thermal switch

With its commercialization, the second-generation (2G) high temperature superconducting (HTS) RE—Ba—Cu—O (REBCO, RE is rare earth) tape is extensively applied to the superconducting magnets in the high magnetic fields. However, unlike low temperature superconducting (LTS) magnets, the HTS magnet cannot operate in the persistent current mode (PCM) due to the immature superconducting soldering technique. In this paper, an exciting method for two HTS sub-loops, so-called charging and load loops, is proposed by flux pump consisting of exciting coil and controllable thermal switch. Two HTS sub-loops are made of an REBCO tape with two slits. An exciting coil with iron core is located in one sub-loop and is supplied with a triangular waveform current so that magnetic field is generated in another sub-loop. The influence of magnetic flux on induced current in load loop is presented and verified in experiment at 77 K. The relationship between the induced magnetic flux density and the current on the sub-loops having been calibrated, magnetic flux density, and induced current are obtained. The results show that the HTS sub-loops can be excited by a coil with thermal switch and the induced current increases with magnetic flux of exciting coil increasing, which is promising for persistent current operation mode of HTS magnets.     

Neutron-based characterization techniques for lithium-ion battery research

During the past decades, Li-ion batteries have been one of the most important energy storage devices. Large-scale energy storage requires Li-ion batteries which possess high energy density, low cost, and high safety. Other than advanced battery materials, in-depth understanding of the intrinsic mechanism correlated with cell reaction is also essential for the development of high-performance Li-ion battery. Advanced characterization techniques, especially neutron-based techniques,have greatly promoted Li-ion battery researches. In this review, the characteristics or capabilities of various neutron-based characterization techniques, including elastic neutron scattering, quasi-elastic neutron scattering, neutron imaging, and inelastic neutron scattering, for the related Li-ion-battery researches are summarized. The design of in-situ/operando environment is also discussed. The comprehensive survey on neutron-based characterizations for mechanism understanding will provide guidance for the further study of high-performance Li-ion batteries.     

泄能支路对CFETR失超保护系统影响分析

中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)是中国自主设计的下一代聚变装置,其超导线圈的电流最大达到100 kA。失超保护系统尤其是直流保护开关的可靠性对于超导线圈的保护极为重要。分析了系统中泄能回路参数对CFETR失超保护开关的动作可靠性影响,首先通过理论计算分析杂散参数对开关动作的影响趋势,然后通过仿真求解关断过程中各支路电流电压来验证计算。计算结果证明,较大的泄能支路杂散参数将改变直流开关的关断参数,并降低直流保护开关的动作可靠性。最后对泄能电阻杂散电感提出小于120 μH的设计要求,确保系统安全可靠地运行。     

Progress in Switching Technology for Mets Systems

Three distinct sets of switching requirements have emerged from design optimization studies of large superconducting magnetic energy storage systems, such as the METS system to power the adiabatic plasma compression field in the proposed ?-pinch SFTR. Extremely low joule loss cryogenic disconnects are required between storage coils in the liquid helium environment to allow charging the coils in series over a prolonged time, then to isolate the coils for parallel fast discharging into the load. Another switch must break the current in the series charging loop and absorb the energy from the stray inductance. This action will allow the subsequent opening of the cryogenic disconnects under near zero current condition. The current now has been transferred to the many paralled circuits, each containing a high current, high voltage interrupter. The opening and arc commutation of the interrupter starts the energy transfer into the load. The primary activities associated with the cryogenic disconnect have been testing and development of contact materials, configurations, and closing forces for carrying 26 kA with a resistance less than 40 n?, and development of an actuating system that is both reliable and fast acting in a liquid helium environment. The charging loop switch will include a continuous duty switch and a vacuum interrupter. The continuous duty switch resistance can be an order of magnitude larger than that of the cryogenic disconnect because it does not present a refrigeration load.     

Charging and self-discharging process of a quantum battery in composite environments

How to improve charging processes and suppress self-discharging processes has always been one of the key issues to achieve quantum batteries with high performance. Although a quantum battery is inevitably influenced by composite environments, this situation is still little understood, particularly regarding the influence of the memory effect of the composite environments and the coupling between composite environments. In this work, we investigate the effects of the composite environments, composed of two identical parts each containing a single cavity mode decaying to a reservoir, on the charging and self-discharging processes of a quantum battery. We show that increasing the two-mode coupling can effectively enhance the charging performance (i.e., the stored energy, the charging power, ergotropy) and restrain the self-discharging process (i.e., suppressing the process of dissipating the energy). However, different from the effect of two-mode coupling, we reveal that the memory effect of the reservoir in this composite environment is unfavorable to the charging process of the quantum battery, which is in sharp contrast to previous studies where the memory effect can significantly improve the charging performance of a quantum battery. Our results may benefit to the realization of quantum batteries with high performance under the actual complex environmental noise.     

两级同轴Blumlein线理论及其模拟分析

利用拉普拉斯变换求解两级同轴Blumlein线对负载的放电过程,得到了纯电阻负载上理想输出电压的解析表达式。分析了开关电感、负载电感及回路电感对负载主脉冲的影响。对PSpice模拟的结果与推测的负载电压表达式进行对比,两者符合得较好。分析结果表明:脉冲的前沿主要是由开关电感决定,而平顶幅值的变化趋势主要是由回路电感决定;开关电感越小,上升沿越小,回路电感越大;脉冲输出电压和能量传输效率越高。     

半导体放电管固体场畸变三电极开关

基于半导体放电管过电压自击穿原理,探索设计了一种固体场畸变三电极开关。该开关由两组半导体放电管阵列印刷电路组成,受到触发时,一组半导体放电管阵列首先击穿,另一组阵列继而过电压自击穿,开关导通。实验测试了特定幅值触发脉冲时的负载电压,初步验证了半导体放电管固体场畸变三电极开关设计的可行性。讨论了降低开关导通电感,提高通流能力、工作电压及运行频率的方法。     

Experimental Results from SHIVA Star Vacuum Inductive Store/Plasma Flow Switch Drven Implosions

Using a 1313-?F, 3-nH, 120-kV, 9.4-MJ SHIVA Star capacitor bank, we have performed vacuum inductive store/plasma flow switch (PFS) driven implosions of low mass (200-400 ?g/cm2) cylindrical foil liners of 2-cm height and 5-cm radius. This technique employs a coaxial discharge through a plasma armature, which stores magnetic energy over 3-4 ?s and rapidly switches it to an imploding load as the plasma armature exits the coaxial gun muzzle. The current transferred to the load by the PFS has a rise time of less than 0.2 ?s. With 5-MJ stored energy, we have driven fast liner implosions with a current of over 9 MA, obtaining an isotropic equivalent 2.7-TW 0.5-MJ X-ray yield.     

Metallurgical aspects of contact materials for vacuum switchingdevices

Both the metallurgical aspects of contact materials for vacuum switching devices and their practical applications for important electrical load cases (circuit breaker, contactor, and load switch) are discussed. Because a vacuum contact material has to fulfil conflicting requirements, an optimization of the contact material with regard to the type of application is always necessary. The selection procedure for the different types of contact materials is discussed on the basis of experimental results. Cu/Cr-type contacts yield very good values for the breaking capacity of the circuit breakers used in the medium-voltage range. Optimization must attempt to improve the welding behavior and ability to withstand a high voltage after making short-circuit conditions. W/Cu-type contacts show a long service life in high-voltage contactors. Current chopping behavior, however, has to be optimized. WC/Ag-type contacts are a good choice for low-voltage contactors. The service life and breaking capacity, however, are not always satisfactory and need optimization