In situ synthesis of CNTs/Fe–Ni/TiO2 nanocomposite by fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition and the synergistic effect in photocatalysis

Carbon nanotube (CNTs)/Fe–Ni/TiO₂ nanocomposite photocatalysts have been synthesized by an in situ fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition (FBCVD) method. The composite photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, BET, FESEM, TEM, UV–vis spectroscopy, and XPS. The results showed that the CNTs were grown in situ on the surface of TiO₂. Fe(III) in TiO₂ showed no chemical changes in the growth of CNTs. Ni(II) was partly reduced to metal Ni in the FBCVD process, and the metal Ni acted as a catalyst for the growth of CNTs. The photocatalytic activities of CNTs/Fe–Ni/TiO₂ decreased with the rise of the FBCVD reaction temperature. For the sample synthesized at low FBCVD temperature (500 °C), more than 90% and nearly 50% of methylene blue were removed under UV irradiation in 180 min and under visible light irradiation in 300 min, respectively. The probable mechanism of synergistic enhancement of photocatalysis on the CNTs/Fe–Ni/TiO₂ nanocomposite is proposed.     

Preparation of polyacrylamide/silica composite capsules by inverse Picketing emulsion polymerization

Polyacrylamide/silica （PAM/SiO2） composite capsules were synthesized by inverse Pickering emulsion polymerization. Silica nanoparticles modified with methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane （MPS） were used as a stabilizer. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis （TGA） were used to characterize the morphology and composition of the composite capsules. SEM and TEM images showed that capsules consisted of a particle shell and a polymer inner layer. The capsule size depends on the nanoparticle concentration in the continuous phase. The composite rigidity largely depends on the acrylamide concentration. FTIR and TGA results indicated the existence of polyacrylamide and SiO2 in the composite particles. Aqueous Hg（ll） removal testing by the PAM/SiO2 composite capsules indicated promising potential for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater.     

Investigation of the effect of nozzle shape on supersonicJhypersonic impactors designed for size discrimination of nanoparticles

In this study the flow field and the nanoparticle collection efficiency of supersonic/hypersonic impactors with different nozzle shapes were studied using a computational modeling approach. The aim of this study was to develop a nozzle design for supersonic]hypersonic impactors with the smallest possible cut-off size d5o and rather sharp collection efficiency curves. The simulation results show that the changes in the angle and width of a converging nozzle do not alter the cut-off size of the impactor; however, using a conical Laval nozzle with an L]Dn ratio less than or equal to 2 reduced d5o. The effect of using a cap as a focuser in the nozzle of a supersonic/hypersonic impactor was also investigated. The results show that adding a cap in front of the nozzle had a noticeable effect on decreasing the cut-off size of the impactor. Both fiat disks and conical caps were examined, and it was observed that the nozzle with the conical cap had a lower cut-off size.     

Density functional theory study on the influence of cation ratio on the host layer structure of Zn/Al double hydroxides

A density functional theory (DFT) study has been carried out for [Znn-1Al(OH2)n+6(OH)2n-2]3+(n=3-6) and [Znn-1 Al(OH2)2n-2(OH)2n-2 ]3+ (n=7) clusters,which include the basic structural information of the brucite-like lattice structure of Zn/Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with Zn/Al molar ratio (R) in the range 2-6,in order to understand the effect of the Zn/Al ratio on the structure and stability of binary Zn/Al LDHs.Based on systematic calculations of the geometric parameters and formation energies of the cluster models,it was found that it is possible for Zn2+ and Al3+ cations to replace Mg2+ isomorphously in the brucite-like structure with different R values,resulting in differences in microstructure of the clusters and unit cell parameter a of the Zn/Al LDHs.Analysis of the geometry and bonding around the trivalent Al3+ or divalent Zn2+ cations reveals that Al3+ plays a more significant role than Zn2+ in determining the microstructure properties,formation and bonding stability of the corresponding ZnRAl clusters when R＜5,while the influence of Zn2+ becomes the dominant factor in the case of R≥5.These findings are in good agreement with experiments.This work provides a detailed electronic-level understanding of how the composition of cations affects the microstructure and stability of Zn-containing binary LDH layers.     

Uniform attractors for non-autonomous Klein-Gordon-Schr/Sdinger lattice systems

The existence of a compact uniform attractor for a family of processes corre- sponding to the dissipative non-autonomous Klein-Gordon-SchrSdinger lattice dynamical system is proved. An upper bound of the Kolmogorov entropy of the compact uniform attractor is obtained, and an upper semicontinuity of the compact uniform attractor is established.     

The influence of nano-particle tracers on the slip length measurements by microPTV

Direct measurement of slip length is based on the measured fluid velocity near solid boundary. However, previous micro particle image velocimetry/particle tracking velocimetry (microPIV/PTV) measurements have reported surprisingly large measured near-wall velocities of pressure-driven flow in apparent contradiction with the no-slip hy-pothesis and experimental results from other techniques. To better interpret the measured results of the microPIV/PTV, we performed velocity profile measurements near a hy-drophilic wall (z = 0.25-1.5 μm) with two sizes of tracer particles (φ 50 nm and φ200 nm). The experimental results indicate that, at less than 1 μm from the wall, the deviations between the measured velocities and no-slip theoretical values obviously decrease from 93% of φ200 nm particles to 48% of φ50 nm particles. The Boltzmann-like exponential measured particle concentrations near wall were found. Based on the non linear Boltzmann distribution of particle concentration and the effective focus plane thickness, we illustrated the reason of the apparent velocity increase near wall and proposed a method to correct the measured velocity profile. By this method, the deviations between the corrected measured velocities and the no-slip theoretical velocity decrease from 45.8% to 10%, and the measured slip length on hy-drophilic glass is revised from 75 nm to 16 nm. These results indicated that the particle size and the biased particle concentration distribution can significantly affect near wall velocity measurement via microPIV/PTV, and result in larger measured velocity and slip length close to wall.     

The rheological behaviour of HDPE/LDPE blends

The rheological behaviour of three types of HDPE/LDPE blends at several compositions (various weight percentages of LDPE) has been studied with the aid of a capillary rheometer and three different capillaries. In particular, entrance effects and shear viscosities have been determined over a wide shear rate region and at different temperatures. Thus activation energies could also be evaluated. Synergistic effects are evidenced when the relevant properties of the homopolymers parents are not too different from one another.     

聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

分别利用超声共混法和溶胶凝胶原位复合法制备出聚乙烯醇/羟基磷灰石(PVA-H/HA)复合材料,测定了其拉伸强度和抗剪切强度,并对不同HA含量下的试样进行了摩擦磨损性能研究.结果表明:少量HA的加入能提高复合材料的机械强度和抗磨损性能,利用原位复合法制备的试样机械性能较好,而且当HA含量为3%时复合材料的机械性能最佳;试样的磨损量随着接触载荷的增加而显著上升;在相同HA含量下,原位复合法制备的试样抗磨损性能更佳,当HA含量为4%时,原位复合法制备的复合材料试样的摩擦磨损性能最佳,其磨损量仅为纯PVA-H的29.8%.     

一维六方准晶压电材料含运动螺型位错弹性问题分析

借助复变函数方法,研究了点群6mm 一维六方准晶压电材料中运动螺型位错,得到位错芯附近的应力、位移、能量的解析表达式.分析发现,在靠近运动螺型位错芯处,声子场和相位子场应力的分量表现出(x2+y2)-1的奇异性.当不考虑相位子场的影响时,文中得到的结果可以退化为含运动螺型位错的压电材料中的结果;当不考虑电场的影响时,退...     

润滑油及减摩剂的氧化解聚对缸套／活塞环摩擦学特性的影响

研究了阶梯升温条件下缸套/活塞环的摩擦学特性,并分别采用FT-IR、Laser-Raman谱仪及X射线光电子能谱仪对摩擦磨损过程中润滑油及减摩剂（MoDTC)的摩擦化学变化进行了分析。结果表明,基础油和含MoDTC的润滑油均可以保证摩擦副在较高温度下具有相对较低的摩擦系数,在阶梯升温过程中,摩擦系数曲线上出现μ值显著下降的峰谷,其特点与油样类型有关,分析认为墚采用含MoDTC的油样润滑时,摩擦系数曲线上出现的低温峰从主要与MoDTC在摩擦磨损过程中分解成MoS2有关;而高温峰谷的出现既取决于润滑油裂解为石墨碳的程度,也与MoDTC的存在有关。     

基于非结构/混合网格模拟黏性流的高阶精度DDG/FV混合方法

间断Galerkin有限元方法(discontinuous Galerkin method, DGM) 因具有计算精度高、模板紧致、易于并行等优点, 近年来已成为非结构/混合网格上广泛研究的高阶精度数值方法. 但其计算量和内存需求量巨大, 特别是对于网格规模达到百万甚至数千万的大型三维实际复杂外形问题, 其计算量和存储量对计算资源的消耗是难以承受的. 基于“混合重构”的DG/FV 格式可以有效降低DGM 的计算量和存储量. 本文将DDG 黏性项离散方法推广应用于DG/FV 混合算法, 得到新的DDG/FV混合格式, 以进一步提高DG/FV混合算法对于黏性流动模拟的计算效率. 通过Couette流动、层流平板边界层、定常圆柱绕流, 非定常圆柱绕流和NACA0012 翼型绕流等二维黏性流算例, 优化了DDG 通量公式中的参数选择, 验证了DDG/FV 混合格式对定常和非定常黏性流模拟的精度和计算效率, 并与广泛使用的BR2-DG 格式的计算结果和效率进行对比研究. 一系列数值实验结果表明, 本文构造的DDG/FV混合格式在二维非结构/混合网格的Navier-Stokes 方程求解中, 在达到相同的数值精度阶的前提下, 相比BR2-DG格式, 对于隐式时间离散的定常问题计算效率提高了2 倍以上, 对于显式时间离散的非定常问题计算效率提高1.6 倍, 并且在一些算例中, 混合格式具有更优良的计算稳定性. DDG/FV 混合格式提升了计算效率和稳定性, 具有良好的应用前景.      

Motion of a spherical particle in a fluid forced vortex by DO M and DTM

In this study, coupled equations of the motion of a particle in a fluid forced vortex were investigated using the differential transformation method （DTM） with the Pad6 approximation and the differential quadrature method （DO_M）. The significant contribution of the work is the introduction of two new, fast and efficient solutions for a spherical particle in a forced vortex that are improvements over the previous numerical results in the literature. These methods represent approximations with a high degree of accuracy and minimal computational effort for studying the particle motion in a fluid forced vortex. In addition, the velocity profiles （angular and radial） and the position trajectory of a particle in a fluid forced vortex are described in the current study.     

Analytical solutions of one-dimensional discrete dynamical systems with chaotic behaviour

This paper studies exact analytical solutions in closed form of the difference equation

The vitiation effects of water vapor and carbon dioxide on the autoignition characteristics of kerosene

In ground tests of hypersonic scramjet, the highenthalpy airstream produced by burning hydrocarbon fuels often contains contaminants of water vapor and carbon dioxide. The contaminants may change the ignition characteristics of fuels between ground tests and real flights. In order to properly assess the influence of the contaminants on ignition characteristics of hydrocarbon fuels, the effect of water vapor and carbon dioxide on the ignition delay times of China RP-3 kerosene was studied behind reflected shock waves in a preheated shock tube. Experiments were conducted over a wider temperature range of 800–1 500 K, at a pressure of 0.3 MPa, equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 1, and oxygen concentration of 20%. Ignition delay times were determined from the onset of the excited radical OH emission together with the pressure profile. Ignition delay times were measured for four cases:(1) clean gas,(2) gas vitiated with10% and 20% water vapor in mole,(3) gas vitiated with 10%carbon dioxide in mole, and(4) gas vitiated with 10% water vapor and 10% carbon dioxide, 20% water vapor and 10%carbon dioxide in mole. The results show that carbon dioxide produces an inhibiting effect at temperatures below 1 300 K when φ = 0.5, whereas water vapor appears to accelerate the ignition process below a critical temperature of about1 000 K when φ = 0.5. When both water vapor and carbon dioxide exist together, a minor inhibiting effect is observed at φ = 0.5, while no effect is found at φ = 1.0. The results are also discussed preliminary by considering both the combustion reaction mechanism and the thermophysics properties of the fuel mixtures. The current measurements demonstrate vitiation effects of water vapor and carbon dioxide on the autoignition characteristics of China RP-3 kerosene at air-like O2 concentration. It is important to account for such effects when data are extrapolated from ground testing to real flight conditions.     

Synthesis and characterization of PMMA/Al2O3 composite particles by in situ emulsion polymerization

In order to improve its dispersibility, superfine alumina （A1203） was encapsulated with poly（methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） by in situ emulsion polymerization. It was found that only when the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） was much higher than its critical micelle concentration, could PMMA/Al2O3 composite particles with high percentage of grafting （PG） be prepared. The same results were obtained between the experimental and stoichiometric amounts of tris（dodecylbenzenesulfonate） isopropoxide （NDZ）, indicating that single-molecule-layer adsorption had taken place between NDZ and Al2O3. Analysis using FTIR, TEM and XPS showed that PMMA/Al2O3 composite particles with core-shell structure had been successfully synthesized by in situ emulsion polymerization. Compared to Al2O3, thermal stability and dispersibility of the composite particles showed marked improvement.     

Two-dimensional instabilities of generalized Korteweg-de Vries waves

Instabilities of the generalized Korteweg-de Vries ((u_t+₁u^mu_x+₂uⁿu_x+u_xxx)_x+₃u_yy = 0) waves wi th respect to two-dimensional infinitesimal longitudinal disturbances are investigated using the Infeld-Rowlands method. A linear dispersion relation expressed as a cubic equation in w₁ is derived and instabilities of waves are discussed.     

Progress in the synthesis and applications of hierarchical flower-like Ti02 nanostructures

Flower-like TiO2 materials, with their advantages of high specific surface area, developed pore structure, and high photocatalytic activity, have been widely used in environmental management and air purification, sterilization, and surface self-cleaning, among other areas. This paper summarizes several methods used to fabricate the flower-like TiO2 nanostructures, such as the hydrothermal, solvothermal, microemulsion, sol-gel, hydrolysis, and electrodeposition oxidation methods. In addition, the morphologies, properties, and performance of different flower-like TiO2 structures are discussed. Meanwhile, the application progresses of different flower-like TiO2 structures are also analyzed.     

An Elliptic Lindstedt--Poincaré Method for Certain Strongly Non-Linear Oscillators

An elliptic Lindstedt--Poincaré (L--P) method is presented for the steady-state analysis of strongly non-linear oscillators of the form , in which the Jacobian elliptic functions are employed instead of the usual circular functions in the classical L--P perturbation procedure. This method can be viewed as a generalization of the L--P method. As an application of this method, three types of the generalized Van der Pol equation with are studied in detail.     

A DISCUSSION ON “REPRESENTING GENERAL SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS IN THEORY OF ELASTICITY BY HARMONIC FUNCTIONS”

But,generally,it is impossible to determine P,Q,R,φ,ψ,A,B from(4)unless the domain ofelasticity is convex in x-direction,y-direction,and z-direction.This problem was resolved byEubanks and Sternberg in 1956.And,they gave examples which illustrat that solutions of Eq.(4)may not exist in nonconvex regions.So the solution stated in[1]is only effective in three-directconvex region,for instance,sphere,cube and so on.And it may not hold true if it is structures whichare commonly used in engineering such as the sheel and the I-shaped beam.It is well known that in 1932 and 1934,Papkovich and Neuber proposed a general solution forEq.(1).It has the form     

On Approximations of First Integrals for Strongly Nonlinear Oscillators

In this paper strongly nonlinear oscillator equations will be studied.It will be shown that the recently developed perturbation method based onintegrating factors can be used to approximate first integrals. Not onlyapproximations of first integrals will be given, butit will also be shown how in a rather efficient way the existence and stability oftime-periodic solutions can be obtained from these approximations. In particularthe generalized Rayleigh oscillator equation will be studied in detail, and it will beshown that at least five limit cycles can occur.