Microwave-hydrothermal preparation of a graphene/hierarchy structure MnO2 composite for a supercapacitor

Graphene/hierarchy structure manganese dioxide (GN/MnO₂) composites were synthesized using a simple microwave-hydrothermal method. The properties of the prepared composites were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The electrochemical performances of the composites were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS), and chronopotentiometry. The results showed that GN/MnO₂ (10 wt% graphene) displayed a specific capacitance of 244 F/g at a current density of 100 mA/g. An excellent cyclic stability was obtained with a capacity retention of approximately 94.3% after 500 cycles in a 1 mol/L Li₂SO₄ solution. The improved electrochemical performance is attributed to the hierarchy structure of the manganese dioxide, which can enlarge the interface between the active materials and the electrolyte. The preparation route provides a new approach for hierarchy structure graphene composites; this work could be readily extended to the preparation of other graphene-based composites with different structures for use in energy storage devices.     

Design of layered-stacking graphene assemblies as advanced electrodes for supercapacitors

Graphene is a competitive electrode material for supercapacitors due to its unique two-dimensional structure, large surface area, high conductivity, and good physicochemical stability. However, random agglomeration and restacking of graphene sheets result in a reduced surface area and a loose structure with low density, which severely restricts the application for high gravimetric/volumetric energy density devices. Rational design of the layered-stacking structure of graphene assemblies can effectively prevent the restacking of graphene sheets, construct efficient ion transport channels, and improve spatial utilization, demonstrating the huge potential for developing advanced electrode materials. Herein, from the aspect of improving the electrochemical kinetics through designing efficient electron and ion transport paths, we first highlight the advantages of layered-stacking graphene assemblies, describe some common routes for preparing graphene building units, and then summarize the novel methods to design layered-stacking structures. A comprehensive review of the typical structure including nanocarbon pillared graphene, porous graphene blocks, and graphene ribbon films is provided with a focus on the mechanisms behind the performance improvements. Finally, critical challenges and some general ideas for future development are proposed, which may open up new opportunities for material chemistry and device innovation.     

Facile synthesis and electrochemical properties of MnO2/carbon nanotubes

The poor electrical conductivity of MnO2 limits its use as an electrode material. To overcome this limitation, we report an easy and rapid approach to deposit nanosized MnO2 onto multi-wall carbon nanotubes functionalized with hydroxyl groups （MWCNTs-OH） by chemical reduction of KMnO4 with MnSO4 in aqueous solution under ambient conditions. Characterization with XRD and TEM reveals that the obtained MnO2/MWCNTs-OH composite is nanocrystalline and partially covered by Mn02 nanosheets with a thick- ness of 1-3 nm at a MnO2 loading of 20 wt%. Cyclic voltammetry （CV） and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements reveal that the MnO2/MWCNTs-OH composite with a MnO2 loading of 20 wt% has a relatively high specific capacitance of 234 F/g at a scan rate of 2 mV/s and exhibits good cycling stability. Furthermore, the oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） shows that MnO2/MWCNTs-OH composite may have potential applications as a non-noble metal electrocatalyst in fuel cells and metal-air batteries.     

Boundary element method for model analysis of 2-D composite structure

The boundary element method is used for the modal analysis of free vibration of 2-D composite structures in this paper. Since the particular solution method is used to treat the terms of body forces (inertial forces) in the equation of motion, only static fundamental solutions are needed in solving the problem. For an isotropic cantilever beam, the numerical results obtained by using the BEM presented in this paper are in good agreement, with, those of using FEM or other BEM, but this BEM can also be used to analyze problems for anisotropic materials. For simply supported composite laminated beams, the comparisons of the numerical reslts obtained by this method with the analytical results obtained by 1-D laminated beam theory indicate that if the ratio of length/thickness is greater than 20, the results of the two methods are in good agreement, but if the ratio of length/thickness is less than 20, big errors will occur for 1-D laminated beam theory.     

The structure and evolution of a two-dimensional H2/O2/Ar cellular detonation

This paper reports on two-dimensional numerical simulation of cellular detonation wave in a / / mixture with low initial pressure using a detailed chemical reaction model and high order WENO scheme. Before the final equilibrium structure is produced, a fairly regular but still non-equilibrium mode is observed during the early stage of structure formation process. The numerically tracked detonation cells show that the cell size always adapts to the channel height such that the cell ratio is fairly independent of the grid sizes and initial and boundary conditions. During the structural evolution in a detonation cell, even as the simulated detonation wave characteristics suggest the presence of an ordinary detonation, the evolving instantaneous detonation state indicates a mainly underdriven state. As a considerable region of the gas mixture in a cell is observed to be ignited by the incident wave and transverse wave, it is further suggested that these two said waves play an essential role in the detonation propagation.Received: 16 September 2003, Accepted: 14 June 2004, Published online: 20 August 2004[/PUBLISHED]PACS: 47.40.-x, 82.40.Fp, 82.33.Vx, 83.85.PtX.Y. Hu: Correspondence to Current address: Institut für Strömungsmechanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Deutschland     

Parametric study of an elliptical fuselage made of a sandwich composite structure

We size the shell thickness of a pressurised elliptical fuselage and analyse the weight gains or savings compared to a circular fuselage. Three fuselage construction cases are analysed: a monolithic construction, a symmetric sandwich with two facesheets of equal thicknesses separated by a lightweight core, and an unsymmetric sandwich with two facesheets of different thicknesses. We develop a proper dimensionless analysis comparing the proposed elliptical fuselage with a circular one for two different scenarios: equivalent cross-section areas and enclosing a similar rectangular box. We apply a semi-analytical thin shell theory to compute the loading due to pressurisation around the circumference of the fuselage cross-section. We select the facesheet thicknesses above and below the sandwich core at every location to minimise weight. The goal is to compute the structural weight gain or penalty that is incurred by replacing a circular fuselage with an elliptical one to resist internal pressurisation in function of the scenario, eccentricity, fuselage diameter, and sandwich core thickness. We find that an elliptical cross-section incurs a significant penalty in terms of necessary facesheet thickness even with an optimised unsymmetric sandwich construction. This penalty can be minimised by keeping the eccentricity low, the loading intensity low and the core thick.     

外爆条件下冲击波与组合壳结构的相互作用

为研究冲击波与组合壳结构的相互作用,针对带防护墙的地面直立钢筋混凝土组合壳结构,考虑结构安置于地面和周边围土2种工况,开展结构爆炸实验,分析了结构外表面冲击波荷载分布及振动特性。实验结果表明:冲击波作用下,结构外表面爆炸荷载主要产生在冲击波绕射过程,确定荷载时应考虑冲击波压力在绕射传播过程中的自然衰减;整个结构中与冲击波最早接触的构件先产生振动,而后由于结构整体参与使得振动频率降低,振动幅值减小;结构周边围土可降低防护墙迎爆部分构件的振动频率,减小防护墙和组合壳的振动幅值。     

On the modelling of dynamic problems for plates with a periodic structure

Summary The subject of analysis is the bending of elastic plates exhibiting a nonhomogeneous periodic structure and/or a periodically variable thickness in a certain direction parallel to the plate's midplane. The fundamental modelling problem is how to obtain an effective 2D-model of a plate under consideration, i.e., a 2D-model represented by PDEs with constant coefficients. This problem for periodic plates has been solved independently in [5] and [10], using asymptotic homogenization. However, homogenization neglects dynamic phenomena related to the plate's rotational inertia and cannot be applied to the analysis of higher-order vibration frequences. The main aim of this contribution is to formulate a new non-asymptotic effective 2D-model of a periodic plate which is free from the mentioned drawbacks and describes the dynamic behaviour of plates having the thickness of the order of the period length. The proposed model is applied to the analysis of some vibration problems.     

Carbon nanotubes/TiO2 nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degradation of methyl orange dye

A series of carbon nanotubes/TiO2 nanotubes （CNTs/TNTs） composite photocatalysts were successfully prepared by incorporation of CNTs in HNO3 washing process. These photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 physical adsorption, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, TEM and Raman spectroscopy, respectively, and their photocatalytic activities were tested by using methyl orange （MO） as a model compound. Also, the effects of amount of CNTs incorporated, calcination temperature and amount of catalyst on the photocatalytic activity of the composite photocatalyst were systematically investigated. The results show that the CNTs/TNTs composite exhibits much higher photocatalytic activity than that of the TNTs or CNTs alone.     

Explicit/implicit fluid/structure staggered procedures with a structural predictor and fluid subcycling for 2D inviscid aeroelastic simulations

Field time integrators with second-order-accurate numerical schemes for both the fluid and the structure are considered for unsteady Euler aeroelastic computations. We show that if these schemes are simply coupled and used straightforwardly with subcycling, then accuracy and stability properties may be lost. We present new coupling staggered procedures where momentum conservation is enforced at the interface. This is done by using a structural predictor. Continuity of structural and fluid grid displacements is not satisfied at the fluid/structure interface. However, we show on a two-degree-of-freedom aerofoil that this new type of method has many advantages, e.g. accuracy of conservation at the interface and extended stability. The supersonic flutter of a flat panel is simulated in order to numerically prove that the algorithm gives accurate results with arbitrary subcycling for the fluid in the satisfying limit of 30 time steps per period of coupled oscillation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复合点阵结构强爆炸冲击载荷下的损伤机理与动态响应特性

基于碳纤维增强复合材料面板与金属芯层,设计出金字塔型复合点阵夹芯结构。利用地面爆炸冲击实验,研究复合点阵结构在强爆炸载荷作用下的损伤机理和失效模式。基于材料的细观损伤机理,构建复合材料面板的三维渐进损伤模型和金属芯层的Johnson-Cook损伤模型,并结合有限元方法发展了复合点阵结构的爆炸冲击响应预报模型。开展了不同载荷工况下结构的动态响应特性分析,结合实验测试结果分析了结构抗爆性能的主要影响因素。研究表明,在近距离强爆炸载荷作用下,复合点阵结构整体构型基本保持完好,仅局部出现失效现象,主要失效形式为边缘区域面芯脱粘和局部芯层杆件断裂,但结构整体上仍具有较好的承载能力。探讨了考虑多种载荷条件和结构参数相关变量的毁伤函数,给出了结构的可行设计域。研究结果可为装备关键部件轻量化/抗爆设计提供参考。

     

复合材料周期结构数学均匀化方法的一种新型单胞边界条件

数学均匀化方法是计算周期复合材料结构的有效方法之一,单胞边界条件施加的合理性直接决定了影响函数控制方程的计算效率和精度,进而影响均匀化弹性参数和摄动位移的计算精度.本文首先将单胞影响函数作为虚拟位移处理,给出了单胞在结构中真实的边界条件,结果表明,四边固支适合作为二维结构单胞边界条件;其次,针对二维结构提出了超单胞周期边界条件,有效提高了影响函数的计算精度,并使用与虚拟位移相对应的虚拟势能泛函验证超单胞周期边界条件的有效性;最后,利用数值分析验证多尺度渐进展开方法的计算精度,强调了二阶摄动的必要性.     

Facile aqueous synthesis and thermal insulating properties of low-density glass/TiO2 core/shell composite hollow spheres

Anatase TiO2 shells assembled on hollow glass microspheres(HGM)with tunable morphologies were successfully prepared through a controllable chemical precipitation method with urea as the precipitator. Thus,glass/TiO2 core/shell composite hollow spheres with low particle density(0.40 g/cm3)were fabricated.The phase structures,morphologies,particle sizes,shell thicknesses,and chemical compositions of the composite microspheres were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).The morphology of the TiO2 shell can be tailored by properly monitoring the reaction system component and parameters.The probable growth mechanism and fabrication process of the core/shell products involving the nucleation and oriented growth of TiO2 nanocrystals on hollow glass microspheres was proposed.A low infrared radiation study revealed that the radiation properties of the products are greatly influenced by the unique product shell structures. A thermal conductivity study showed that the TiO2/HGM possess low thermal conductivity that is similar to that of the pristine HGMs.This work provides an additional strategy to prepare low-density thermal insulating particles with tailored morphologies and properties.     

Multi-scale analysis for the structure of composite materials with small periodic configuration under condition of coupled thermoelasticity

The two-scale asymptotic expression of the solution for the increment of temperature in a structure with a small periodic configuration is presented first, and the two-scale asymptotic expression of the displacement for the structure under the coupled thermoelasticity condition is then derived in this paper. In the asymptotic expressions the two-scale coupled relation between the increment of temperature and displacement is included. The approximate solutions and its error estimations are given. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19932030) and Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Projects     

平纹编织C/SiC复合材料低速冲击数值模拟

首先,基于空气炮装置进行了2D-C/SiC薄板在冲击速度为79~219 m/s范围内的低速冲击实验,对碎片云团发展过程进行高速摄影记录;其次,基于Autodyn软件正交各向异性复合材料模型,推导2D-C/SiC材料相关参数;选取SPH求解器建立二维计算模型,对实验工况进行数值模拟,并基于碎片云结构、B扫描检测结果和碎片云轴向发展速度验证了该模型可以很好地描述C/SiC材料在冲击载荷作用下的脆性特征和软化行为。最后,基于数值模拟结果推导得出了钢弹丸冲击C/SiC材料的极限侵彻深度预测公式。     

板桁结构考虑局部屈曲空间计算的横向条带板段单元法

用有限个横向条带法构造了板桁组合结构板段考虑局部屈曲的空间位移模式。基于三维连续体的虚功增量方程,导出了横向条带板段单元的ＵＬ列式,并考虑了板段单元位形变化的影响。此计算方法自由度少,计算精度高,能用于大型板桁结构的几何非线性分析。文末计算了广东西江桥板桁组合结构模型梁,计算结果与实测结果吻合较好。     

The method of mixed boundary condition for a kion of linear and nonlinear composite structure

This paper deals with the axisymmetrical deformation of shallow shells in large deflection which are in conjunction with linear elastic structures at the boundary: A method of mixed boundary condition for this problem is introduced, then the problem of a composite structure is transformed into a problem of a single structure and the integral equations are given. The perturbation method is used to obtain the solutions and an example of composite structure consisting of a shallow spherical and a cylindrical shell is presented.Communicated by Yeh Kai-yuan     

A new method for stress analysis of a cyclically symmetric structure

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Lattice Boltzmann simulations for flow and heat/mass transfer problems in a three‐dimensional porous structure

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for a binary miscible fluid mixture is applied to problems of transport phenomena in a three‐dimensional porous structure. Boundary conditions for the particle distribution function of a diffusing component are described in detail. Flow characteristics and concentration profiles of diffusing species at a pore scale in the structure are obtained at various Reynolds numbers. At high Reynolds numbers, the concentration profiles are highly affected by the flow convection and become completely different from those at low Reynolds numbers. The Sherwood numbers are calculated and compared in good agreement with available experimental data. The results indicate that the present method is useful for the investigation of transport phenomena in porous structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Magneto-electro-elastic antiplane analysis of a bimaterial BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 composite wedge with an interface crack

The antiplane analysis is made for a bimaterial BaTiO₃–CoFe₂O₄ composite wedge containing an interface crack. The coupled magneto-electro-elastic field is induced by the piezoelectric/piezomagnetic BaTiO₃–CoFe₂O₄ composite materials. For the crack problems, the intensity factors of stress, strain, electric displacement, electric field, magnetic induction and magnetic field at crack tips are derived analytically. Also, the energy density criterion is applied to predict the fracture behavior of the interface crack. The numerical results also show that the energy release rate for a crack in a single wedge is negative.