超热电子产生的靶后相干渡越辐射光谱实验研究

利用OMA光学多道分析仪测量了激光与薄膜靶相互作用中产生的辐射光谱，在靶后观察到红移的二次谐波发射. 这种二次谐波是v×B加热产生的、具有微脉冲结构的超热电子束在等离子体-真空边界产生的相干渡越辐射(CTR). 随着激光能量的增大，红移峰向长波方向移动，光谱同时发生展宽. 分析认为，等离子体临界面的迅速膨胀是导致二次谐波红移的主要原因. 随着预脉冲能量的增大，临界面膨胀速度增大，导致了发射峰更大的红移. 实验还测量了靶面法线方向的辐射光谱，观察到基频辐射的红移和展宽. CTR为诊断临界面的运动方向和速度提供了一种新的方法. 关键词： 相干渡越辐射 超热电子 超短超强激光 等离子体相互作用     

超热电子输运背向光辐射的实验研究

在100TW掺钛蓝宝石飞秒激光器上利用光学CCD相机和光学多道分析仪,分别在靶背法线方向测量了超热电子光辐射的空间分布和光谱.测量结果显示：光辐射空间分布图案呈圆环状,而辐射区域有发散角和光强分布,且包含多种辐射成分.光辐射光谱在800nm附近出现尖峰,是激光的基频(ω₀)波,这一现象归因于超热电子束在输运的过程中产生的微束团而引起的相干渡越辐射(CTR).随着激光能量的增加,CTR光谱峰向红光方向移动,基频波红移的主要原因是由于等离子体临界面的迅速膨胀.如果考虑超热电 关键词： 超热电子 光辐射 共振吸收 红移     

Evidence of ultrashort electron bunches in laser-plasma interactions at relativistic intensities

The second harmonic of the laser light (2omega(0)) is observed on the rear side of thick solid targets irradiated by a laser beam at relativistic intensities. This emission is explained by the acceleration by the laser pulse in front of the target of short bunches of electrons separated by the period (or half the period) of the laser light. When reaching the rear side of the target, these electron bunches emit coherent transition radiation at 2omega(0). The observations indicate that, in our conditions, the minimum fraction of the laser energy transferred to these electron bunches is of the order of 1%.     

Feasible Design of a Free Electron Laser Based on the Smith–Parsell Effect

A free electron laser design is considered in which coherent radiation is generated during the flight of a bunched electron beam near a periodic metal target (Smith–Parsell radiation). If the target (array) is placed in a special resonator, optical feedback can be realized. It is proposed to use an array made of thin conductive strips separated with vacuum gaps, since the radiation output in this case is much higher than that attainable with conventional arrays. Varying the array parameters, one can choose the necessary direction and required spectral distribution of the Smith–Parsell radiation. When radiation is generated in the direction normal to the trajectory of the electron beam, the array acts as one of the resonator mirrors.     

High power THz source based on coherent radiation of picosecond relativistic electron bunch train

Tunable and compact high power terahertz (THz) radiation based on coherent radiation (CR) of the picosecond relativistic electron bunch train is under development at the Tsinghua accelerator lab. Coherent synchronization radiation (CSR) and coherent transition radiation (CTR) are researched based on an S-band compact electron linac, a bending magnet or a thin foil. The bunch train’s form factors, which are the key factor of THz radiation, are analyzed by the PARMELA simulation. The effects of electron bunch trains under different conditions, such as the bunch number, bunch charges, micro-pulses inter-distance, and accelerating gradient of the gun are investigated separately in this paper. The optimal radiated THz power and spectra should take these factors as a whole into account.     

Observation of fine structures in laser-driven electron beams using coherent transition radiation

We have measured the coherent optical transition radiation emitted by an electron beam from laser-plasma interaction. The measurement of the spectrum of the radiation reveals fine structures of the electron beam in the range 400-1000 nm. These structures are reproduced using an electron distribution from a 3D particle-in-cell simulation and are attributed to microbunching of the electron bunch due to its interaction with the laser field. When the radiator is placed closer to the interaction point, spectral oscillations have also been recorded, signature of the interference of the radiation produced by two electron bunches delayed by 74 fs. The second electron bunch duration is shown to be ultrashort to match the intensity level of the radiation. Whereas transition radiation was used at longer wavelengths in order to estimate the electron bunch length, this study focuses on the ultrashort structures of the electron beam.     

利用渡越辐射研究超热电子在固体靶中的输运过程

为了探索超热电子的输运过程，在100 TW掺钛蓝宝石飞秒激光器上利用光学CCD相机和OMA光学多道分析仪，分别在靶背表面法线方向测量了光发射空间分布图案和光谱. 实验测量结果显示，光发射空间分布图案呈圆盘状，在圆盘中明亮而强的光信号呈局部化分布，该现象表明，超热电子在输运的过程中存在成丝效应，引起严重的不稳定性；光发射光谱在3倍频和3/2倍频附近出现尖峰，分别是3次谐波和3/2次谐波，这一现象归因于超热电子束在传输的过程中产生的微束团而引起的相干渡越辐射(CTR)；光发射光强随靶厚度的增加而减小. 关键词： 超热电子 相干渡越辐射 输运 不稳定性     

Structural changes in tin oxide thin film with laser exposure

The effects of laser irradiation on the surface, structure and optical properties of SnO thin films deposited on glass substrates using electron beam evaporation, are investigated. The thin film samples are irradiated using fundamental beam at 1064 nm from Q-switched Nd:YAG pulsed laser with different power densities. Structural morphology of the film is investigated using XRD patterns and AFM image. Both XRD pattern and AFM image show increase in grain size of the film with increasing laser power density. Other optical phenomena, photoluminescence emission, transmission, refractive index determination and optical band gaps calculations are also carried out at various laser power densities. Results from all these investigations reveal expansion in grain size of the crystalline SnO thin film with increasing laser power density.     

First Observation of z-Dependent Electron-Beam Microbunching Using Coherent Transition Radiation

We report the first measurements of the electron-beam microbunching z dependence in a self-amplified spontaneous-emission (SASE) free-electron laser (FEL) experiment by the observation of visible wavelength coherent transition radiation (CTR). In this case the fundamental SASE wavelength was at 537 nm, and the CTR exhibited an exponential intensity growth similar to the SASE radiation. In addition, we observed for the first time structure in the CTR angular distribution patterns that may be useful for optimizing SASE FEL performance.     

The X-ray radiation from cathode spot fragments in laser-inducedvacuum discharges

The temporal evolution of X-ray emission of laser-induced discharges was investigated by means of a picosecond X-ray streak camera. Point-like structures with small divergence and thin hot layers of intense X-ray radiation with life time from 30 ps to 1.5 ns in a spectral range 100 eV-10 keV have been found in a comparatively low voltage vacuum discharge (U≈150 V-2.7 kV) initiated by picosecond laser beam. The radiation of laser induced breakdown was investigated just after breakdown as well as with a delay time (up to 20 ns) relative to the ignition point by the laser beam in order to eliminate the X-ray radiation coming from the laser-produced plasma     

Influence of an ambipolar field and target boundary blurring on transition radiation from fast electrons of laser plasma

It is shown that the blurring of the rear side of a thin laser target leads to a decrease in the intensity of higher harmonics in the spectrum of coherent transition radiation and that the scale of the boundary inhomogeneity can be estimated from the amplitude ratio of harmonics. Deceleration of the electron flow in an ambipolar electric field at the rear boundary of a target leads to a decrease in the intensity of lower harmonics in the spectrum of coherent transition radiation, and the strength of the ambipolar field can be estimated from the amplitude ratio of harmonics. A change in the permittivity of a dielectric laser target with frequency can lead to an increase in the intensity of some harmonics in the spectrum due to the Vavilov-Cherenkov mechanism.     

强激光与固体靶作用产生的表面电子加速和辐射研究

利用单电子在固体靶表面准静态电磁场中运动的模型和非线性汤姆孙散射理论,研究了以大角度斜入射的强激光照射在固体靶表面产生的沿靶面方向发射的高能超热电子的运动及其产生的电磁辐射脉冲. 数值模拟表明,靶表面的电子在靶面附近的准静态电磁场和反射的激光场中作振荡. 当电子振荡频率接近激光频率时,电子被有效加速,被加速的电子主要沿靶面方向运动并产生向前的阿秒脉冲辐射. 讨论了电子在加速前的不同初始速度分布对辐射脉冲的时间和空间特性的影响,模拟了不同初始状态的多电子相干辐射脉冲的频谱特性. 关键词： 表面准静态电磁场 超热电子 阿秒脉冲 相干辐射     

Dynamics of electric fields driving the laser acceleration of multi-MeV protons

The acceleration of multi-MeV protons from the rear surface of thin solid foils irradiated by an intense (approximately 10(18) W/cm2) and short (approximately 1.5 ps) laser pulse has been investigated using transverse proton probing. The structure of the electric field driving the expansion of the proton beam has been resolved with high spatial and temporal resolution. The main features of the experimental observations, namely, an initial intense sheath field and a late time field peaking at the beam front, are consistent with the results from particle-in-cell and fluid simulations of thin plasma expansion into a vacuum.     

飞秒激光-固体靶相互作用中渡越辐射的测量

 为了探索超热电子的加热机制，利用光学CCD相机和OMA光学多道分析仪，分别在靶背法线方向测量了光学渡越辐射（OTR）积分成像图案和光谱。实验在100 TW掺钛蓝宝石激光器上进行，飞秒激光与铜膜靶作用后，靶表面发光信号由空间分辨装置聚焦成像并引到CCD或OMA谱仪的狭缝上。测得的积分成像图案呈圆环状，光斑形成区域直径约为225 μm，在圆环边缘附近出现局部化明亮光信号，该现象表明，超热电子在传输的过程中存在成丝效应，其分布也不均匀。光谱在300～500 nm之间出现一系列非周期锐利尖峰，在400 nm（2ω0）附近出现的尖峰应归因于v×B加热机制产生的超热电子引起的相干渡越辐射（CTR）。     

Investigation of Far Infrared Waveguide Free Electron Laser Driven by RF Linac

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Effects of energy spread on brightness and coherence of undulator sources

The (spectral) brightness for partially transverse coherent sources such as synchrotron radiation and free‐electron laser sources can be defined as the maximum of the Wigner distribution. Then, the brightness includes information on both coherence and wavefront characteristics of the radiation field. For undulator sources, it is customary to approximate the single‐electron electric field at resonance with a Gaussian beam, leading to great simplifications. Attempts to account for the modified spatial and angular profile of the undulator radiation in the presence of detuning due to energy spread, currently build on the simplified brightness expression derived under the assumption of Gaussian beams. The influence of energy spread on undulator radiation properties is becoming important in view of diffraction‐limited rings with ultralow emittance coming on‐line. Here the effects of energy spread on the brightness of undulator radiation at resonance are discussed, as well as relevant relations with coherence properties.     

超相对论强度激光与薄膜靶作用中0.4 nm以下X射线阿秒脉冲的产生

用一维粒子模拟程序对功率密度在10²² W/cm²以上的超强激光驱动薄膜靶产生的相对论电子层及其经过汤姆孙散射产生的阿秒X射线进行了研究. 结果表明, 在超相对论强度范围下增大驱动激光强度, 相应减小等离子体密度及厚度可使电子层获得更高纵向动量, 使汤姆孙散射光明显向更短波长移动. 优化相关参数得到了波长为 1.168 nm的阿秒脉冲. 经过对倍频探测光方案与驱动光以及薄膜靶参数进行综合考虑和优化, 得到的X射线相干辐射波长有效减小到0.4 nm以下, 产生的光子能量达到2 keV以上. 关键词： 超相对论强度激光 阿秒X射线 相对论电子层 汤姆孙后向散射     

Evidence for microbunching "sidebands" in a saturated free-electron laser using coherent optical transition radiation

We report the first measurements of z-dependent coherent optical transition radiation (COTR) due to electron-beam microbunching at high gains ( >10(4)) including saturation of a self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser (FEL). In these experiments the fundamental wavelength was near 530 nm, and the COTR spectra exhibit the transition from simple spectra to complex spectra ( 5% spectral width) after saturation. The COTR intensity growth and angular distribution data are reported as well as the evidence for transverse spectral dependencies and an "effective" core of the beam being involved in microbunching.     

Experimental verification of laser photocathode RF gun as aninjector for a laser plasma accelerator

The feasibility of the laser photocathode RF gun, BNL/GUN-IV, as an injector for a laser plasma accelerator was investigated at the subpicosecond S-band twin linac system of the Nuclear Engineering Research Laboratory, University of Tokyo. Electron beam energy of 16 MeV, emittance of 6π mm mrad, bunch length of 240 fs (FWHM), and charge per bunch of 350 pC were confirmed at 10 Hz. As for diagnosis of the femtosecond electron bunch, the quantitative comparison of performance of the femtosecond streak camera, the coherent transition radiation (CTR) Michelson interferometer, and the far-infrared polychromator was carried out. We concluded that the streak camera is the most reliable up to 200 fs and that the polychromator is the best for the shorter electron bunch. The 3.5-ps (rms) resolved synchronization between the YLF laser driver for the gun and the electron bunch was achieved. Based on the above experiences, we have designed and installed a much better laser-electron synchronization system using the Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser with the min harmonics synchrolocker and the stable 15-MW klystron. The timing jitter is expected to be suppressed down to 320 fs (rms)     

Proposal for an x-ray free electron laser oscillator with intermediate energy electron beam

Harmonic lasing of low-gain free electron laser oscillators has been experimentally demonstrated in the terahertz and infrared regions. Recently, the low-gain oscillator has been reconsidered as a promising candidate for hard x-ray free electron lasers, through the use of high reflectivity, high-resolution x-ray crystals. In this Letter, it is proposed to utilize a crystal-based cavity resonant at a higher harmonic of the undulator radiation, together with phase shifting, to enable harmonic lasing of the x-ray free electron laser oscillator, and hence allow the generation of hard x-ray radiation at a reduced electron beam energy. Results show that fully coherent free electron laser radiation with megawatt peak power, in the spectral region of 10-25 keV, can be generated with a 3.5 GeV electron beam.