Optimal control of Maxwell’s equations with regularized state constraints

This paper is devoted to an optimal control problem of Maxwell??s equations in the presence of pointwise state constraints. The control is given by a divergence-free three-dimensional vector function representing an applied current density. To cope with the divergence-free constraint on the control, we consider a vector potential ansatz. Due to the lack of regularity of the control-to-state mapping, existence of Lagrange multipliers cannot be guaranteed. We regularize the optimal control problem by penalizing the pointwise state constraints. Optimality conditions for the regularized problem can be derived straightforwardly. It also turns out that the solution of the regularized problem enjoys higher regularity which then allows us to establish its convergence towards the solution of the unregularized problem. The second part of the paper focuses on the numerical analysis of the regularized optimal control problem. Here the state and the control are discretized by Nédélec??s curl-conforming edge elements. Employing the higher regularity property of the optimal control, we establish an a priori error estimate for the discretization error in the $\boldsymbol{H}(\bold{curl})$ -norm. The paper ends by numerical results including a numerical verification of our theoretical results.     

About inclusion of Maxwell’s equations in systems relativistic of the invariant equations

Maxwell’s equations, relativistic invariant equations, foundations of difference schemes.     

Inverse extremum problems for Maxwell’s equations

The problem is studied of recovering the impedance function involved multiplicatively in boundary conditions for Maxwell’s equations. The inverse problem is reduced to an extremum one. The solvability of the extremum problem is proved, an optimality system is derived, and sufficient conditions for the local uniqueness and stability of its solution are established.     

On subnormal solutions of second order linear periodic differential equations

In this paper, we investigate the existence and the form of subnormal solution for a class of second order periodic linear differential equations, estimate the growth properties of all solutions, and answer the question raised by Gundersen and Steinbart.     

On a class of semilinear evolution equations for vector potentials associated with Maxwell’s equations in Carnot groups

In this paper we prove existence and regularity results for a class of semilinear evolution equations that are satisfied by vector potentials associated with Maxwell’s equations in Carnot groups (connected, simply connected, stratified nilpotent Lie groups). The natural setting for these equations is provided by the so-called Rumin’s complex of intrinsic differential forms.     

Formalism of two potentials for the numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations

A new formulation of Maxwell’s equations based on the introduction of two vector and two scalar potentials is proposed. As a result, the electromagnetic field equations are written as a hyperbolic system that contains, in contrast to the original Maxwell system, only evolution equations and does not involve equations in the form of differential constraints. This makes the new equations especially convenient for the numerical simulation of electromagnetic processes. Specifically, they can be solved by applying powerful modern shock-capturing methods based on the approximation of spatial derivatives by upwind differences. The cases of an electromagnetic field in a vacuum and an inhomogeneous material are considered. Examples are given in which electromagnetic wave propagation is simulated by solving the formulated system of equations with the help of modern high-order accurate schemes.     

Maxwell’s equations,the Euler index,and Morse theory

We show that the singularities of the Fresnel surface for Maxwell’s equation on an anisotrpic material can be accounted from purely topological considerations. The importance of these singularities is that they explain the phenomenon of conical refraction predicted by Hamilton. We show how to desingularise the Fresnel surface, which will allow us to use Morse theory to find lower bounds for the number of critical wave velocities inside the material under consideration. Finally, we propose a program to generalise the results obtained to the general case of hyperbolic differential operators on differentiable bundles.     

Existence and stability of modulating pulse solutions in Maxwell’s equations describing nonlinear optics

Modulating pulse solutions play a big rôle in modern long distance high speed communication. Such solutions consist of a traveling pulse-like envelope modulating an underlying electromagnetic wave. In this paper we show that under certain assumptions such solutions exist and are dynamically stable for the associated nonlinear partial differential equations, namely Maxwells integro-differential equations describing nonlinear optics. The analysis is worked out in detail for bulk media, and we discuss how the results extend to optical fibers and to parametrically forced systems.     

Existence and stability of modulating pulse solutions in Maxwell’s equations describing nonlinear optics

Modulating pulse solutions play a big rôle in modern long distance high speed communication. Such solutions consist of a traveling pulse-like envelope modulating an underlying electromagnetic wave. In this paper we show that under certain assumptions such solutions exist and are dynamically stable for the associated nonlinear partial differential equations, namely Maxwells integro-differential equations describing nonlinear optics. The analysis is worked out in detail for bulk media, and we discuss how the results extend to optical fibers and to parametrically forced systems.     

Interior Hölder and gradient estimates for the homogenization of the linear elliptic equations

Hölder and gradient estimates for the correctors in the homogenization are presented based on the translation invariance and Li-Vogelius’s gradient estimate. If the coefficients are piecewise smooth and the homogenized solution is smooth enough, the interior error of the first-order expansion is O(?) in the Hölder norm; it is O(?) in W ^1,∞ based on the Avellaneda-Lin’s gradient estimate when the coefficients are Lipschitz continuous. These estimates can be partly extended to the nonlinear parabolic equations.     

Solving an inverse problem for Maxwell’s equations numerically with Laguerre functions

An inverse problem is solved by an optimization method using Laguerre functions. Numerical simulations are carried out for one-dimensional Maxwell’s equations in the wave and diffusion approximations. The spatial distributions of permittivity and conductivity in a medium are determined from a known solution at a certain point. A Laguerre harmonics function is minimized. The minimization is performed by the conjugate gradient method. The results of determining permittivity and conductivity are presented. The influence of the shape and spectrum of a source of electromagnetic waves on the solution accuracy of the inverse problem is investigated. The solutions with broadband and harmonic sources of electromagnetic waves are compared in accuracy.     

Weyl formula for the negative dissipative eigenvalues of Maxwell’s equations

Let \(V(t) = e^{tG_b},\, t \ge 0,\) be the semigroup generated by Maxwell’s equations in an exterior domain \(\Omega \subset {\mathbb R}^3\) with dissipative boundary condition \(E_{tan}- \gamma (x) (\nu \wedge B_{tan}) = 0, \gamma (x) > 0, \forall x \in \Gamma = \partial \Omega .\) We study the case when \(\Omega = \{x \in {\mathbb R}^3:\, |x| > 1\}\) and \(\gamma \ne 1\) is a constant. We establish a Weyl formula for the counting function of the negative real eigenvalues of \(G_b.\)     

A sweeping preconditioner for Yee’s finite difference approximation of time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations

This paper is concerned with the fast iterative solution of linear systems arising from finite difference discretizations in electromagnetics. The sweeping preconditioner with moving perfectly matched layers previously developed for the Helmholtz equation is adapted for the popular Yee grid scheme for wave propagation in inhomogeneous, anisotropic media. Preliminary numerical results are presented for typical examples.     

Theoretical analysis of boundary control extremal problems for Maxwell’s equations

Under study are the extremal problems of multiplicative boundary control for timeharmonic Maxwell’s equations considered with the impedance boundary condition for the electric field. The solvability of the original extremal problem is proved. Some sufficient conditions are derived on the original data which guarantee the stability of solutions to concrete extremal problems with respect to certain perturbations of both the quality functional and one of the known functions that has the meaning of the density of the electric current.     

A lattice Boltzmann model for Maxwell’s equations

In this paper, a lattice Boltzmann model for the Maxwell’s equations is proposed by taking separate sets of distribution functions for the electric and magnetic fields, and a lattice Boltzmann model for the Maxwell vorticity equations with third order truncation error is proposed by using the higher-order moment method. At the same time, the expressions of the equilibrium distribution function and the stability conditions for this model are given. As numerical examples, some classical electromagnetic phenomena, such as the electric and magnetic fields around a line current source, the electric field and equipotential lines around an electrostatic dipole, the electric and magnetic fields around oscillating dipoles are given. These numerical results agree well with classical ones.