Ghost circles in lattice Aubry–Mather theory

Monotone lattice recurrence relations such as the Frenkel–Kontorova lattice, arise in Hamiltonian lattice mechanics, as models for ferromagnetism and as discretization of elliptic PDEs. Mathematically, they are a multi-dimensional counterpart of monotone twist maps.Such recurrence relations often admit a variational structure, so that the solutions $x:{\mathbb{Z}}^d\to \mathbb{R}$ are the stationary points of a formal action function $W(x)$. Given any rotation vector $\omega \in {\mathbb{R}}^d$, classical Aubry–Mather theory establishes the existence of a large collection of solutions of $\mathrm{?}W(x)=0$ of rotation vector ω. For irrational ω, this is the well-known Aubry–Mather set. It consists of global minimizers and it may have gaps.In this paper, we study the parabolic gradient flow $\frac{dx}{dt}=?\mathrm{?}W(x)$ and we will prove that every Aubry–Mather set can be interpolated by a continuous gradient-flow invariant family, the so-called ‘ghost circle’. The existence of these ghost circles is known in dimension $d=1$, for rational rotation vectors and Morse action functions. The main technical result of this paper is therefore a compactness theorem for lattice ghost circles, based on a parabolic Harnack inequality for the gradient flow. This implies the existence of lattice ghost circles of arbitrary rotation vectors and for arbitrary actions.As a consequence, we can give a simple proof of the fact that when an Aubry–Mather set has a gap, then this gap must be filled with minimizers, or contain a non-minimizing solution.     

Percival Lagrangian approach to the Aubry–Mather theory

We present some streamlined proofs of some of the basic results in the Aubry–Mather theory (existence of quasi-periodic minimizers, multiplicity results when there are gaps among minimizers) based on the study of hull functions. We present results in arbitrary number of dimensions.     

Ground States and Critical Points for Aubry–Mather Theory in Statistical Mechanics

We consider several models of networks of interacting particles and prove the existence of quasi-periodic equilibrium solutions. We assume (1) that the network and the interaction among particles are invariant under a group that satisfies some mild assumptions; (2) that the state of each particle is given by a real number; (3) that the interaction is invariant by adding an integer to the state of all the particles at the same time; (4) that the interaction is ferromagnetic and coercive (it favors local alignment and penalizes large local oscillations); and (5) some technical assumptions on the regularity speed of decay of the interaction with the distance. Note that the assumptions are mainly qualitative, so that they cover many of the models proposed in the literature. We conclude (A) that there are minimizing (ground states) quasi-periodic solutions of every frequency and that they satisfy several geometric properties; (B) if the minimizing solutions do not cover all possible values at a point, there is another equilibrium point which is not a ground state. These results generalize basic results of Aubry–Mather theory (take the network and the group to be ?). In particular, we provide with a generalization of the celebrated criterion of existence of invariant circles if and only iff the Peierls–Nabarro barrier vanishes.     

Cayley–Dickson Procedure, Relativistic Wave Equations and Supersymmetric Oscillators

The relativistic first-order wave equations for massive particles with spin 0,1,1/2 are formulated in terms of a factorization of the Klein–Fock equation by means of the algebra of octonions. An analogous method applied to Hamiltonian of the quantum isotropic oscillator leads to the natural generalization of the model. The class of supersymmetric oscillators with dimension N7 associated with te algebras of the Cayley–Dickson series is introduced.     

Erd?s–Szekeres Theorem for Point Sets with Forbidden Subconfigurations

According to the Erd?s?CSzekeres theorem, every set of n points in the plane contains roughly logn points in convex position. We investigate how this bound changes if our point set does not contain a subset that belongs to a fixed order type.     

Singular Sturm–Liouville Operators with Distribution Potentials

This paper is devoted to the calculation of the deficiency index of a differential operator. In particular, we present sufficient conditions under which the operator with homogeneous boundary condition at zero is self-adjoint.     

Nonlinear Degenerate Parabolic Equations with Time-dependent Singular Potentials for Baouendi–Grushin Vector Fields

In this paper, we are concerned with the following three types of nonlinear degenerate parabolic equations with time-dependent singular potentials:a uqa t= aα· z-pγ|aαu|p-2 aαu+ V(z, t) up-1,a uq a t= aα· z-2γaαum + V(z, t) um,a uqa t= uμ aα·uτ|aαu|p-2 aαu+ V(z, t) up-1+μ+τin a cylinder Ω×(0, T) with initial condition u(z, 0) = u0(z) ≥ 0 and vanishing on the boundarya Ω×(0, T), where Ω is a Carnot–Carath′eodory metric ball in Rd+kand the time-dependent singular potential function is V(z, t) ∈ L1loc(Ω×(0, T)). We investigate the nonexistence of positive solutions of these three problems and present our results on nonexistence.     

Nonlinear Potentials for Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman Equations. II

A formal method of constructing the viscosity solutions for abstract nonlinear equations of Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) type was developed in the previous work of the author. A new advantage of this method (which was called an nonlinear potentials method) is that it gives a possibility to choose at the first step an expected regularity of the solution and then – to construct this solution. This makes the whole procedure more simple because an analysis of regularity of viscosity solutions is usually the most complicated step.Nonlinear potentials method is a generalization of Krylov's approach to study HJB equations.In this article nonlinear potentials method is applied to elliptic degenerate HJB equations in R^d with variable coefficients.     

On Existence Sets for Markov–Bernshtein Estimates for Rational Functions

We study some metric characteristics of sets on which there exist Markov–Bernshtein-type estimates for derivatives of rational functions.     

Unicity of the Integrated Density of States for Relativistic Schrödinger Operators with Regular Magnetic Fields and Singular Electric Potentials

We show coincidence of the two definitions of the integrated density of states (IDS) for a class of relativistic Schrödinger operators with magnetic fields and scalar potentials introduced in Iftimie et al. (Publ Res Inst Math Sci 43(3):585–623, 2007; Topics in applied mathematics and mathematical physics, Editura Academiei Române, 2008), the first one relying on the eigenvalue counting function of operators induced on open bounded sets with Dirichlet boundary conditions, the other one involving the spectral projections of the operator defined on the entire space. In this way one generalizes the results of Doi et al. (Math Z 237:335–371, 2001) and Iftimie (Publ Res Inst Math Sci 41(2):307–327, 2005) for non-relativistic operators. The proofs needs the magnetic pseudodifferential calculus developed in Iftimie et al. (Publ Res Inst Math Sci 43(3):585–623, 2007), as well as a Feynman-Kac-Itô formula for Lévy processes (Ichinose and Tamura, Commun Math Phys 105(2):239–257, 1986; Iftimie et al. Topics in applied mathematics and mathematical physics, Editura Academiei Române, 2008). In addition, in case when both the magnetic field and the scalar potential are periodic, one also proves the existence of the IDS.     

Geometric Analysis on Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Operators with Quadratic Potentials

In this paper, we study Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operators with quadratic potentials. We use Hamiltonian formalism to characterize the singularities produced by the potentials by finding explicit geodesics which are induced by the operators. Then we obtain the heat kernels via a probabilistic ansatz. All the formulae are closed.     

On the Unique Continuation Properties for Elliptic Operators with Singular Potentials

Let u be a solution to a second order elliptic equation with singular potentials belonging to Kato-Fefferman-Phong＇s class in Lipschitz domains. An elementary proof of the doubling property for u^2 over balls is presented, if the balls are contained in the domain or centered at some points near an open subset of the boundary on which the solution u vanishes continuously. Moreover, we prove the inner unique continuation theorems and the boundary unique continuation theorems for the elliptic equations, and we derive the Bp weight properties for the solution u near the boundary.     

Unique Continuation for Fractional Schrödinger Equations with Rough Potentials

This article deals with the weak and strong unique continuation principle for fractional Schrödinger equations with scaling-critical and rough potentials via Carleman estimates. Our methods extend to “variable coefficient” versions of fractional Schrödinger equations and operators on non-flat domains.     

A New Levinson’s Theorem for Potentials with Critical Decay

We study the low-energy asymptotics of the spectral shift function for Schr?dinger operators with potentials decaying like O(frac1|x|²){O(frac{1}{|x|^2})}. We prove a generalized Levinson’s theorem for this class of potentials in presence of zero eigenvalue and zero resonance.     

Extension of Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev Inequalities for Riesz Potentials on Hypergroups

Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics - Let p be a prime number, let G be a finite group, let N be a normal subgroup of G, and let $$\theta $$ be a G-invariant irreducible character of N. In Rizo (J...     

Stable Ground States for the Relativistic Gravitational Vlasov–Poisson System

We consider the three dimensional gravitational Vlasov–Poisson (GVP) system in both classical and relativistic cases. The classical problem is subcritical in the natural energy space and the stability of a large class of ground states has been derived by various authors. The relativistic problem is critical and displays finite time blow up solutions. Using standard concentration compactness techniques, we however show that the breaking of the scaling symmetry allows the existence of stable relativistic ground states. A new feature in our analysis which applies both to the classical and relativistic problem is that the orbital stability of the ground states does not rely as usual on an argument of uniqueness of suitable minimizers—which is mostly unknown—but on strong rigidity properties of the transport flow, and this extends the class of minimizers for which orbital stability is now proved.     

Lifshits Tails for Random Schrödinger Operators with Nonsign Definite Potentials

This paper is devoted to the study of Lifshits tails for random Schr?dinger operator acting on of the form , where H ₀ is a -periodic Schr?dinger operator, λ is a positive coupling constant, are i.i.d and bounded random variables and V is the single site potential with changing sign. We prove that, in the weak disorder regime, at an open band edge, a true Lifshits tail for the random Schr?dinger operator occurs under a certain set of conditions on H ₀ and on V. Submitted: April 17, 2007. Accepted: December 13, 2007.     

Weak Dispersive Estimates for Schrödinger Equations with Long Range Potentials

We prove local smoothing estimates for the Schrödinger initial value problem with data in the energy space L ²(? ^d ), d ≥ 2 and a general class of potentials. In the repulsive setting we have to assume just a power like decay (1 + |x|)^?γ for some γ > 0. Also attractive perturbations are considered. The estimates hold for all time and as a consequence a weak dispersion of the solution is obtained. The proofs are based on similar estimates for the corresponding stationary Helmholtz equation and Kato H-smooth theory.     

Fall-Off of Eigenfunctions for Non-Local Schrödinger Operators with Decaying Potentials

We study the spatial decay of eigenfunctions of non-local Schrödinger operators whose kinetic terms are generators of symmetric jump-paring Lévy processes with Kato-class potentials decaying at infinity. This class of processes has the property that the intensity of single large jumps dominates the intensity of all multiple large jumps. We find that the decay rates of eigenfunctions depend on the process via specific preference rates in particular jump scenarios, and depend on the potential through the distance of the corresponding eigenvalue from the edge of the continuous spectrum. We prove that the conditions of the jump-paring class imply that for all eigenvalues the corresponding positive eigenfunctions decay at most as rapidly as the Lévy intensity. This condition is sharp in the sense that if the jump-paring property fails to hold, then eigenfunction decay becomes slower than the decay of the Lévy intensity. We furthermore prove that under reasonable conditions the Lévy intensity also governs the upper bounds of eigenfunctions, and ground states are comparable with it, i.e., two-sided bounds hold. As an interesting consequence, we identify a sharp regime change in the decay of eigenfunctions as the Lévy intensity is varied from sub-exponential to exponential order, and dependent on the location of the eigenvalue, in the sense that through the transition Lévy intensity-driven decay becomes slower than the rate of decay of the Lévy intensity. Our approach is based on path integration and probabilistic potential theory techniques, and all results are also illustrated by specific examples.