符合经典构效关系的抗肿瘤铂类药物

综述了自顺铂、卡铂后符合经典构效关系的铂类抗肿瘤药物的发展概况，按载体配基和离去基团的结构特征进行了分类，总结了各类配合物的构效关系和临床进展，其中重点对手性二胺配体的铂(Ⅱ)配合物进行了介绍。并讨论了顺铂、卡铂、奥沙利铂的作用机理。     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用研究两种铂类化合物的稳定性及分解产物

基于液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用方法,研究了低浓度奈达铂在纯水、9 g/L NaCl溶液和人血浆中的稳定性和分解产物。结果表明,72 h内奈达铂在纯水和血浆中稳定,在9 g/L NaCl溶液中易分解为顺铂。基于凝胶色谱-电感耦合等离子质谱联用方法,研究了低浓度顺式-二碘-(1R,2R)-(-)-1,2-环己二胺合铂(II)(DPI)在纯水、9 g/L NaCl溶液和人血浆中的稳定性和分解产物。结果表明,DPI在3种体系中均不稳定,方法检出限为0.4ng/mL(以铂计)。研究了DPI在9 g/L NaCl溶液中的水解过程,通过同时分析铂元素和碘元素形态确定了水解机理。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定奥沙利铂中银量

奥沙利铂又名草酸铂(L-OHP),是继顺铂和卡铂之后问世的铂类第三代抗癌药物。具有抗瘤谱广,对大肠癌、卵巢癌疗效好,对胃癌、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、非小细胞肺癌和头颈部肿瘤有一定疗效,对5氟脲嘧啶(5-FU)治疗无效的大肠癌病人、对铂类耐药者有效。奥沙利铂中的银为杂质,其最大限量为5,0mg·kg~(-1)。准确测定银含量对该药的     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定卡铂和氯铂酸的含量

称取样品0.100 0g,用水溶解后,根据被测物浓度不同加水定量稀释至合适浓度。在高效液相色谱分离中,选择PRP-X100为分离柱,由于固定相上键合有二乙烯基苯/三乙胺聚合物,对氯铂酸和卡铂的分离效果较好。用60mmol·L~(-1)硝酸铵溶液(预先用稀氨水或稀硝酸调节其酸度至pH 5.5)为流动相,按等梯度程序进行洗脱。分离后的洗脱液按质谱仪器的工作条件进行测定。结果表明:氯铂酸和卡铂的线性范围依次为1.00～100μg·L~(-1)和500.0～1 000μg·L~(-1);检出限(3S/N)依次为0.1,0.01μg·L~(-1)。按标准加入法在实际样品基础上进行回收试验,测得氯铂酸的回收率为90.0%～98.8%,卡铂的回收率为98.5%～99.2%,两者测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)依次为2.7%～3.4%和2.1%～2.8%。应用上述方法进行实际样品分析时还发现,当卡铂的检测量为1mg·L~(-1)时,未检测到氯铂酸,故该方法无需富集就能达到痕量铂的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定顺铂注射液中顺铂的含量

顺铂含量的测定方法有灼烧重量法[1]、高效液相色谱法[2,3]、络合滴定法[4]。顺铂注射液作为新剂型,其主含量顺铂的分析方法一直为省级标准,采用SnCl2显色法[5],该法所测值是二价铂化合物的总含量,对顺铂无选择性。文献上也有采用高效液相色谱法[6]的报道,但该法存在着:1.杂质峰与主峰分离度不够(Rs<1.5);2.方法重现性较差;3.对柱效要求高的缺点,其主要原因是所选色谱系统不理想。为此,本研究以高效液相色谱法测定顺铂注射液中顺铂的含量,取得了满意的结果。1　实验部分1.1　仪器和试剂SHIMADZULC 10A系统,双LC 10AD高压泵,DGU…     

电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定血清及组织中铂类药物

顺铂类药物是一类重要的抗癌药物，脂质体顺铂是其中的一种新剂型。针对这类药物临床研究的需要，建立了一种测定血清及组织样品中铂含量的ICP-AES方法。通过对5种组织样品前处理方法的比较，最后选用条件温和、便于操作的温育加混合酸消解法，并以实验证实该方法的灵敏度、重现性及回收率等均符合卫生部“临床及临床前研究指导原则“对药物代谢研究分析方法的要求。采用本法测定了给予一定剂量脂质体顺铂后，大鼠血清中顺铂含量随时间变化的曲线，以及给药后8h，大鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾等主要器官中顺铂的含量，为研究脂质体顺铂的药物代谢奠定了基础。     

以磷酸二氢根为轴向配体的铂(Ⅳ)前药的设计、合成和抗癌活性测试

以顺铂和奥沙利铂为原药,合成了2种以磷酸二氢根为配体的铂(Ⅳ)前药(代号:CPL-1501和CPL-1504),采用元素分析、红外光谱和核磁共振表征了其化学结构,通过循环伏安法测定了它们的还原电位。应用标准MTT法,测试了这2种铂(Ⅳ)前药对多种人癌细胞株生长的抑制活性。结果表明:CPL-1501作为顺铂的前药,水溶性好(10 mg·mL~(-1))、稳定,E_p值分别为0.16和-0.52V,为不可逆的双电子还原过程,在癌细胞缺氧的微环境中易被还原激活。CPL-1501对多种癌细胞株的生长均有明显的抑制作用,抗癌活性与顺铂相当、明显高于水溶性Pt(Ⅱ)抗癌药物-卡铂。CPL-1504虽然水溶性(50 mg·mL~(-1))高于奥沙利铂,却未表现出明显的抗癌活性,这可能与其较低的还原电位(E_p值分别为-0.51和-0.76 V)有关。     

铂络合物的反相离子对色谱

在反相离子对色谱中,研究了四种离子对试剂对铂络合物保留值的影响。用流动相中离子-偶极作用物和铂络合物的结构说明了保留机理。用NaCl作内标测定了顺式-二氨-1,1-环丁二羧酸铂(Ⅱ)(碳铂)和顺式二氯二氨合铂(Ⅱ)(顺铂)样品,七次配样测定得到满意的回收率,相对标准偏差分别为0.7%和0.5%,检出限为75ng/ml和0.23μg/ml。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血浆中铂

提出了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定顺铂人血浆中铂浓度。采集人静脉血作样品,用浓硝酸及过氧化氢消解。冷却至4℃,使脂肪固化并过滤除去。收集滤液,蒸干,用200μL盐酸(1+99)溶液浸取残渣,所得溶液供石墨炉原子吸收光谱分析。方法的线性范围为0.02～1.00mg.L-1,检出限(3σ)为0.016mg·mL-1,回收率在94.6%～120.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)小于7%。     

铂（Ⅱ）类抗肿瘤药物

自顺铂临床用于抗肿瘤药物以来,在铂配合物中寻找新的药物已成为研究的热点,现在已有顺铂、卡铂和奥沙利铂在广泛应用于临床。根据经典的构效关系,上千个新的铂类化合物被设计与合成出来。我们综述了铂（Ⅱ）类抗肿瘤药物近五年的研究状况,介绍了包括含有生物活性基团的铂（Ⅱ）配合物,具有空间位阻的铂（Ⅱ）配合物,反式铂（Ⅱ）配合物,含S、P配位原子铂（Ⅱ）配合物和多核铂（Ⅱ）配合物,总结了这些化合物的抗肿瘤机理、活性。     

Sensitive inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry assay for the determination of platinum originating from cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin in human plasma ultrafiltrate

We present a highly sensitive, rapid method for the determination of platinum originating from the anticancer agents cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin in human plasma ultrafiltrate. The method is based on the quantification of platinum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and allows quantification of 7.50 ng l-1 platinum in only 150 microl of matrix. Sample pretreatment involves dilution of samples with 1% HNO3. Validation fulfilled the most recent FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. Validated ranges of quantification were 7.50 ng l-1 to 1.00x10(5) ng l-1 in plasma ultrafiltrate for all three platinum compounds. The assay is now successfully used to support pharmacokinetic studies in cancer patients treated with cisplatin, carboplatin, or oxaliplatin.     

Novel separation method for highly sensitive speciation of cancerostatic platinum compounds by HPLC–ICP–MS

A high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC–ICP–MS) method is presented for analysis of cisplatin, monoaquacisplatin, diaquacisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin in biological and environmental samples. Chromatographic separation was achieved on pentafluorophenylpropyl-functionalized silica gel. For cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin limits of detection of 0.09, 0.10, and 0.15 g L^–1, respectively, were calculated at m/z 194, using aqueous standard solutions. (3 L injection volume). The method was utilized for model experiments studying the stability of carboplatin and oxaliplatin at different chloride concentrations simulating wastewater and surface water conditions. It was found that a high fraction of carboplatin is stable in ultrapure water and in solutions containing 1.5 mol L^–1 Cl^–, whereas oxaliplatin degradation was increased by increasing the chloride concentration. In order to support the assessment of oxaliplatin eco-toxicology, the method was tested for speciation of patient urine. The urine sample contained more than 17 different reaction products, which demonstrates the extensive biotransformation of the compound. In a second step of the study the method was successfully evaluated for monitoring cancerostatic platinum compounds in hospital waste water.     

Glutathione modified CdTe quantum dots as a label for studying DNA interactions with platinum based cytostatics

Cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin represent three generations of platinum based drugs applied successfully for cancer treatment. As a consequence of the employment of platinum based cytostatics in the cancer treatment, it became necessary to study the mechanism of their action. Current accepted opinion is the formation of Pt‐DNA adducts, but the mechanism of their formation is still unclear. Nanomaterials, as a progressively developing branch, can offer a tool for studying the interactions of these drugs with DNA. In this study, fluorescent CdTe quantum dots (QDs, λ_em = 525 nm) were employed to investigate the interactions of platinum cytostatics (cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin) with DNA fragment (500 bp, c = 25 μg/mL). Primarily, the fluorescent behavior of QDs in the presence of platinum cytostatics was monitored and major differences in the interaction of QDs with tested drugs were observed. It was found that the presence of carboplatin (c = 0.25 mg/mL) had no significant influence on QDs fluorescence; however cisplatin and oxaliplatin quenched the fluorescence significantly (average decrease of 20%) at the same concentration. Subsequently, the amount of platinum incorporated in DNA was determined by QDs fluorescence quenching. Best results were reached using oxaliplatin (9.4% quenching). Linear trend (R² = 0.9811) was observed for DNA platinated by three different concentrations of oxaliplatin (0.250, 0.125, and 0.063 mg/mL). Correlation with differential pulse voltammetric measurements provided linear trend (R² = 0.9511). As a conclusion, especially in the case of oxaliplatin‐DNA adducts, the quenching was the most significant compared to cisplatin and nonquenching carboplatin.     

EXAFS and IR structural study of platinum-based anticancer drugs' degradation by diethyl dithiocarbamate

Platinum compounds constitute a discrete class of DNA-damaging anticancer drug agents, including cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. The toxicity of such drugs raises the problem of waste detoxification. Diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDTC) is recommended by the World Heath Organization (WHO) for the destruction of cisplatin, but the degradation product has not been structurally characterized. This paper deals with the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and IR structural study of the reaction products of DDTC with cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin and carboplatin give the same reaction product: Pt(DDTC)2. In the case of oxaliplatin, we observed the formation of [(diaminocyclohexane)(DDTC)Pt(II)]. In all cases, the replacement of labile ligands by strong ligands should lead to inactive compounds. Our results suggest that the WHO inactivation protocol might be extended to carboplatin and oxaliplatin. Nevertheless, this should be validated by toxicity tests of the degradation products.     

The interaction of platinum-based drugs with native biologically relevant proteins

This study focuses on the identification of the products that are formed upon binding of therapeutically relevant platinum complexes to proteins like β-lactoglobulin A (LGA), human serum albumin (HSA), or human hemoglobin (HB). The respective proteins were incubated with the platinum-based anticancer drugs cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. LGA was selected as the model protein in addition to the two most abundant blood proteins HSA and HB. In case of the model protein, the effect of free thiol groups on the affinity of cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin was investigated by means of liquid chromatography electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-ToF-MS). The reduced form of LGA, which contains four free thiol groups more than the native LGA, shows a much higher affinity to the platinum-based drugs. By means of liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the reaction behavior of the platinum-based drugs towards HSA and HB was investigated under different conditions considering the chloride concentration (4 or 100 mM) and the incubation time (24 and 48 h). In case of carboplatin, less than 6 % protein-bound platinum was detected. However, both cisplatin and oxaliplatin display a high affinity to the proteins investigated. Further information was obtained by means of LC/ESI-ToF-MS. In case of oxaliplatin, the complex [Pt(DACH)]²⁺ (DACH?=?C₆N₂H₁₄) was identified interacting with HSA and HB. For cisplatin, different results were observed for the two proteins. The complex [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl]⁺ interacted predominantly with HSA and [Pt(NH₃)₂]²⁺ with HB.

ESI mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction studies of adducts between anticancer platinum drugs and hen egg white lysozyme

The interactions of cisplatin and its analogues, transplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, with hen egg white lysozyme were analysed through ESI mass spectrometry, and the resulting metallodrug-protein adducts identified; the X-ray crystal structure of the cisplatin lysozyme derivative, solved at 1.9 A resolution, reveals selective platination of imidazole Nepsilon of His15.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定铜渣精矿中杂质含量

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定了铜渣精矿中砷、锑、铋、铅、锌、镁的量。其测定范围:ω(As):0.05%~0.45%,ω(Sb):0.07%~0.30%,ω(Bi):0.01%~0.20%,ω(Pb):1.00%~4.50%,ω(Zn):1.00%~4.50%,ω(Mg):0.10%~1.00%。经加标回收实验,各元素的加标回收率为92%~104%(n=3),相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%(n=11)。方法准确快速可靠,适用于铜渣精矿中砷、锑、铋、铅、锌、镁量的同时测定.     

Validated method for the determination of platinum from a liposomal source (SPI-77) in human plasma using graphite furnace Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry

A sensitive analytical method based on flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman correction has been validated for the quantitative determination in human plasma of platinum originating from cisplatin in a liposomal source, SPI-77. The performance of the method was acceptable over a sample concentration range of 0. 125-1.25 micromol platinum/L and the lower limit of quantification was determined to be 1.25 micromol platinum/L in undiluted clinical samples. The performance data of the assay were investigated using both a calibration curve with carboplatin in plasma ultrafiltrate and diluted human plasma samples spiked with SPI-77. The recoveries, between-day and the within-day precisions of both methods of calibration were not significantly different allowing carboplatin ultrafiltrate calibration standards to be used to quantify platinum derived from SPI-77 in human plasma. Apparently, the liposomal formulation had no significant influence on the determination of platinum. The usefulness of the presented method was demonstrated in a phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study. In addition, in vitro experiments were carried out to determine the distribution of SPI-77 in blood. The results indicated that platinum from SPI-77 mainly concentrates in plasma and that binding to and/or endocytosis in red blood cells is negligible.     

Validated method for the determination of platinum from a liposomal source (SPI-77) in human plasma using graphite furnace Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry

A sensitive analytical method based on flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman correction has been validated for the quantitative determination in human plasma of platinum originating from cisplatin in a liposomal source, SPI-77. The performance of the method was acceptable over a sample concentration range of 0.125–1.25 μmol platinum/L and the lower limit of quantification was determined to be 1.25 μmol platinum/L in undiluted clinical samples. The performance data of the assay were investigated using both a calibration curve with carboplatin in plasma ultrafiltrate and diluted human plasma samples spiked with SPI-77. The recoveries, between-day and the within-day precisions of both methods of calibration were not significantly different allowing carboplatin ultrafiltrate calibration standards to be used to quantify platinum derived from SPI-77 in human plasma. Apparently, the liposomal formulation had no significant influence on the determination of platinum. The usefulness of the presented method was demonstrated in a phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study. In addition, in vitro experiments were carried out to determine the distribution of SPI-77 in blood. The results indicated that platinum from SPI-77 mainly concentrates in plasma and that binding to and/or endocytosis in red blood cells is negligible.