Dispersion of photon density waves in a strongly scattering medium

In the approximation of the radiation transfer equation, the damping decrement and the velocity of photon density waves propagating in a strongly scattering medium are studied as functions of the increasing modulation frequency of the source of radiation up to the microwave frequency range. The results obtained for microwave frequencies are found to be in qualitative agreement with those derived from the Bethe-Salpeter equation.     

Autodyne Effect in Weak-Resonant BWO with Chaotic Dynamics

An autodyne phenomenon in the O-type Weak-Resonant Backward Wave Oscillator of K _a-band working in chaotic oscillatory regime is under investigation. The main attention is paid to the studying of the action of decorrelated reflected signals on the modulation of the power spectral density of the chaotic oscillations. Physical mechanisms are revealed and phenomenological model is suggested to explain the strong PSD modulation observed under the affect of the small refelected signal. The PSD modulation index has been introduced and its anomalous increase with the enlargement of the distance to the load is revealed experimentally, as well as the physical explanation for that effect is presented. All physical results obtained are valid for the autodyne effect in any chaotic oscillator. The results obtained can be used for the design of different autodyne based devices for the remote sensing, microwave telemetry and control systems.     

Military microwave fiber optics market forecast

The idea of modulating an analog signal onto a light beam which is transmitted down an optical fiber is as old as fiber optic communication. It is only in the 1980s, however, that laboratories have focused serious attention on trying to move analog modulation rates into the microwave region, above 1 gigahertz. Progress in microwave fiber optics capability has been dramatic over the past five years, from laboratory curiosity status to 6 GHz production devices in 1984 and 10 GHz production devices in 1986. All the components required for assembling X-band transmission links are now available as standard products.     

Military microwave fiber optics market forecast

The idea of modulating an analog signal onto a light beam which is transmitted down an optical fiber is as old as fiber optic communication. It is only in the 1980s, however, that laboratories have focused serious attention on trying to move analog modulation rates into the microwave region, above 1 gigahertz. Progress in microwave fiber optics capability has been dramatic over the past five years, from laboratory curiosity status to 6 GHz production devices in 1984 and 10 GHz production devices in 1986. All the components required for assembling X-band transmission links are now available as standard products.     

Microwave and millimeter-wave losses in conventional optoelectronic devices

In this paper, microwave characteristics of conventional optoelectronic devices, with emphasis on devices with microstrip (MS) and coplanar waveguide (CPW) electrode structures, are obtained. This analysis is essential for any improvement in the structure of the conventional optoelectronic devices so as to obtain a high performance. Microwave loss is one of the important bandwidth limitation factors in microwave and millimeter-wave (mmW) optical devices. Different sources of loss including ohmic, dielectric and radiating loss in MS and CPW of conventional optical devices are analyzed and compared. The results show that the total microwave loss increases with frequency in conventional MS and CPW waveguides. Also, in traveling-wave optoelectronic devices, the bandwidth is limited in the optical part by effects such as the carrier transit time effect and in the microwave part by factors such as length of the devices in active and non-active sections. In addition, validation of the results in the paper is performed with published theoretical and/or measurement results.     

Nonreciprocal microwave transmission under the joint mechanism of phase modulation and magnon Kerr nonlinearity effect

Nonreciprocal microwave devices, in which the transmission of waves is non-symmetric between two ports, are indispensable for the manipulation of information processing and communication. In this work, we show the nonreciprocal microwave transmission in a cavity magnonic system under the joint mechanism of phase modulation and magnon Kerr nonlinearity effect. In contrast to the schemes based on the standard phase modulation or magnon Kerr nonlinearity, we find that the joint mechanism enables the nonreciprocal transmission even at low power and makes us obtain a high nonreciprocal isolation ratio. Moreover, when two microwave modes are coupled to the magnon mode via a different coupling strength, the presented strong nonreciprocal response occurs, and it makes the nonreciprocal transmission manipulating by the magnetic field within a large adjustable range possible, which overcomes narrow operating bandwidths. This study may provide promising opportunities to realize nonreciprocal structures for wave transmission.     

Dynamics of transients in yttrium-iron-garnet

Yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) is an important technological material used in microwave devices. In this paper we use dual microwave (1-4 GHz) drives to study the dynamical bifurcation behavior of magnetostatic and spin-wave modes in YIG spheres and rectangular films. The samples are placed in a dc magnetic field and driven by cw and pulse-modulated microwave excitations at magnetostatic mode frequencies. A second microwave drive applied to the sample excites additional spin-wave modes that can interact with those arising from the original excitation and thereby affect the transmission characteristics at the primary frequency. We find a significant decrease in transmission of the primary when the secondary frequency is tuned to approximately half that of the primary drive. This decrease is observed both in the steady state behavior and in the initial overshoot transient associated with pulse modulation of the primary excitation. Results such as these are often treated by extending linear theory to include higher order interaction terms. Herein we present a simple dynamical model that reproduces results that qualitatively resemble the experimental data. (c) 1997 American Institute of Physics.     

微型计算机微波辐照效应的实验研究

 微波辐照频率为1.2~2.0 GHz时,利用宽带天线对微型计算机主板进行微波辐照,考察了微波辐照载波频率、调制方式和调制深度对微波辐照效应的影响,得到了计算机分别处于满负荷工作、内存读写操作、磁盘读写操作和系统空闲4种工作状态下的微波辐照干扰功率阈值。实验结果表明：微波辐照的载波频率为1.47 GHz时,辐照干扰功率阈值最低,为32.7 dBm,计算机最易被干扰;瞬时功率是干扰微型计算机的关键参数,调制方式、调制频率和深度对微波辐照干扰功率阈值影响不大;处于高负荷工作状态的微型计算机更易于被微波辐射干扰;计算机启动的干扰功率阈值为32.0 dBm,小于正常工作状态时的阈值。     

Investigation of plasma electron collisions in flames by means of the Luxemburg-effect of microwaves

Using a novel microwave double bridge, acetylene-oxygen and acetylene-air flames burning through an X-band waveguide at atmospheric pressure have been investigated. In order to obtain information about the collision behaviour of the plasma electrons, they are heated by microwave pulses of variable intensity, and the modulation transfer to a probing wave (Luxemburg-effect) is studied. It is shown, how the nonlinearity of the complex conductivity depends upon certain assumed collision models: via the velocity dependence of the collision frequency and via the shift and the deformation of the electron velocity distribution function. At low and medium heating power, Luxemburg-effect can not be seen. This means that the collisions can be described as those between electrons and induced dipoles. However, when the field strength of the heating pulse becomes much stronger than the plasma field strength, we observe cross modulation: the transferred pulse indicates that the collisions become harder.     

The effect of an external signal on output microwave power of a low-voltage vircator

This Letter is devoted to results of the both experimental and theoretical studies of electromagnetic radiation output power gain in the low-voltage microwave generator with a virtual cathode (vircator) under an external harmonic signal leading to the preliminary velocity modulation of the electron beam. The simple theoretical model of the electron beam with virtual cathode in a diode gap with retarding field under the external signal has been developed. The theoretical and numerical analysis have shown the possibility of power amplification in the vircator under the external influence. Obtained results of the theoretical consideration are proven by the experimental study.     

Simulation and design of an X-band overmoded input cavity

The RF input cavity is an important component for velocity-modulating types of microwave device,providing velocity modulation and density modulation.Conventional RF input cavities,however,encounter the problem of power capacity in the high frequency band due to the scaling law of the working frequency and device size.In this paper,an X-band overmoded input cavity is proposed and investigated.A resonant reflector is employed to reflect the microwave and isolate the input cavity from the diode and RF extractor.The resonant property of the overmoded input cavity is proved by simulations and cold tests,with PIC simulation showing that with a beam voltage of 600 kV and current of 7 kA,an input power of 90 kW is sufficient to modulate the beam with a modulation depth of 3%.     

Hybrid Electrodes Used in Polymer Electro-Optic Modulator with Ultra-Broadband

Hybrid electrode combined coplanar waveguide (CPW) and microstrip lines in ultra-broadband electro-optic modulators. The characteristics of the modulators with hybrid electrode is like that of the modulator with the microstrip lines, in which the microstrip electrode is loaded above only one arm of Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) optical waveguide, besides the problem of microstrip line to coaxial transition and corona polarization in polymer modulators have been best solved at the same time. By using finite element method (FEM), the characteristic parameters such as half-wave voltage, modulation bandwidth characteristic impedance, effective microwave refractive index of polymer modulators with microstrip line and hybrid electrode are analysed and compared in this paper. The results present that velocity match, impendence match and lower microwave propagating loss is easily realized in modulators with hybrid electrode.     

Modelling and design of a travelling-wave electro-optic modulator on InP

Based on a rigorous vectorial analysis, a fast travelling-wave Mach–Zehnder modulator is modelled and designed. The cross-section of the semiconductor layer stack and the lossy electrodes are carefully modelled using the method of lines in order to investigate propagation characteristics, velocity and losses. This yields an accurate microwave and optical field distribution to explain the behaviour of the component. In order to enhance the modulation efficiency, design curves are derived and the cross-sectional dimensions for minimum microwave loss are determined. The loss of the optimized modulator agrees very well with small-signal measurements up to 40 GHz and HFSS simulations. The layerstack of the fabricated device is suitable for integration with InP multi-wavelength lasers.     

双音调制下星上微波光子系统的交调失真分析

马赫-曾德尔调制器的非线性会严重恶化星上微波光子系统的性能。建立了包括光源、马赫-曾德尔调制器和光电探测器的双音调制理论模型,利用傅里叶级数展开、傅里叶变换和Gegenbauer加法定理,推导出了调制器非线性失真的严格通用解析解。根据该解析解,可精确地预计不同调制方式下星上微波光子系统的非线性失真,优化系统性能。分析结果表明,双边带和单边带调制条件下,将调制器输出信号保留至二次谐波能较好地近似计算三阶交调失真比和三阶交调截点,三阶交调失真比随调制系数的增大先增大后减小。当调制系数小于1.4674时,单边带调制三阶交调失真比至少比双边带调制小6dB,适合于星上微波光子系统的应用。     

用于产生太赫超宽边带光谱的新型电／光调制器

报道了利用周期性的极转技术制作准速度匹配型电／光调制器，并以这种调制器产生超宽边带光谱的结果。电光晶体ＬｉＴａＯ３的极性分布周期的反转之后，在１６．２５ＧＨｚ的调制频率下，实现了微波与光波的准速度匹配，可以不局限于调制频率的高低，从而在增加相互作用长度的前提下充分提高调效率，调制度已达到５７ｒａｄ，产生的宽边带光谱的半值全宽为１．８５ＴＨｚ。     

外调制激光器输出功率高精度控制技术研究

为了研究高速1550 nm微波光纤链路的高精度外调制特性,针对多量子阱分布反馈激光器的物理模型讨论了输出功率、阈值电流与温度的依赖关系,建立了相应的恒温恒功率控制电路,使激光器输出功率稳定在±0.005 dB以内,调制输出3 dB谱宽为0.5 nm,边模平坦,边模抑制比大于30 dB。另外设计了自动增益控制电路和附加相位调制电路,对外调制阶段的光功率进行控制。实验结果表明,采用1550 nm激光器及上述控制电路构成相应的外调制微波光纤链路系统,可有效地提高光发射模块输出光功率的稳定性,克服了直接调制带来的光谱展宽和消光比不稳定的缺点,实现了微波信号的高线性低失真传输。     

Microwave photonic filter with negative coefficients based on counter-phase modulation using a single electro-optic phase modulator

A simple photonic approach is proposed for the implementation of a reconfigurable multi-tap microwave filter with negative coefficients. In this scheme, a dual-optical-input intensity modulation module which can perform counter-phase modulation is constructed using a single electro-optic phase modulator. Two inter-complementary microwave signals are experimentally obtained for verification of the function of counter-phase modulation. A reconfigurable four-tap microwave filter with two negative coefficients is implemented by experiment.     

X波段重频过模返波振荡器实验研究

根据两腔振荡器和返波管的特点研制了过模结构返波振荡器, 该器件主要由调制腔和换能腔(慢波结构)两部分组成. 调制腔既是电子束的预调制腔, 也是微波谐振反射腔, 它同换能腔形成一个过模微波谐振腔,经调制腔调制后的电子束在换能腔中实现束波能量转换. 根据加速器的电子束参数(束压为1 MV,束流为20 kA)设计了一个X波段的高功率微波器件,2.5维粒子模拟程序模拟得到微波频率为8.25 GHz,输出功率为5.70 GW. 用超导磁体作为引导磁场,单次运行输出微波功率为5.20 GW,微波频率为(8.25±0. 关键词： 两腔振荡器 返波振荡器 多波切连科夫发生器     

Laser-controlled switching of dc or rf signals up to the GHz range: A new field of laser application

A new technique for high-speed optoelectronic modulation and switching of dc or rf signals up to the GHz range, using ‘fast’ laser-controlled silicon microstrip devices, has been developed. The technique is based on well known applications of photosensitive CdS or Si devices as switching or triggering elements in ‘slow’ circuitry. The switching actions are achieved via laser- excited highly conductive solid-state plasmas. Applying nanosecond or picosecond laser pulses permits dc pulses or microwave pulses as short as a single cycle to be generated, demonstrating the practical significance of laser application in future pulse shaping and sampling techniques.     

Optical and microwave analysis of mushroom-type waveguides for traveling wave electroabsorption modulators based on asymmetric intra-step-barrier coupled double strained quantum wells by full-vectorial method

The finite difference method is exploited for a full-vectorial analysis of mushroom-type waveguides for traveling wave electroabsorption modulators (TWEAM) based on asymmetric intra-step-barrier coupled double strained quantum wells (AICD-SQW). In this analysis, the discontinuities of the normal components of the electric field across abrupt dielectric interfaces which are known as the limitations of scalar and semivectorial approximation methods are considered. The optical field distributions in mushroom-type TWEAM based on AICD-SQW and conventional ridge-type TWEAM of the same active region for 1.55 μm operation are presented. The important parameters in the high-frequency TWEAM design such as optical effective index which defines optical velocity and transverse mode confinement factor are calculated. Then, the transmission line microwave properties (microwave index, microwave loss, and characteristic impedance) of TWEAMs are obtained. The modulation response of mushroom-type TWEAM is calculated using circuit model by considering interaction between microwave and optical fields in waveguide and compared with conventional ridge-type TWEAM. It is found that increasing the width of p-cladding layer with the same i-layer to reduce the resistance in p-i-n mushroom-type waveguide of TWEAM based on AICD-SQW can improve the microwave propagation loss and thus the high-speed electro-optical response.