Raman Microscopy and Associated Techniques for Label-Free Imaging of Cancer Tissue

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy can identify cancerous from healthy tissue, with a chemical analysis from the measurement of vibrational bond frequencies. However, to detect small tumors a form of Raman imaging is required. Such imaging—by acquiring a Raman spectrum at each imaging pixel—can detect tumors but is rather slow. Multiphoton versions of Raman—anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy—offer similar accuracies in identifying cancerous tissue and tumor margins but with a far higher speed, which is beneficial for diagnosis of small tumors in tissue. SRS microscopy can also be used to image extrinsic molecules in living cells, such as anti-cancer drugs at typical concentrations.     

Laser-Scanning Microscopy for Electrophoretic Mobility Characterization of Single Nanoparticles

To enable detailed studies of interactions between nanoparticles and their environment and the correlations between various nanoparticle properties, one must go beyond ensemble averages and toward single-particle measurements. However, current methodologies for the single-nanoparticle analysis of charge and size either lack the flexibility to study dynamic processes on the single-particle level or are highly specific and require complex microfluidic devices. In addition, accurate measurements of the electrophoretic mobility (or zeta-potential) based on the optical detection of single nanoparticles remain challenging due to the low photon budget, the required sampling frequency, and the fact that electroosmosis in typical microfluidic devices must be analyzed carefully. In this study, a method is investigated to accurately characterize the electrophoretic mobility of individual nanoparticles and estimate their size by simultaneously analyzing the electrokinetic- and Brownian motion in a simple microfluidic channel. Fast laser scanning excitation and sensitive detection of fluorescent photons enable single-nanoparticle velocimetry experiments in an oscillating electric field at high frame rates.     

核分析技术与材料科学

本文扼要地介绍了上海原子核所的核分析手段以及它在材料科学中的应用,它已在表面碰撞反应动力学,离子注入缺陷工程,纳米材料和纳米加工,以及团簇和富勒（Ｆｕｌｌｅｒｅｎｅｓ）等当今几个前沿材料科学研究领域中取得了较为显著的进展． In this paper the nuclear analysis techniques in the Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research and their applications in material science have been briefly introduced. Progresses have been made during recent years in studies, in particular, on the surface collision dynamics, ion implantation defects, nanometer-scale materials and nanometer-processing,cluster and fullerene.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance for quantum computing: Techniques and recent achievements

Rapid developments in quantum information processing have been made, and remarkable achievements have been obtained in recent years, both in theory and experiments. Coherent control of nuclear spin dynamics is a powerful tool for the experimental implementation of quantum schemes in liquid and solid nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) system,especially in liquid-state NMR. Compared with other quantum information processing systems, the NMR platform has the advantages such as the long coherence time, the precise manipulation, and well-developed quantum control techniques,which make it possible to accurately control a quantum system with up to 12-qubits. Extensive applications of liquid-state NMR spectroscopy in quantum information processing such as quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum simulation have been thoroughly studied over half a century. This article introduces the general principles of NMR quantum information processing, and reviews the new-developed techniques. The review will also include the recent achievements of the experimental realization of quantum algorithms for machine learning, quantum simulations for high energy physics, and topological order in NMR. We also discuss the limitation and prospect of liquid-state NMR spectroscopy and the solid-state NMR systems as quantum computing in the article.     

核子微探针技术的发展及其应用研究

核子微探针的发展提供了一种在微米尺度内分析微量元素的强有力的工具,用它研究海洋矿物已成为一项热门的课题．因为象海洋锰结核和海山锰结壳这种海洋矿物的生长速率很慢,一百万年只长几毫米,用核子微探针能够直接地、仔细地观察这些矿物缓慢的生长过程．核子激探针能够测量单个细胞中微量元素的成分和分布,以及它们对生物的作用．它还能研究在球墨铸铁中微量元素的含量,以及它们对球化过程的影响．目前,ＳＩＮＲ核子微探针的空间分辨率是２ｍｍ,通过改进聚焦系统和扫描图像解卷积技术,分辨率将进一步提高．三维成像技术已经发展成一个重要分支,其中扫描透射显微技术（ＳＴＩＭ）是一个成功的例子．因为成像技术只需要非常小的束流强度,它有可能使核子微探针的分辨率达到纳米水平． The development of nuclear microprobe techniques provides a powerful means for micro-analysis in areas with micron scales. Great interest has been shown in the applications of the nuclear microprobe for investigating marine ores. Because the accumulations of marine ores, such as deep-sea ferromanganese nodules and seamount ferromanganese crusts,are very slow, about a few millimeters per million years, the ability of microscopic analysis of trace elements brings the nuclear microprobe...     

核技术农业应用与展望

本文综述了我国核农学的研究领域及国际上的研究现况,并介绍了我们在这一领域内取得的成果和发展前景。The research status of nuclear agronomy in our country and its development in othercountries are summaried in this paper. The results obtained in nuclear agronomy and its prospect arealso introduced.     

用于核物理研究的精密激光谱技术的发展和展望

原子核基本性质（自旋、质量、寿命、磁矩、电四极矩和电荷半径等）与原子核的内在结构密切相关,是检验和发展原子核理论模型的重要依据。实验上可以通过多学科交叉的精密激光谱技术测量原子核外电子的超精细结构和同位素移位,来模型独立地提取原子核的自旋、磁矩、电四极矩和电荷均方根半径等多个核物理参量。这些基本性质的系统测量可以用于探索不稳定原子核中展现出来的新奇的物理现象与规律。近年来,为了测量产额更低的丰中子核的基本性质,激光谱技术不断更新和发展,以实现高分辨、高效率测量。本文详细介绍了激光谱测量的基本原理以及由此发展起来的用于不稳定原子核结构研究的各类互补的激光谱学技术,如共线激光谱（高分辨率低灵敏度）、在源激光谱（高灵敏度低分辨率）、共线共振电离谱（高分辨率高灵敏度）等激光谱技术,以及在不同核区的测量优势和局限。最后结合我国正在发展和规划中的新一代放射性核束装置,讨论精密激光谱技术在国内的发展以及在核物理研究中的应用。     

核探针技术及其应用

核探针的概念起源于电子探针,它综合了离子束分析技术的特点,已成为很有应用前景的分析工具.本文结合上海新建成的核探针,介绍它们的原理、结构和部分应用. In concept,the scanning nuclear microprobe is similar to the scanning electron micro-probe,but has much higher sensitivity for microanalysis.The main features and the construction of thenew-built Nuclear Microprobe in Shanghai are described.It has been proved to be an ideal tool for mi-croanalysis in the fields of medical and biology,metallurg,microelectronics,archaeology and earthsciences.Its potentiality is demonstrated with examples in the applications of these fields.     

现代核物理及其发展

本文概述了核物理新的研究机遇,这机遇是:(1)在核介质内,寻找和研究夸克自由度,研究强相互作用的基本理论QCD;(2)研究核物态方程;(3)研究夸克胶子等离子体(QGP);(4)研究各种极端条件下的核结构;(5)核介质用于精确研究强、电弱相互作用的基本性质等。为此,4GeV连续束电子加速器CEBAF、相对论重离子对撞机RHIC正在建造,强子装置和放射性核束加速器正在筹备。 The most new scientific opportunities of nuclear physics are: the exploration of the quark degrees of freedom and of the underlying theory of the strong interaction, QCD, in the nuclearmedium; the study of the nuclear equation of state and of quark-gluon plasma (QGP); the study ofnuclear structure at the limits of temperature, angular momentum, and neutron-to-proton ratios; theuse of the nuclear medium for precision studies of fundamental aspects of the strong and...     

Application of Spectroscopy and Microscopy Techniques in Surface Coatings Evaluation: A Review

Abstract: This article presents a review of the published articles related to the novel application of spectroscopy and microscopy methods in paint and coatings quality evaluation. Traditional and simple techniques have been used in paint and coating industry for many years and proven to be effective. However, the paint and coating industry faces new formulations with nontraditional applications. Therefore, the industry needs to adjust itself with the current sophisticated production and testing methods. There are a number of modern microscopy and spectroscopy techniques that can be utilized in the paint and coating industry for a better understanding of the product quality and/or application performance. This, in particular, is highly applicable in modern and nontraditional applications such as nanotechnology and smart coatings. Though importance of spectroscopy and microscopy methods is being increasingly recognized in the industry, there is no current comprehensive review available to highlight the need for novel application of these techniques in surface coatings evaluations.     

井下核磁共振流体分析实验室及其应用

井下流体分析在储层实时评价有十分重要的应用. 该文介绍了NMR流体分析实验室的发展,并以哈里伯顿的井下NMR流体分析实验室为例, 详细讨论了其关键技术,包括探头结构、磁体结构和电路结构,探讨了获取流体核磁共振特性参数的测量方法. NMR流体分析实验室可以获取流体的多种重要参数,结合NMR测井能够进行综合解释,其实时评价性能实现NMR测量的优势.     

羧甲基茯苓多糖结构的红外光谱表征与原子力显微镜观测

用傅里叶变换红外光谱对羧甲基茯苓多糖(carboxymethylpachymaran, CMP)的结构进行了表征,用原子力显微镜(atomic force microscopy, AFM)对不同溶液环境下CMP的形态变化进行了观测。结果表明：经过羧甲基修饰,茯苓多糖在水中的溶解性显著增加,890 cm-1处的β-D-葡聚糖特征吸收峰明显减弱,1 333 cm-1处出现次甲基振动吸收峰,1 606 cm-1处出现CO非对称伸缩振动吸收峰,表明羧甲基化成功;原子力显微镜分析表明：在不同溶液条件下,CMP分子以不同形态存在,多糖溶液的浓度、离子强度及溶剂的物化特性均能对CMP的分子链构象及链间相互作用形式产生影响,推测可能与CMP分子内、分子间的氢键缔合及静电作用有关,CMP分子与云母基底间的吸附及静电作用也会对CMP的分子链构象及图像质量产生影响。     

Advantages of Production of New Fissionable Nuclides for the Nuclear Power Industry in Hybrid Fusion-Fission Reactors

A concept of a large-scale nuclear power engineering system equipped with fusion and fission reactors is presented. The reactors have a joint fuel cycle, which imposes the lowest risk of the radiation impact on the environment. The formation of such a system is considered within the framework of the evolution of the current nuclear power industry with the dominance of thermal reactors, gradual transition to the thorium fuel cycle, and integration into the system of the hybrid fusion-fission reactors for breeding nuclear fuel for fission reactors. Such evolution of the nuclear power engineering system will allow preservation of the existing structure with the dominance of thermal reactors, enable the reprocessing of the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) with low burnup, and prevent the dangerous accumulation of minor actinides. The proposed structure of the nuclear power engineering system minimizes the risk of radioactive contamination of the environment and the SNF reprocessing facilities, decreasing it by more than one order of magnitude in comparison with the proposed scheme of closing the uranium–plutonium fuel cycle based on the reprocessing of SNF with high burnup from fast reactors.     

Visualization and Characterization of Discontinuous Particle Films of Polystyrene by Atomic Force Microscopy

Discontinuous particle films of polystyrene (PS) with different molecular weights were prepared by the methods of spin coating (SPC) and droplet evaporation (DE) at room temperature on mica substrates. Visualization and characterization of these samples were performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the dimensions of the particles in the films increased with molecular weight. The dimensions of the particles in the films derived from SPC exhibited better uniformity than those from DE. During the steps of particle film formation by SPC, the PS molecules gathered in large clusters at the early stage, then the polymer aggregates were separated or spun off, and more and more particles emerged, finally the clusters vanished and the particle film formed. The particles of the spin-coated film dewetted after annealing and numerous individual polymer chains appeared newly on the mica substrate.     

Characterization and Suppression Techniques for Degree of Radiation Damping in Inversion Recovery Measurements

Radiation damping is a phenomenon in which transverse nuclear magnetization couples with the current in a coil used in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. This results in an additional magnetic field that increases the relaxation pathway for the magnetization, which then relaxes back to equilibrium more quickly. Radiation damping has been shown to affect longitudinal relaxation time (T₁) measurement in inversion recovery experiments. In this work, we demonstrate that the extent of radiation damping depends upon the T₁ of the sample. Radiation damping difference spectroscopy is used to characterize the severity of radiation damping, while gradient inversion recovery is used for radiation damping suppression in T₁ measurements. At field strength of 9.4 T, for the radiation damping characteristic time (T_rd) of 50 ms, these investigations show non-negligible radiation damping effects for T₁ values greater than T_rd, with severe distortions for T₁ longer than about 150 ms, showing reasonable agreement with the predicted T_rd. We also report a discrepancy between published expressions for the characteristic radiation damping time.     

精密角度传感器及其标定技术的研究

介绍了精密角度传感器和不使用任何精密参考仪器的角度传感器的自标定方法。采用补偿技术制作了一对角度传感器,可以克服光源热漂移带来的影响,并进行了标定。两个角度传感器的测量范围为180″,分辨率分别为0．003″,0．004″。平均灵敏度标定的重复性误差为0．015％,线性误差的标定重复性误差为0．015″。     

全开放式单边核磁共振探测器及其应用

全开放式单边核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)系统具有成本低、易便携、可实时无损检测等特点.该文介绍了单边NMR探测器的发展,重点以德国亚琛工业大学Blumich教授团队研发的NMR-MOUSE(NMR mobile universal surface explorer)探测器为例,详细讨论了其硬件结构,探讨了单边NMR的测量方法,最后介绍了单边NMR探测器在波谱分析和生物医学等领域中的应用.     

低能实验核物理及其应用

简要地介绍了北京大学技术物理系和重离子物理研究所近年来在低能实验核物理及其应用方面的部分研究工作.Some recent studies on the low energy experimental nuclear physics and its applications at the Department of Technicsal Physics and the Institute of Heavy Ion Physics of Peking University are beiefly introduced in this paper.     

Refractive Lenses for Microscopy and Nanoanalysis

X-rays offer indispensable opportunities for science, medicine, and technology due to a large variety of exceptional properties. The large penetration depth of X-rays in matter allows one to investigate the inner structures of an object without destructive sample preparation, or inside special sample environments, such as chemical reactors or pressure cells. In this way, X-rays are ideally suited to study physical and chemical processes in situ and operando. In addition, X-ray analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, and absorption, provide atomic-scale structure information, elemental concentrations, and the chemical state of a given elemental species inside the sample. With the advent of highly brilliant synchrotron radiation sources of the third generation, it became possible to combine X-ray analytics with microscopy, triggering the rapid development of new types of optics for X-rays, amongst which refractive X-ray lenses have progressed at a spectacular pace.