丙烯丁烯共聚物的组成和等规度分布

丙烯丁烯共聚物的组成和等规度分布徐君庭封麟先杨士林（浙江大学高分子科学与工程学系杭州３１００２７）关键词丙烯丁烯共聚物，Ｚｉｅｇｌｅｒ Ｎａｔａ催化剂，分级用负载型Ｚｉｅｇｌｅｒ Ｎａｔａ催化剂制备的聚丙烯其等规度往往分布较宽，具有一定的分散性...     

碳笼烯-60对Ziegler-Nata催化剂催化苯乙烯聚合的影响

碳笼烯 ６０对Ｚｉｅｇｌｅｒ Ｎａｔａ催化剂催化苯乙烯聚合的影响洪瀚周锡煌李福绵（北京大学化学学院北京１００８７１）关键词碳笼烯 ６０（Ｃ６０），Ｚｉｅｇｌｅｒ Ｎａｔａ催化剂，配位聚合，等规聚苯乙烯Ｃ６０独特的球笼形空间结构和电子结构决定了其有许...     

茂金属催化剂催化苯乙烯间规聚合 Ⅰ.Cp Ti(CH_2SiMe_3)_3/B(C_6F_5)_3催化体系

考察了新型催化剂Ｃｐ＊Ｔｉ（ＣＨ２ＳｉＭｅ３）３／Ｂ（Ｃ６Ｆ５）３催化苯乙烯间规聚合的性能．结果表明，Ｃｐ＊Ｔｉ（ＣＨ２ＳｉＭｅ３）３与Ｂ（Ｃ６Ｆ５）３等摩尔混合可形成高活性的催化剂，催化活性高达（０．７～１．３７）×１０７ｇ／（ｍｏｌ２·ｈ），聚苯乙烯的间规度为９５％以上．Ｂ（Ｃ６Ｆ５）３／Ｔｉ摩尔比不等于１时，其催化活性和间规立构选择性都明显降低．Ａｌ（ｉ－Ｂｕ）３的加入不仅显著提高催化活性和间规立构选择性，而且还提高了间规聚苯乙烯的相对分子量．最佳聚合温度为３４３Ｋ．在ｃ（Ｓｔ）＝０．４４～６．５６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内，苯乙烯聚合速率对苯乙烯单体呈一级反应，苯乙烯转化率和间规聚苯乙烯的相对分子量随反应时间的增加而提高．     

硅烷类外给电子体的取代基变化对丙烯聚合影响的研究

合成了2种新型硅烷化合物双环己基二甲氧基硅烷(Donor-H)、双哌啶二甲氧基硅烷(Donor-Py),将其与工业化的环己基甲基二甲氧基硅烷(Donor-C)分别作为外给电子体,用于MgCl2负载的Ziegler-Natta催化剂催化丙烯聚合,通过DSC、GPC、SSA和13C-NMR等分析手段研究了3种外给电子体取代基的变化对催化剂的催化活性、氢调敏感性、聚丙烯的等规度、分子量分布、结晶能力、等规序列分布的影响.结果表明,随着外给电子体取代基体积的增大,外给电子体的给电子能力逐渐增强.与Donor-C相比,随着外给电子体取代基体积的增大,合成的具有较大取代基的Donor-H和Donor-Py用于丙烯聚合时都表现优异的催化性能,特别是新型含有N杂原子的氨基硅烷类Donor-Py为外给电子体的催化剂的催化活性和制备的聚丙烯的等规度最高,聚丙烯的熔融指数可调范围最宽,结晶能力更强.氨基硅烷类Donor-Py制备的聚丙烯SSA热分级后的高等规组分含量最多,可高达64.5%,聚丙烯等规序列长度最长,聚丙烯的等规序列分布最窄,而且13C-NMR结果也表明聚丙烯等规序列长度MSL最长,聚丙烯的分子链最规整.     

新型非对称二醚给电子体丙烯聚合催化剂研究

1,3－丙二醚类化合物为给电子体合成的新一类复相Ziegler－Natta催化剂（Z-N催化剂）,其用于丙烯聚合时,在无需外加给电子体的情况下,可得到高活性的催化剂和高等规度的聚丙烯,催化剂的活性是以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为内给电子体合成的Z-N催化剂的2～3倍,且得到聚丙烯的等规度大于95％[1-4]．由于1,3－丙二醚类化合物与载体的配位作用较强,不易与AlR3反应,因此在丙烯聚合时无需外给电子体,并能降低反应体系的复杂性,有利于研究活性中心结构和聚合机理［5-7]．以往研究均采用对称结构的 1,3－丙二醚类化合物作内给电子体［2-7],其结构如 Scheme 1 所示．本文采用一种新的     

一种提高茂金属载体催化剂催化性能的方法

茂金属配合物（Ｍｃ）是继Ｚｉｅｇｌｅｒ－Ｎａｔａ催化剂之后的最重要的新一代聚烯烃催化剂，尤其是１９８０年Ｋａｍｉｎｓｋｙ催化剂体系Ｃｐ２ＺｒＣｌ２／ＭＡＯ的诞生，是均相聚烯烃发展史上一次大革命。甲基铝氧烷（ＭＡＯ）作为助催化剂的催化剂体系相对于传统催...     

Ansa-茂锆催化剂对乙烯/1-辛烯共聚合研究

乙烯与α 烯烃共聚合可制得线性低密度聚乙烯等重要塑料产品．用茂金属催化剂与甲基铝氧烷（ＭＡＯ）助催化剂合成的乙烯／α 烯烃共聚物具有共单体分布均匀，分子量分布窄等特点，其性能比传统的Ｚｉｅｇｌｅｒ Ｎａｔａ催化剂体系所得共聚物优越．茂金属化合物的结构...     

茂金属催化丙烯间规聚合的研究进展

间规聚丙烯的结构独特新颖,具有良好的透明性、透气性以及耐辐射性等性能。由间规聚丙烯制成的共混材料,在医疗产品、包装和汽车配件等方面具有巨大的潜在用途。要得到性能优异的商品化间规聚丙烯,就需要在催化剂的选择性、催化剂负载化和聚合工艺等方面做深入研究。本文综述了间规选择性茂金属催化剂及其聚丙烯产品的研发进展,着重介绍了间规选择性茂金属催化剂的发展及其影响催化性能的因素,同时涉及间规聚丙烯的生产工艺以及间规聚丙烯产品的加工应用等方面。     

稀土催化合成等规聚苯乙烯

稀土催化合成等规聚苯乙烯刘丽郑玉莲龚志＊景遐斌（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所长春１３００２２）关键词等规聚苯乙烯，稀土配位催化剂，苯乙烯，配位聚合１９９７－０１－０４收稿，１９９７－０６－０３修回催化合成等规聚苯乙烯的催化剂主要有钛、镍等体系［１，２...     

等规聚苯乙烯的合成及其结晶性能

用负载型钛系催化剂ＭｇＣｌ_２／ＴｉＣＬ_４，ＮｄＣｌ_３／ＡｌＥｔ_３（ＳＮ－１催化剂）在甲苯溶剂中进行苯乙烯的定向聚合，单体转化率。催化效率和产物的等规度随单体浓度增大先是提高，达到最大值后，逐渐下降，等规度最高可达９８％．产物的分子量则随单体浓度增大而增大．ＤＳＣ测定表明，产物中的无规物（ａＰＳ）有利于等规聚苯乙烯（ｉＰＳ）结晶，但对结晶的熔点有降低作用．向产物加入更多的ａＰＳ则由于稀释效应而使ｉＰＳ的结晶度线性下降．在聚乙烯（ＰＥ）／ｉＰＳ共混物中，ＰＥ含量对ｉＰＳ的结晶度无显著影响；但在聚碳酸酯（ＰＣ）／ｉＰＳ共混物中，ＰＣ含量对ｉＰＳ的结晶度影响较复杂．     

Some remarks on the core resonance integral as used in the semi-empirical π-electron calculations

A simple semi-theoretical expression for β, the core resonance integral as used in the semi-empirical π-èlectron calculations has been proposed. β's for some standard C ? C and C ? 0 lengths have been evaluated with the proposed formula and the calculated values are compared with those obtained by other semi-theoretical and empirical methods. Electronic spectra of ethylene, formaldehyde, trans-butadiene and benzene have been calculated by a Pariser-Parr-like semi-empirical method with the values of β thus obtained. The calculated spectra are found to be in good agreement with the observed ones.     

Photon and proton induced X-ray cross sections for some elements

The cross sections for the production of K and L shell x-rays in some elements by monoenergetic photons have been measured and the experimental values were compared with the theoretical values. Also, the K shell x-ray production cross sections have been measured for thin targets of some elements by protons over the energy range 1.5–3.0 MeV. The ionisation cross sections were calculated and compared with Johansson's empirical formula.     

乙基橙全息存储双光子单光子过程及非线性光学性质的研究

在MNDO和ZINDO方法基础上,计算了乙基橙分子的几何构型和电子光谱,从理论上探讨了该分子双光子、单光子全息存储的机制。按完全态求和公式编制了计算分子二阶、三阶非线性光学系数β~i~j~k,γ~i~j~k~l的程序并给出了乙基橙分子的β,γ计算值。     

Theoretical analysis of charge-transfer bands of m-chlorophenyl hydrazone of carbonyl cyanide (CPHC) with different electron donors

A theoretical analysis of the charge-transfer bands obtained with m-chlorophenyl hydrazone of carbonyl cyanide (CPHC) with different electron donors has been made using a two structure resonance model. The values of the resonance integral and enthalpy of formation of CPHC-complexes show that they are stronger than halogen atom and tetracyanoethylene complexes of aromatic bases. The values of resonance energies and ionic character for ground and excited states have also been calculated. The deviation in the slope from unity in E_CT vs. I_D plots of most of the CT complexes has been explained by using a new correlation formula. The calculated values of free energies of dissociation for the present systems show a constant value for a similar class of donors.     

Pb-Al二元体系液-固界面自由能的热力学理论计算

以复杂的Warren二元及赝二元常规系统下的液-固界面自由能理论为基础, 借助Pb-Al二元体系为例对其进行简化, 获得了二元非混溶体系液-固界面自由能物理模型, 然后对其热力学公式进行推导, 得出只含两个参变量的理论公式, 并对几种温度下液-固界面自由能(γSL)计算值及用多相平衡(MPE)法得到的实验值作了对比. 结果表明, 改进的物理模型及理论公式易于理解、计算简便, γSL的计算值取决于温度及Al原子分数的两个参变量, 与实验值较好地吻合, 证明了该模型具有结构简单、精度较高的优点, 并可作为其它非混溶体系γSL的计算模型, 为其推广应用奠定基础.     

Comparison of reaction rates for helium plasmas calculated using nonequilibrium and equilibrium electron energy distribution functions

The electron energy distribution functions for helium plasmas have been calculated using the Boltzmann equation. Three characteristic temperatures of these distribution functions have been determined (from mean energy, the Einstein formula, and the logarithmic slope). The reaction rates for nonequilibrium and three equilibrium (corresponding to these three characteristic temperatures) distribution functions have been calculated and compared We have found that the use of equilibrium values for reaction rates of processes going from the ground state can lead to great errors in results, the use of equilibrium values for processes going from higher levels is possible for higher reduced electric fields, and there is no problem with using equilibrium values. for superelastic processes.     

Anomalous density and refractive index variation of a nematic liquid crystal

This paper reports the results of the measurement of refractive indices and densities of p-ethoxyphenyl trans-4-butyl cyclohexane carboxylate at different temperatures. The molecular polarizabilities have been calculated from refractive indices using Vuks' formula and orientational order parameters are determined from the polarizability values. The order parameter values have been compared with those obtained from Maier-Saupe theory. The compound shows anomalous behaviour regarding variation of density, ordinary refractive index and order parameter values with temperature. This is consistent with our previous X-ray study of this compound. The possible reason for this peculiar behaviour has been discussed.     

醇类在惰性溶剂中的缔合溶液热力学

用Kretschmer-Wiebe模型结合Hildebrand-Scatchard公式处理含醇体系的活度系γ_i,得到醇类的自身缔合平衡常数K_A和氢键生成焓h_A。在烷烃溶剂中,K_A与烷烃的碳原子数关系不显著。在同一溶剂中,K_A依下列顺序减小: 甲醇>乙醇>正丙醇>正丁醇; 正丙醇>异丙醇; 正丁醇>异丁醇>仲丁醇>叔丁醇。所测醇类的h_A的平均值为:k_A=-24.3±0.6kJmol~(-1),与醇类的碳原子数及异构关系不显著计算出醇类-角鲨烯体系偏离Hildebrand-Scatchard公式的相互作用常数l_(AB),l_(AB)均为负值,|l_(AB)|依下列顺序减小: 甲醇>乙醇>正丙醇>正丁醇; 正丙醇>异丙醇; 正丁醇>异丁醇>仲丁醇>叔丁醇     

A formula for the background in TXRF as a function of the incidence angle and substrate material

A simple formula has been developed that allows the calculation of the background contributed by the substrate in TXRF both exactly and in absolute terms. The scattered X-radiation from any surface is described as a function of the incidence angle and of the X-ray cross sections for scattering and total absorption of the substrate material. The formula has been confirmed experimentally for silicon, acryl and gold. Measured and calculated values agree within reasonable limits. The deviations between predicted and measured data decrease with increasing angle of incidence from up to 20% in the low angle regime down to a few percent beyond the critical angle of total reflection as a result of the decreasing influence of surface roughness.     

Theoretical calculation of electrical resistivity in liquid sodium and potassium

As a direct numerical test of Ziman formula for the static resistivity of monovalent liquid metals, constant pressure resistivities of liquid potassium at 338 K and 408 K and liquid sodium at 373 K and 473 K have been calculated using a recently proposed form factor and a liquid structure factor obtained from Monte Carlo calculations. The procedure is fundamental in that no parameters have been adjusted to fit experimental values at any stage. The resistivity results are in good agreement with experiment at the above mentioned temperatures, but it appears that the formula may become less accurate at higher temperatures.