非均衡经济计量模型专题讲座 第四讲 样本分割已知的非均衡模型(Ⅱ):定量模型

定向模型是根据△Pt的符号——价格变动的方向来分割成交量Qt的样本的,因而定向模型必然包含样本分割方程.在定向模型中,价格是一个外生变量,这意味着定向模型只考虑了价格对需求和供给的影响,而忽略了需求和供给对价格的作用.作为对定向模型的一种改进,我们引入另一种样本分割已知的模型——定量模型.在定量模型中,价格作为内生变量,一方面,价格的变动方向和变动幅度取决于过度需求的符号和数值,另一方面,价格的变动又影响需求和供给的变动.定量模型较完整地描述了非均衡市场的运行机制,是非均衡模型的雏形. 一、定量模型的二阶段最小二乘…     

基于有向加权网络的价格传导时滞模型

传统的投入产出价格模型利用矩阵描述并分析价格传导过程.因矩阵表述方式属二维模型,故而无法反映价格随时间变化的动态关系.利用有向加权网络描述各产业部门及部门间的价格传导关系,并将时间维度引入构建了价格传导网络模型,考察价格传导时滞的影响.与现有投入产出价格模型相比,模型具有以下三个优势:一是可计算任意时刻的价格传导波动,而传统投入产出价格模型只是该模型在价格传导时间趋向无穷时的特例;二是模型考虑了各部门不同的价格传导时滞的影响,对价格传导过程描述更加精确;三是该模型不受二维矩阵算法的限制,计算复杂度低,易于仿真模拟.     

两个或多个几何平均价格的最小或最大值期权的定价

两个或多个几何平均价格的最小或最大值期权是金融领域极具应用前景的新型复合期权.提出了一种新方法,简单而巧妙地得到了两个几何平均价格的最小值期权价格的解析公式.将该法直接推广,首次得到多个几何平均价格的最小和最大值期权的解析公式.首次给出的数值算例表明两个几何平均价格的最小值期权要比相应的最大值期权便宜,而它们都要比两资产的最大值期权便宜.若考虑红利率,则它们两者的价格都会减少.     

二元数字期权定价与copula的关系

首先简要介绍了 copula的一些基本概念和性质 ,然后探讨了一种多元未定权益——二元数字期权的价格与 copula的关系 .结论表明 ,一个二元数字期权的价格恰好是一个 copula函数 ,由此结论进而给出了根据实际数据获得二元数字期权价格的基本思路和步骤 .     

动态价格下Logistic生长模型的捕获问题

基于市场价格受供给和需求影响,建立一种新型的动态价格下的捕获模型,并对此模型进行了动力学分析.在经济意义下,如果捕获相同数量的生物种群,那么在均衡价格下的捕获努力量会低于常数价格下的捕获努力量,这将为如何降低捕捞成本提供有价值的理论借鉴.     

供应链协调中供应商的价格歧视策略

分析了包含一个供应商和两个不同零售商的供应链网络的协调问题.将这一问题构建为一个两层次的博弈模型:零售商之间的非合作博弈以及供应商与零售商之间的Stackelberg博弈.博弈的均衡表明,通过简单的价格歧视,供应商就能够实现整个供应链网络的协调,而且价格歧视的水平与零售商之间的市场容量差异、产品需求的价格敏感系数以及产品的边际生产成本有关.在合理的参数范围内,市场容量更大的零售商所收取的零售价格较低,从供应商那里取货的成本也较低.这样的结论是比较符合现实情形的,这也就说明该模型为现实世界中的价格差异提供了另一种解释.此外,还分析了当供应商无法实施价格歧视时,由此导致的供应链的损失.     

基于马尔科夫区制转换的厦门商品住宅价格模型

厦门市商品住宅价格月度报告通常于下个月初发布,这使得政府对房地产市场的调控具有一定程度的滞后.为能够较为准确的预测房价走势,便于政府适时地提出妥当的决策措施,利用两状态一阶自回归马尔科夫区制转换模型对厦门市2006年至2011年商品住宅月度价格的非线性动态变化进行分析,并对2012年1月至4月的价格进行预测.实证结果表明模型能够形象地表现出厦门商品住宅价格的周期性波动,并较好地进行价格预测.     

“选择资费”的多重价格歧视特性

本文在分析电信业选择资费实例和价格结构的基础上 ,研究了选择资费中的三级和二级价格歧视 ,并提出了多重价格歧视的概念 .研究结果表明 ,电信公司在选择资费中综合运用了三级、二级价格歧视 ,且通过提供多个二部资费计费方案 ,达到双重二级价格歧视和优化二部资费的目的 .选择资费是电信公司应对市场竞争的一种定价策略 ,认识其经济特性有利于我国电信公司和电信管制部门进行科学决策     

石油价格波动与我国进口价格的动态关系研究——基于对油价冲击分解的结构VAR模型

以2000～2008年我国月度数据为研究样本,从油价冲击的正负冲击角度分析国际石油价格波动与我国进口价格之间的存在的动态传导关系,并对其产生的原因进行了讨论.首先采用结构VAR(SVAR)模型对我国进口价格受到的油价冲击进行结构分解,其次用移动平均形式的SVAR模型分析不同油价冲击对进口价格的影响.结果表明,油价上涨对进口价格有显著的正向拉动作用,同期经济需求上涨推动进口价格有较大涨幅;而油价下跌时进口价格跌幅较小,甚至与油价波动存在负相关关系,这主要是由经济需求增加造成的.因此,研究石油价格对进口价格水平的动态传导关系.要区分油价冲击形式,这一结论有助于政府部门针对油价正负冲击的不同影响来制定应对政策,确保经济的稳定发展.     

数量型与价格型货币工具对房地产市场价格的影响机制研究

使用非线性边限(NARDL)模型探索数量型和价格型货币政策工具对房地产市场的影响.结果显示无论数量型货币政策和还是价格型货币政策都会对房地产价格产生非对称性效应.对于数量型货币政策来说,紧缩的货币政策和宽松的货币政策都会显著影响房地产价格.相对而言紧缩的货币政策对房地产市场的影响效果更明显.对于价格型货币政策来说,利率变动对房地产价格的影响在长端呈现非对称特征,而在短期则无此效应.降低利率水平能够推动房地产价格的提升,而提高利率无法有效地约束房地产价格的上涨.     

基于股票分布模型的平均建仓成本价分析

股票价格分布理论的基础上,对平均建仓成本价及其分散程度进行了分析,发现平均建仓成本价与其一期滞后的分散程度成显著的负相关关系.     

Stochastic modelling of household behaviour before,during and after a consumer price promotion

A stochastic model is developed to study household behaviour with regard to purchase quantity, brand choice and purchase timing before, during and after a price change and a price promotion such as price-offs and price-cuts. The basic assumption of the model is that price promotion and levels of consumer inventory influence a household's purchase-timing and brand-switching decisions. The model incorporates market segments and brand switching on aggregated demand for the brands by the use of multivariate Markov processes. A transient stochastic model is employed to analyse the dynamic process of household behaviour before, during, and after a price promotion. The interpurchase time that is derived from the model does not require any assumptions and is not independently, identically distributed. An empirical analysis using the Information Resources Incorporated cracker data indicated that (1) price promotion does affect household purchase of the brand and (2) households with larger family size tend to purchase promoted items. We conjecture that households with larger family size take advantage of the lower price of the promoted brands while smaller households tend to remain loyal to one brand.     

A model of speculative behaviour with a strange attractor

An asset pricing model for a speculative financial market with fundamentalists and chartists is analysed. The model explains bursts of volatility in financial markets, which are not well explained by the traditional finance paradigms. Speculative bubbles arise as a complex non-linear dynamic phenomenon brought about naturally by the dynamic interaction of heterogeneous market participants. Depending on the time lag in the formation of chartists' expectations, the system evolves through several dynamic regimes, finishing in a strange attractor. Chaos provides a self-sustained motion around the rationally expected equilibrium that corresponds to a speculative bubble. In order to explain the role of Chartism, chaotic motion is a very interesting theoretical feature for a speculative financial market model. It provides a complex non-linear dynamic behaviour around the Walrasian equilibrium price produced by deterministic interactions between fundamentalists and chartists. This model could be a link between two opposite views over the behaviour of financial markets: the theorist's literature view that claims the random motion of asset prices, and the chartist's position extensively adopted by market professionals.     

消费者信心指数与CPI分类指数的动态分析

针对消费者信心指数(CCI)与CPI、CPI分类指数构建了长期自回归分布滞后模型和短期误差修正模型.实证结果表明,一方面,CCI和CPI、各个CPI分类指数之间不仅存在时滞性的长期均衡关系,而且存在短期调整特征.另一方面,CPI和CPI分类指数与CCI的动态特征存在显著差异.因此,在分析CCI对价格预测作用时,在关注CPI和CPI分类指数的同时,也需要关注CCI与CPI分类指数的长期均衡和短期调整的时滞性,以便更好地发挥CCI预测经济走势的先行指标功能.     

交易行为可作为价格波动的先行指标吗?——基于线性与非线性模型的比较研究

本文基于沪深300股指期货四个不同样本期的1分钟交易数据,比较研究了静态线性的马尔可夫转换自回归模型MSA(Markov Switch Autoregress Model)和动态非线性Symmetrised Joe-Clayton Copula模型在对金融变量间相互关系上建模的适用性。研究结果表明,当期价格波动与滞后一期交易行为间不存在稳定的线性关系,但存在明显的尾部相关结构,并且其相关性在趋势行情中尤为显著。这一结果不但表明,趋势行情中滞后一期的交易行为可以作为当期价格波动的先行指标,还展现出了非线性Copula模型在描述金融变量间的相互关系上的适用性和显著优势。     

水价政策对农户灌溉用水行为的影响——基于农户行为模型的理论分析

水资源用水总量控制与定额管理相结合的制度已成为我国水法的重要制度.但是定额管理制度的实行必须与水价政策相结合才能有效地激励人们节约用水,而且不同的水价政策对人们用水行为的影响也可能存在差异.通过建立农户灌溉用水行为模型,利用比较静态分析方法分析单一水价与超定额累进加价这两种水价政策对农户用水行为的影响.分析表明,单一水价与超定额累进加价均会激励农户采用灌溉效率高的灌溉技术或对农户的种植面积和种植结构产生影响并对当地的农地流转市场产生影响.进一步的分析表明,超定额累进加价政策对农户行为的影响更大,但其有效性取决于合理的定价.     

基于综合流动性度量指标的中国期货市场流动性溢价研究

本文从流动性成本、流动性波动和到期日三个角度出发构建了衡量期货市场的综合流动性度量指标,并利用该指标对中国期货市场的流动性溢价问题进行研究。实证结果表明,流动性水平的差异对不同到期日期货合约的收益差异的影响存在差异性,当期流动性水平差异及其滞后期对收益差额的波动影响显著,其中,期货铜和铝市场中流动性对收益差额的影响存在过度反应→适度矫正的过程。     

Analysis and design of returns policies from a supplier's perspective

This paper considers the problem of designing a returns policy in a supply chain from a supplier's perspective. The supply chain considered here is assumed to have one supplier and one retailer who serves a random demand of a product with a short life cycle. The retailer can return all the unsold products to the supplier with a partial refund. We found that if the retailer behaviour is rational, that is, ordering the optimal quantity to maximize its expected profit, then both retailer and supplier could benefit from the returns policy. Furthermore, we established that the optimal buyback price is independent of the mean of the random demand, but the variance of the demand has a significant impact on setting the optimal buyback price. The higher the variance the higher the optimal buyback price and the larger the profit gain of both parties. Numerical studies are employed to help understand the benefits of returns policies for the supplier, the retailer, and the whole supply chain.     

Market power analysis in electricity markets using supply function equilibrium model

This paper presents a surveillance method based on the gametheory which is used by the ISO to find whether a power supplierin an electricity market has market power. The paper uses thesupply function equilibrium model to analyse the generationsuppliers’ bidding behaviour and models the ISO's marketpower monitoring problem as a bi-level multi-objective problem.The outer sub-problem is a multi-objective problem which maximizessuppliers’ payoffs, while the inner one is the ISO's marketclearing problem based on the locational marginal pricing mechanism.A discrete method is adopted to find ‘good enough’solutions, in a continuous bidding strategy space, which arethe intersection of all suppliers’ optimal response spacesaccording to Nash equilibrium. The paper utilizes the IEEE 118-bussystem to illustrate the application of the proposed methodwith three suppliers as price setters in the energy market andthe other generators as price takers. The numerical resultsshow that the transmission congestion may enhance the suppliers’ability to exercise market power. Likewise, suppliers’gaming behaviour could relieve the transmission congestion.It is shown that applying price caps is an efficient way ofmitigating market power.     

The asymptotic behavior of dynamic producer-consumer systems

Dynamic Arrow-type price dynamics are investigated in a continuous time framework. The existence of a unique equilibrium is first proved under realistic conditions. Then, the local asymptotic stability of the equilibrium in the presence of instantaneous price and output information is shown. Continuously distributed time lags are then assumed in obtaining and implementing price and output information, or equivalently, it may be assumed that the firms and/or the market wants to react to long term effects rather than to follow sudden changes in price or outputs. If a time lag is assumed only in estimating the demand in the market, then the local asymptotic stability of the equilibrium is preserved. If the producers also use delayed information, then instability may occur. Stability conditions are derived and in the case of bifurcation the possibility of the birth of limit cycles is explored.