时变环境与损伤耦合下桥梁结构频率及阻尼比的统计分析

对时变环境与损伤耦合下我国某斜拉桥的结构频率及阻尼比进行统计分析,以提高结构损伤识别的精度.首先,利用该桥的长期监测数据,采用环境激励技术结合特征系统实现算法识别该桥梁结构的频率及阻尼比;其次,利用人工神经网络算法建立该桥梁结构的环境温度与结构频率及阻尼比的关系模型;然后,通过统计分析,建立完好状态下该桥梁结构模态参数误差因子的概率分布模型;最后,通过分析不同时段与完好结构状态下该桥梁结构模态参数误差因子的相交概率比识别结构损伤,并利用该桥的实测结果验证所提算法的有效性.     

基于转角模态和小波神经网络的连续梁损伤识别研究

基于小波奇异性检测原理和神经网络非线性映射能力,结合结构基本模态参数,提出了一种结合小波神经网络与结构转角模态的损伤识别方法．首先,建立三跨连续梁的有限元模型获取结构模态参数,并对其进行Mexihat小波变换,通过系数图突变点判断结构损伤位置．然后,将小波系数模特征向量作为BP神经网络的输入,分别研究了该方法在单损伤和多损伤工况下的识别能力．最后将不同工况下神经网络预测值与结构实际损伤程度进行对比,得到单处损伤预测误差平均值为0.22%,多处损伤预测误差平均值分别为0.22%和0.18%,结果表明该方法在结构损伤识别方面的有较高有效性及精确度．     

利用Kriging方法进行结构模型修改

结构模型修改已经演化为一个多学科的研究课题，本文将该问题处理为确定从模态参数到模型参数之间的映射问题，并利用起源于地质统计学的Kriging技术实现该映射。对于一实际钢结构，通过实验测量得到了全部摸态数据，利用部分测量得到的模态数据进行了模型修改的实验研究，实验结果表明，利用修改后模型计算得到的全部摸态数据与测量结果吻合良好，表明该模型修改方法是可行的；同时该方法表现出了与基于神经网络的修改方法的互补特性。     

基于模态柔度曲率的砖石古塔损伤识别研究

损伤识别是结构性能评估的有效途径之一,砖石古塔的模态柔度曲率是进行损伤识别的有效参数之一。为研究古塔结构损伤机制与模态柔度曲率的关系,依据兴教寺窥基塔结构模型振动台试验及数值模拟结果,分析周期性荷载作用下塔体动力响应及破坏特征,建立了塔体损伤程度与模态参数的关系模型。结果表明,古塔结构开裂破坏后,刚度减小,模态柔度曲率增大;数值计算与试验测试所得加速度及频域响应规律一致,塔体模型结构试件的开裂损伤随加载工况增多而持续累积,加载前期损伤参数变化缓慢,而后保持稳定,试验及模拟所得塔体的破坏过程一致。因此,塔体模态柔度曲率变化与古塔结构损伤累积具有一致性,可用于有效可靠识别砖石古塔结构损伤识别。     

Modal parameter identification based on ARMAV and state–space approaches

An accurate prediction for the response of civil and mechanical engineering structures subject to ambient excitation requires the information of dynamic properties of these structures including natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes. Since the excitation force is not available as a measured signal, we need to develop techniques which are capable of accurately extracting the modal parameters from output-only data. This article presents the results of modal parameter identification using two time-domain methods as follows: the autoregressive moving average vector (ARMAV) method and the state–space method. These methods directly work with the recorded time signals and allow the analysis of structures where only the output is measured, while the input is unmeasured and unknown. The equivalence between ARMAV and state–space approaches for the problem of modal parameter identification of vibrating systems is shown in the article. Using only the singular value decomposition of a block Hankel matrix of sample covariances, it is shown that these two approaches give identical modal parameters in the case where the block Hankel matrix has full row rank. The time-domain modal identification algorithms have a serious problem of model order determination: when extracting structural modes these algorithms always generate spurious modes. A modal indicator to differentiate spurious and structural modes is presented. Numerical and experimental examples are given to show the effectiveness of the ARMAV or state–space approaches in modal parameter identification using response data only.     

Crack parameter estimation in structures using finite element modeling

This paper addresses the problem of linear crack quantification, crack depth estimation and localization, in structures. An optimization technique based on a finite element model for cracked structural elements is employed in the estimation of crack parameters for beam, truss and two-dimensional frame structures. The modal data for the cracked structures are obtained by solving the corresponding eigenvalue problem. The error in the modal data is simulated by an additive noise that follows the normal distribution. The simulated reduced modal data is expanded using the eigenvector projection method. Numerical examples showed that this technique gives good results for cracks with high depth ratio. The accuracy of the estimated crack parameters depends on (1) the number of modes used, (2) the error level in the cracked structure modal data and (3) the number of measured degrees of freedom in the case of reduced modal data.     

基于贝叶斯方法的模态参数识别的不确定度分析

振动模态分析和模态参数识别是动态测试的一个重要研究方向。模态参数在模型的修正、响应的预测、系统的健康检测及控制等方面有着重要的作用。但动态测试的不确定度分析,尤其是模态参数的不确定度的研究还十分缺乏。本文主要基于贝叶斯方法,通过傅立叶变换(FFT)建立时域数据和频域数据之间的对应关系。根据共振频带内的多个模态的响应数据得到相对应的模态参数,优化得到模态参数的最佳估计值,评定模态参数识别的不确定度。在固支梁的模态实验中,加速度传感器采集环境激励中的振动数据,运用贝叶斯法进行处理得到模态参数的最佳估计值。在此基础上,通过模态参数的最佳估计值,以及仪器的检定报告数据,结合合成不确度分析方法,系统分析了模态参数识别的不确定度。     

单层短程线网壳结构模型试验研究

模型试验是全面掌握工程结构基本特性的有效手段之一。根据模型相似理论设计并制作了单层短程线网壳结构模型,同时设计了可动砝码加载方案,加工制作了砝码及支托。对结构杆件进行了材料拉伸试验,对结构模型进行了静载试验和模态试验研究,成功获得了结构模型的静内力分布规律及模态参数。试验结果与有限元计算结果对比分析表明,静载试验结果与有限元计算结果吻合较好,模态试验结果与有限元计算结果吻合稍差。所采用的加载方案、试验手段及分析方法对类似的模型试验研究都具有一定的参考价值,所得到的试验数据为大型空间网格结构实际工程的在线损伤识别及健康监测研究提供了第一手资料。     

线性系统模态控制及其时滞补偿

对线性系统模态控制及其时滞补偿进行研究。模态控制分控制全部模态和控制有限模态两种情况 ,时滞补偿采用移相补偿。最后结合算例对两种控制模态下的控制效果和控制有限模态时的时滞补偿进行了数值计算和结果对比     

Parameters identification of cable stayed footbridges using Bayesian inference

Numerical modeling of actual structural systems is a very complex task mainly due to the lack of complete knowledge on the involved parameters. Simplified assumptions on the uncertain geometry, material properties and boundary conditions make the numerical model response differ from the actual structural response. Improvements of the finite element (FE) models to obtain accurate response predictions can be achieved by vibration based FE model updating which uses experimental measures to minimize the differences between the numerical and experimental modal features (i.e. natural frequencies and mode shapes). Within this context, probabilistic model updating procedures based on the Bayes’ theorem were recently proposed in the literature in order to take into account the uncertainties affecting the structural parameters and their influence on the structural response. In this paper, a novel framework to efficiently estimate the posterior marginal PDF of the selected model parameters is proposed. First, the main dynamic parameters to be used for model updating are identified by ambient vibration tests on an actual structural system. Second, a first numerical FE model is developed to perform initial sensitivity analysis. Third, a surrogate model based on polynomial chaos is calibrated on the initial FE model to significantly reduce computational costs. Finally, the posterior marginal PDFs of the chosen model parameters are estimated. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using a FE numerical model describing a curved cable-stayed footbridge located in Terni (Umbria Region, Central Italy).

     

A strain-energy criterion for recognition of identified modes of continuous structural models

In structural modal analysis and modal testing, an important but difficult task is to match the identified natural frequencies and the corresponding modal deflections. This process is called the modal recognition in this paper. There were some treatments towards this problem for the lumped parameter structural models. For the distributed parameter models, however, little research has been reported on the modal recognition problem. In this paper, a strain-energy criterion for modal recognition has been developed. As an example, a distributed parameter model for a two-beam structural system has been formulated, which is expected to simulate the dynamics of a two-arm manipulating system fixed on a shuttle. Transfer matrix method has been used to set up the dynamic equation of the system. The natural frequencies are obtained from the solution of the characteristics equation. Consequently, the mode shape functions are found out analytically.

Strain energy can be viewed as a measure of the structural deformation. When performing modal analysis, we always assume that the structural system is vibrating at a particular natural frequency. The strain energy is, therefore, stored in the deflection caused by such a harmonic motion. The vibration at a particular natural frequency will not produce any strain energy in the other modal components. On the other hand, if a particular mode shape is contributed mostly by the deformation of a specific component of the global structural system, then the great percentage of the total strain energy will be stored in the deformation of that component. Based upon the calculation of the strain energy in the structural components we can find out which component is deformed most and in what motion it is deformed, thereby, the mode shape can be detected. The computer simulation demonstrated that the strain energy indicated an essentially perfect recognition of the identified natural frequencies with the corresponding mode shapes. The creation of the strain-energy criterion consummates the procedure of the distributed parameter modeling, modal identification and parameter estimation.     

基于应变模态和稀疏贝叶斯学习的网架结构损伤识别

传统稀疏贝叶斯学习算法进行损伤识别时需要对每个单元进行刚度损伤系数的迭代更新,当结构单元众多时,存在计算效率低和对振型的完备性要求高等问题.本文提出了损伤识别两步法,首先利用应变模态差指标进行疑似损伤单元的判断;接着以单元刚度损伤系数为目标参数,建立结构损伤识别的多层次稀疏贝叶斯学习模型,利用稀疏贝叶斯学习算法进一步识...     

基于应变脉冲响应协方差的损伤识别方法研究

基于振动参数的结构损伤识别,是近年来土木工程的热点研究课题,振动参数包括频率、振型、频响函数、模态应变能、应变响应和加速度响应等,当结构损伤时,损伤位置附近将产生应力重分布,从而引起应变的变化,因此对比损伤前后的应变或者应变响应参数,可以用来识别结构损伤.提出了一种应变脉冲响应协方差参数,它是应变脉冲响应在时间区间上的能量积分;推导并证明了该参数是结构模态参数(频率,位移模态,应变模态,阻尼等)的函数,可用来表征结构状态.相比于传统的模态参数识别方法,可以保留更高阶的模态参数,而且避免了模态识别可能引起的误差;基于简支钢梁的多种损伤工况,研究和展示了该参数的特性,通过数值模拟发现,该参数能简单直观地判定损伤发生和识别损伤位置,无需建立结构分析模型,只需比较结构损伤前后的应变脉冲响应协方差参数即可;该参数简便易算,具有较好的抗噪性能,对结构损伤敏感,而且对结构刚度减少呈现一致变化特性,所以适合实际工程结构的健康监测和损伤识别.     

结构动力模型修正方法的比较研究及评估

在实际工程中,由结构动力模型得到的计算值与通过试验获得的测量值间往往存在偏差,为了能够精确预测结构的动力响应,依据测量信息修正存在的动力模型是非常必要的.对现有几种有效的用于结构动力模型修正的理论方法(包括基于敏感性分析的矩阵型法、基于神经网络算法的参数型法和基于遗传优化算法的方法)做了详细的综述;介绍了这些方法的步骤和研究进展;并分析了这些动力模型修正方法在工程运用中存在的一些实际问题,如不完整的模态测量值、模型修正的鲁棒性、模型修正的计算效率和收敛性等.最后,通过对一实际的五层钢框架的动力模型修正,比较了这几种方法的优缺点,提出了今后需要解决的问题.      

A fluid–structure interaction model for stability analysis of shells conveying fluid

In this paper, a fluid–structure interaction model for stability analysis of shells conveying fluid is developed. This model is developed for shells of arbitrary geometry and structure and is based on incompressible potential flow. The boundary element method is applied to model the potential flow. The fluid dynamics model is derived by using an inflow/outflow model along with the impermeability condition at the fluid–shell interface. This model is applied to obtain the flow modes and eigenvalues, which are used for the modal representation of the flow field in the shell. Based on the mode shapes and natural frequencies of the shell obtained from an FEM model, the modal analysis technique is used for structural modeling of the shell. Using the linearized Bernoulli equation for unsteady pressure on the fluid–shell interface in combination with the virtual work principle, the generalized structural forces are obtained in terms of the modal coordinates of the fluid flow and the coupled field equations of the fluid–structure are derived. The obtained model is validated by comparison with results in the literature, and very good agreement is demonstrated. Then, some examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the present model to determining the stability conditions of shells with arbitrary geometries.     

FREE VIBRATION OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED,MAGNETO-ELECTRO-ELASTIC, AND MULTILAYERED PLATES

The state-space method is employed to evaluate the modal parameters of functionally graded, magneto-electro-elastic, and multilayered plates. Based on the assumption that the properties of the functionally graded material are exponential, the state equation of structural vibration which takes the displacement and stress of the structure as state variables is derived. The natural frequencies and modal shapes are calculated based on the general solutions of the state equation and boundary conditions given in this paper. The influence of the functionally graded exponential factor on the elastic displacement, electric, and magnetic fields of the structure are discussed by assuming a sandwich plate model with different stacking sequences.     

Identification of dynamic properties of plate-like structures by using a continuum model

The common approach currently used in the aircraft structural analysis is the finite element method. NASA's research in computational structures technology (CST) is helping to develop the finite element analysis to a new stage, although the significant limitations still exist. The elements used in the finite element method are usually void of dynamics. The consequence is that hundreds and thousands of elements are needed to represent large flexible aircraft structures in order to acquire analytical accuracy. To avoid the large dimensionality the current practice is to reduce the order of the model for structural system identification and control synthesis. This approximation, however, can lead to system instability due to the dynamics which are ignored.In contrast, distributed parameter modeling seems to offer a viable alternative to the finite element approach for modeling large flexible aerospace structures. Distributed parameter models have the advantage of improved accuracy, reduced number of modal parameters, and the avoidance of modal order reduction. Most of the effort on the continuum modeling so far is contributed to the beam-like structures which are composed of beams, tethers and rigid bodies. For the aircraft structural analysis, however, another important type of structural elements is plate. The principle of the monocoque or semi-monocoque type of aircraft construction is fundamentally the use of a thin-walled tube to carry compression, tension, shear, and bending. It is necessary, therefore, to expand the continuum modeling methodology to the plate-like structures to satisfy the requirement in the aircraft structural analysis, especially for the monocoque structures.This paper has developed a continuum modeling algorithm for the identification of dynamic properties of plate-like structures. A closed-form solution of the Timoshenko plate equation consistent with the maximum likelihood estimator has been derived. The closed-form expressions of the gradient functions have thereby been resulted from the solution of the partial differential equation. The proposed distributed parameter model involves far fewer unknown parameters than independent modal characteristics for finite element models. Illustration of this approach is given by a computer simulation which shows that the estimated results by using continuum model are reasonably accurate compared with the theoretical results.     

Displacement modal identification method of elastic system under operational condition

Modal identification of engineering structure in operation deals with the estimation of modal parameters from vibration data obtained in working conditions rather than laboratory conditions. After one structure destruction during a flight test, it was strongly required to carry out full-scale model testing to acquire the low-frequency vibration acceleration data of the investigated rocket (its structural dynamic properties could be represented by a beam). These vibration data were used to assess the modal properties of the modified structure. In this paper, a new modal identification method based on vibration displacement is suggested. The displacements of the measured points on the rocket are obtained by the integration of the low-frequency vibration accelerations during free flight test. In the method, the data are filtered through wavelet transform. For comparison, several methods are used to extract the modal frequencies of the investigated beam. In terms of the results of standard deviation of identified frequencies, it is believed that the generalized displacement-based modal identification method is more practicable in modal identification for similar problems.     

利用振动模态测量值和神经网络方法的结构损伤识别研究

提出了一种基于模态测量参数和神经网络的结构损伤检测方法,建造了两种输入方式的BP神经网络,即自振频率以及结合自振频率与振型,并讨论了不同数量的输入信息对结构损伤检测精度和计算效率的影响。证明了输入的参数越多,神经网络就越聪明,训练的收敛速度越快;以及在保证一定的测量精度的情况下,基于频率与振型的损伤识别结果要好于基于频率的检测结果。最后,通过对3层框架模型的4种损伤工况下的结构损伤检测结果的分析,认为利用模态测量参数和神经网络方法能够准确地识别结构损伤的位置,而且能较精确地识别结构损伤的大小。     

Structural mode filtering of a discrete-parameter system using PVDF sensors

This study presents a modal filtering approach to separate the structural modes of a high-rise structure using shaped film sensors. A building-like model structure is constructed to realize the proposed model filtering approach. Since it is difficult to define a modal shape function for discrete-parameter structures, analytical, numerical, and experimental approaches are discussed to determine the shape of the sensor. In experiment, the first structural mode of a high-rise structure is successfully filtered and the robustness of the sensor output against parameter uncertainty is tested Published in Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 136–142, February 2006.