Ring Opening of Benzyl β-D-Galactoside Cyclic Sulfates into Galactose Monosulfates. New Access to 6-Deoxy-Galacto-Hex-5-Enopyranoside and 4-Deoxy-3-Ketogalactopyranoside.

ABSTRACT

The behavior of 3,4- and 4,6-cyclic sulfates derived from benzyl 2,6- and 2,3-di-O-benzyl-β-D-galactopyranosides toward hydrolysis has been studied using aqueous sodium hydroxide under various conditions. Starting from benzyl 2,6-di-O-benzyl-3,4-O-sulfuryl-β-D-galactopyranoside (5), the reaction with aq NaOH in THF gave both 3- and 4-monosulfates 7 and 8 (83%, in 68:32 ratio), while the reaction in DMF led unexpectedly to the 4-deoxy-3-keto derivative 10 in 77% yield after acidic hydrolysis of the intermediate enolester 9. On the other hand, when benzyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-O-sulfuryl-β-D-galactopyranoside (6) was treated with aq NaOH in THF, a mixture of benzyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-6-deoxy-4-O-(sodium sulfonato)-α-L-arabino-hex-5-enopyranoside (11) and benzyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4-deoxy-6-O-(sodium sulfonato)-α-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranoside (12) (in 65:35 ratio) was obtained in 93% yield, giving a new and rapid access to 11, a potential precursor of L-sugars derivatives. Alternatively, BzONBu₄ gave a regiospecific opening reaction of 6 and led to the 6-O-benzoate 4-O-sulfate derivative (13) in excellent yield.     

Low-temperature 15N NMR spectra of reduced 1,3-heterocyclic systems

The ¹⁵N NMR spectra of the O-inside cis-fused conformer of perhydropyrido[1,2-c][1,3]thiazine shows a shielding of the nitrogen of 23.0 ppm relative to the trans-fused conformer. In contrast, ¹⁵N shifts for the cis-and trans-fused conformers of perhydro-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridine and perhydrothiazolo[3,4-a]pyridine show corresponding shieldings of only 0.6 and 2.5 ppm, respectively.     

Syntheses of 6-Amino-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-1,3-oxazin-4-one,an isostere of oxanosine,and the guanosine analog 6-amino-1-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one via ring closure of pyrazole-5-thioureido intermediates

6-Amino-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-1,3-oxazin-4-one ( 4 ), an isostere of the nucleoside antibiotic oxanosine has been synthesized from ethyl 5-amino-1-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylate ( 6 ). Treatment of 6 with ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate in acetone gave the 5-thioureido derivative 7 , which on methylation with methyl iodide afforded ethyl 1-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-[(N'-ethoxycarbonyl-S-methylisothiocarbamoyl)amino]pyrazole-4-carboxylate ( 8 ). Ring closure of 8 under alkaline media furnished 6-amino-1-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-1,3-oxazin-4-one ( 10 ), which on deisopropylidenation afforded 4 in good yield. 6-Amino-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one ( 5 ) has also been synthesized from the AICA riboside congener 5-amino-1-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide ( 12 ). Treatment of 12 with benzoyl isothiocyanate, and subsequent methylation of the reaction product with methyl iodide gave 1-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-[(N'-benzoyl-S-methylisothiocarbamoyl)amino]pyrazole-4-carboxamide ( 15 ). Base mediated cyclization of 15 gave 6-amino-1-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one ( 14 ). Deisopropylidenation of 14 with aqueous trifluoroacetic acid afforded 5 in good yield. Compound 4 was devoid of any significant antiviral or antitumor activity in culture.     

Glycosylidene Carbenes. Part 20. Synthesis of deprotected,spiro-linked C-glycosides of C60

Mannosylidenation of buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀; 1 ) with the 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-protected diazirine 7 and the 2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-protected diazirine 8 leads to the spiro-linked C -glycosides 6 and 10 in 44 and 31% yield, respectively (Scheme). The diazirine 8 was prepared in five steps from 2,3:4,6-di-O-iso-propylidene-α-D -mannopyranose ( 11 ) via the oximes 12 , the (Z)-hydroximolactone 13 , the mesylate 14 , and the diaziridines 15 . Deprotection of the mannosylidenated fullerenes 6 and 10 under acidic conditions gave the partially deprotected diol 9 (97%) and the unprotected mannosylidenated fullerene 16 (73%), respectively. The mannosylidene-fullerenes 6, 9, 10 , and 16 possess a 6–6 ring-bridged σ-homoaromatic structure.     

Diastereoselective synthesis of substituted prolines via 5-endo-trig cyclisations of aza-[2,3]-Wittig sigmatropic rearrangement products

The major diastereoisomers of aza-[2,3]-Wittig sigmatropic rearrangement products from α-amino acid derivatives are susceptible to a rare nucleophilic 5-endo-trig cyclisations of an amine onto a non-conjugated vinylsilane in high yield and complete diastereocontrol. Five examples are presented, with cyclisation yields between 35 and 87%. A rationale for the stereoselectivity of the cyclisation is forwarded based upon the steric control factors that have been documented for the aza-[2,3]-Wittig sigmatropic rearrangement. A discussion of the mechanism in the context of the reaction conditions is also presented. Oxidation of the silyl group to a hydroxyl group and complete removal were demonstrated for synthetic utility.     

Proton magnetic resonance studies of compounds with bridgehead nitrogen. 37–a comparison of the positions of conformational equilibria in 1-methylperhydro-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridines and in 1-methylperhydrothiazolo [3,4-a]pyridines

cis(1-H, 8a-H)-1-Methylperhydro-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridine and cis(1-H, 8a-H)-1-methylperhydrothiazolo[3,4-a]pyridine both adopt exclusively the trans-fused conformation in carbon tetrachloride solution at room temperature. Both parent unsubstituted systems exist under similar conditions as equilibria containing c. 67% (oxazolo compound) and 64% (thiazolo compound) of the trans-fused conformation. In marked contrast to these similar positions of conformational equilibria in both systems the trans(1-H,8a-H)-1-methylperhydrooxazolo[3,4-a]pyridine exists as c. 73% trans-fused in equilibrium with a cis-fused conformation whereas the trans(1-H, 8a-H)-1-methylperhydrothiazolo[3,4-a]pyridine exists almost exclusively in a cis-fused ring conformation. These differences in conformational equilibria are explained in terms of changes in non-bonded interactions.     

A New Approach to the Synthesis of A Key Intermediate in the Synthesis of Lincomycin

6-acetamido-6,8-dideox-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene- D -glycero-α-D-galacto-octopyranos-7-ulose (6), has been synthesised from D -galactose. The side chain elongation was carried out by cyano-amination of the protected dialdo sugar (2), followed by N-acetylation, and a subsequent Grignard reaction.     

Cyanosugars III : The reaction of trimethylsilyl cyanide with keto,epoxy and acetal derivatives of carbohydrates

Reaction of methyl 2-acetamido-4,6-$\text{O}$-benzylidene-2-deoxy-α-$\text{D}$-$\text{ribo}$-hexopyranosid-3-ulose with Me₃SiCN afforded methyl 2-acetamido-4,6-$\text{O}$-benzylidene-3-$\text{C}$-cyano-2-deoxy-3-$\text{O}$-trimethylsilyl-α-$\text{D}$-$\text{allo}$- Reaction of ethyl 4,6-di-$\text{O}$-acetyl-2,3-anhydro-α-$\text{D}$-mannopyranoside with Me₃SiCN gave the corresponding ethyl 4,6-di-$\text{O}$-acetyl-2-$\text{C}$-cyano-2-deoxy-α-$\text{D}$-glucopyranoside. Reaction of methyl 4,6-$\text{O}$-benzylidene-2,3-anhydro-α-$\text{D}$-allopyranoside or methyl 4,6-$\text{O}$-benzylidene-2,3-di-$\text{O}$-tosyl-α-$\text{D}$-glucopyranoside with Me₃SiCN at - 75° or - 50° gave the corresponding methyl 6-$\text{O}$-[(R)-cyano phenyl methyl]-α-$\text{D}$-glyco-pyranosides with high or total regio and stereoselectivity.     

The conversion of pentoses to 3,4-dihydroxyprolines

The synthesis of two naturally-occurring isomers of 3,4-dihydroxyproline is reported. l-2,3-cis-3,4-trans-3,4-Dihydroxyproline was synthesized from l-arabinose in 10 steps and 31% overall yield. The same series of reactions was employed to convert l-xylose to l-2,3-trans-3,4-trans-3,4-dihydroxyproline. Orthogonally protected versions of these amino acids were produced on gram scale, en route to the free amino acids, and these will serve as versatile intermediates in peptide synthesis. This synthetic strategy involved Nα-Fmoc protection and protection of the C3 and C4 secondary alcohols as methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM) ethers.     

SmI2-induced cyclization of optically active (E)- and (Z)-β-alkoxyvinyl sulfoxides with aldehydes

SmI₂-induced reaction of (E)-β-alkoxyvinyl (R)- and (S)-sulfoxides with aldehydes effected a highly stereoselective intramolecular cyclization to give 2,6-anti-2,3-cis- and 2,6-syn-2,3-trans-tetrahydropyran-3-ols, respectively. The reaction of (Z)-(R)-isomer gave 2,6-syn-2,3-cis-tetrahydropyran-3-ol and a ring-opened product, and that of (Z)-(S)-isomer yielded many products.     

Studies on the Synthesis of New 3-(3,5-Diamino-1-substituted-pyrazol-4-yl)azo-thieno[2,3-b]pyridines and 3-(2-Amino-5,7-disubstituted-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-yl)azothieno[2,3-b]pyridines

Coupling the diazonium salt of 3-amino-2-cyano-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine 1 with malononitrile 2 gave 2-cyano-3-(hydrazonomalononitrile)-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine 3 which then reacted with hydrazine compounds 4a-4h to yield corresponding 2-cyano-3-(3,5-diamino-1-substituted-pyrazol-4-yl)azo-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridines 5a-5h. The 2-cyano-3-(2-amino-5,7-disubstituted-pyrazolo-[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-yl)azo-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridines 7a-7f were obtained in good yield by the cyclocondensation reaction of 2-cyano-3-(3,5-diamino-pyrazol-4-yl)azo-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine 5a with the appropriate 1,3-diketones 6a-6f under acidic condition.     

Synthesis of 2-C- and 3-C-Aryl Pyranosides

Abstract

Lithium diphenylcuprate treatment of methyl 2,3-anhydro-4,6-O-benzylidene-D-pyranosides in which the anomeric substituent and the three-membered rings are cis oriented furnished the expected trans-diaxial opening products. When the relationship between the anomeric group and the epoxide was trans, the same experimental conditions led only to recovered starting material. Cyano cuprates of the type R₂CuCNLi₂ added stereoselectively to carbohydrate ketones at C-2 and C-3 from the opposite side relative to the anomeric substituent.     

Dimerization by Hetero Diels-Alder Reaction of Methyl 4,6-O-Benzylidene-3-Deoxy-3-C-Methylene-α-D-Erythro-Hexopyranosid-2-Ulose

Abstract

The dimerization by hetero Diels-Alder reaction of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-3-C-methylene-α-D-erythro-hexopyranosid-2-ulose was found to be regio and stereospecific. The structure of the cycloadduct was assigned from NMR spectrographic and X-ray crystallographic results. These results indicated that this cycloaddition occurred by a concerted hetero Diels-Alder reaction with inverse electron demand.     

Application of Phenyl 1-Selenoglycosides in the Synthesis of a Cell-Wall Tetrameric Fragment of Proteus Vulgaris Strain 5/43

Abstract

DAST-assisted rearrangement of 3-O-allyl-4-O-benzyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl azide followed by treatment of the generated fluorides with ethanethiol and BF₃·OEt₂ gave glycosyl donor ethyl 3-O-allyl-2-azido-4-O-benzyl-2,6-dideoxy-1-thio-α/β-l-glucopyranoside. Stereoselective glycosylation of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β-D-glucopyranoside with ethyl 3-O-allyl-2-azido-4-O-benzyl-2,6-dideoxy-1-thio-α/β-l-glucopyranoside, under the agency of NIS/TfOH afforded methyl 3-O-(3-O-allyl-2-azido-4-O-benzyl-2,6-dideoxy-α-l-glucopyranosyl)-4,6-O-benzyli-dene-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β-D-glucopyranoside. Removal of the allyl function of the latter dimer, followed by condensation with properly protected 2-azido-2-deoxy-glucosyl donors, in the presence of suitable promoters, yielded selectively methyl 3-O-(3-O-[6-O-acetyl-2-azido-3,4-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-azido-4-O-benzyl-2,6-dideoxy-α-l-glucopyranosyl)-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β-D-glucopyranoside. Deacetylation and subsequent glycosylation of the free HO-6 with phenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-1-seleno-β-D-glucopyranoside in the presence of NIS/TfOH furnished a fully protected tetrasaccharide. Deprotection then gave methyl 3-O-(3-O-[6-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl}-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-α-L-glucopyranosyl)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside.     

First synthesis of 4,5-O-isopropylidene-6-thio-d-galactono-1,6-lactone as a precursor of d-galactothioseptanose

Displacement of the bromide group in methyl 6-bromo-6-deoxy-2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-d-galactonate 7, with potassium thioacetate gave methyl 6-(S)-acetyl-2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-6-thio-d-galactonate 8 in quantitative yield. Regioselective removal of the 2,3-ketal protecting group afforded methyl 6-(S)-acetyl-4,5-O-isopropylidene-6-thio-d-galactonate 11 in 70% yield. Saponification of compound 11 gave the 6-(S)-4,5-O-isopropylidene-6-thio-d-galactonic acid 12 in quantitative yield. Treatment of 12 with DIC/HOBt as coupling reagents gave, after cyclisation; the target compound: 4,5-O-isopropylidene 6-thio-d-galactono-1,6-lactone 13 in 49% yield.     

An Alternative Access to (±)-α-Irones and (±)-β-Irone via Acid-Mediated Cyclisation

Acid-mediated cyclisation of trienone 8 , readily available from 2,3-dimethylbutanal ( 1 ; five steps: 47% yield), using fluorosulfonic acid (6.8 mol-equiv.) in 2-nitropropane at ?70°, afforded a 14:9:1 mixture (70% yield) of (±)-cis-α-irone ( 9 ), (±)-trans-α-irone ( 10 ), and (±)-β-irone ( 11 ). Other acidic conditions examined, using 95% aq. H₂SO₄ solution, 85% aq. H₃PO₄ solution, or SnCl₄, gave inferior results.     

Synthesis of 4,6-disubstituted-7-β-D-ribofuranosyl- and arabinofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines and certain related ribonucleosides

Several disubstituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine ribonucleosides have been prepared as congeners of uridine and cytidine. Glycosylation of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H,7H)-dione ( 4 ) with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranose ( 5 ) in the presence of TMS triflate afforded 7-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione ( 6 ). Debenzoylation of 6 gave the uridine analog 7-β-D-ribofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione ( 3 ), identical with 7-ribofuranosyloxoallopurinol reported earlier. Thiation of 6 gave 7 , which on debenzoylation afforded 7-β-D-ribofuranosyl-6-oxopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4(1H,5H)-thione ( 8 ). Ammonolysis of 7 at elevated temperature gave a low yield of the cytidine analog 4-amino-7-β-D-ribofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6(1H)-one ( 11 ). Chlorination of 6 , followed by ammonolysis, furnished an alternate route to 11 . A similar glycosylation of TMS-4 with 2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-arabinofuranosyl chloride ( 12 ) gave mainly the N7-glycosylated product 13 , which on debenzylation provided 7-β-D-arabinofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione ( 14 ). 4-Amino-7-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6(1H)-one ( 19 ) was prepared from 13 via the C4-pyridinium chloride intermediate 17 . Condensation of the TMS derivatives of 7-hydroxy- ( 20 ) or 7-aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5(4H)-one ( 23 ) with 5 in the presence of TMS triflate gave the corresponding blocked nucleosides 21 and 24 , respectively, which on deprotection afforded 7-hydroxy- 22 and 7-amino-4-β-D-ribofuranosylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-one ( 25 ), respectively. Similarly, starting either from 2-chloro ( 26 ) or 2-aminothiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-5,7-(4H,6H)-dione ( 29 ), 2-amino-4-β-D-ribofuranosylthiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-5,7(6H)-dione ( 28 ) has been prepared. The structure of 25 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.     

Base-promoted reaction of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-hexopyranosid-2-ulose and various arylamines

Reaction of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3(2)-deoxy-hexopyranosid-2(3)-ulose (1) with various arylamines under Bargellini reaction conditions was investigated. A series of unique enaminoketones 3-12 was obtained unexpectedly under basic conditions in 52-72% yield.     

2-Deoxy-2-C-(2,3-dideoxy-α-d-erythro-hexopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoses: Reinvestigation of Synthesis,Use in Glycosylation,and Conformational Analyses by NMR

Abstract

Conformational investigations using 1D TOCSY and ROESY ¹H NMR experiments on 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-C-(4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-α-D-erythro-hexopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose (8) and related disaccharides showed that for steric reasons the C-linked hexopyranosyl ring occurs in the usually unfavoured ¹C₄ conformation and reconfirmed the structure of 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-C-(4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-α-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose (5). Glycosylation of 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-(R)-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside (13) with acetate 8 using trimethylsilyl triflate as a catalyst afforded the α-D-linked tetrasaccharide 14. A remarkable side product in this reaction was the unsaturated tetrasaccharide 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-4-O-[4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-2-C-(4,6-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hexopyranosyl)-α-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl]-α-D-glucopyranosyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-(R)-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside (16) where in the C-linked hexopyranosyl ring an isomerization to the β-anomer had taken place to allow for the favoured ⁴C₁ conformation. The tetrasaccharide 14 was deacetylated and hydrogenolyzed to form the fully deprotected tetrasaccharide 18. The ¹ C ₄ conformation of the C-glycosidic pyranose of this tetrasaccharide was maintained as shown by an in depth NMR analysis of its peracetate 19.     

Reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with dithiooxamide. Synthesis of dibenzo[b,i]thianthrene-5,7,12,14-tetrone

The reaction of 2,3-dihalogeno-1,4-naphthoquinone with dithiooxamide gave dibenzo[b,i]thianthrene-5,7,12,14-tetrone in high yield but not 2,2′-bis(naphtho[2,3-d]thiazole-4,9-dione) which was previously reported. A similar reaction of 3,4-dichloro-N-phenylmaleimide with dithiooxamide also gave the corresponding sulfur heterocycles but not the reported bisthiazole.