Investigation of thermal decomposition of anthranilates of alkali metals

The thermal properties of the anthranilates of the alkali metals Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs were studied. Thermal, chemical and X-ray analyses and infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the reactions of decomposition of these compounds. The thermal properties of the anthranilates of the alkali metals were compared with those of other metals.This work was done within Project 01.17: New Methods in Analytical Chemistry and Their Application in the National Economy.     

The thermal decomposition of alkaline earth formates

The thermal decomposition of alkaline earth formates has been studied. Experiments with single crystals, compacts and powders of strontium formate demonstrate that the method of sample presentation can affect the rate of decomposition.For anhydrous calcuim, strontium and barium formates, isothermal kinetic runs show that the decompositions follow the Erofeev law, In(l-α) = ktⁿ; the measured activation energies were 199.4, 228 and 270 kJ/mol respectively.     

The thermal decomposition of alkaline earth metal salicylates

The thermal decompositions of the salicylates of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium were investigated using thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis, together with the analysis of intermediate products formed during the decomposition processes. One intermediate product was isolated and identified during the decomposition of the magnesium salt, and two for each of the remaining metal salts.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung der Salicylate von Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium und Barium sowie die Analyse der während des Vorganges gebildeten Zwischenprodukte wurden durch die thermogravimetrische und Differential-Thermal-Analyse untersucht. Im Verlaufe der Zersetzung des Magnesiumsalzes wurde ein Zwischenprodukt isoliert und identifiziert, bei den übrigen Metallsalzen je zwei.

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Résumé On a étudié par thermogravimétrie et analyse thermique différentielle la décomposition thermique des salicylates de magnésium, calcium, strontium et baryum et l'on a analysé les produits intermédiaires qui se forment pendant la décomposition. C'est ainsi que l'on a isolé et identifié un produit intermédiaire au cours de la décomposition du sel de magnésium et deux pour chacun des autres sels.

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Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of alkaline earth metal hydrofluorides

The thermal stability of alkaline earth metal hydrofluorides was studied by means of a Derivatograph. The values of the activation energy, reaction order and rate constant were determined. The comparison of the kinetic parameters of the decomposition process for the complete series of hydrofluorides studied led to a certain regularity in the differences in their thermal stabilities and its correlation with the strength of the hydrogen bond in their structure.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Stabilität von Erdalkalihydrofluoriden wurde mit Hilfe eines Derivatographen untersucht, die Werte der Aktivierungsenergien, der Reaktionsordnung und der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten bestimmt. Der Vergleich der kinetischen Parameter des Zersetzungsvorganges wies auf eine gewisse Regelmäßigkeit in ihrer verschiedenen thermischen Stabilität, die in Zusammenhang mit der Stärke ihrer strukturalen Wasserstoffbindung steht.

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Résumé On a étudié la stabilité thermique des hydrogénofluorures des métáux alcalinoterreux et déterminé les valeurs des énergies d'activation, des ordres de réaction et des constantes de vitesse de réaction à l'aide d'un Dérivatographe. Après comparaison des paramètres cinétiques on a pu établir une certaine régularité dans le changement de la stabilité thermique en corrélation avec la force de liaison de l'hydrogène dans la structure.

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Thiomalates of alkaline earth metals

Solid state 1:1 complexes of divalent Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba with thiomalic acid(tma) have been isolated and characterised by elemental analysis, IR spectra and thermal studies. It is shown that tma coordinates to the metal ions through carboxylic oxygen atoms. Thermal studies of these complexes show that desulphurisation preceeds decarbonylation reaction leading to the formation of metal carbonates in all the cases except Mg where MgO is the end product. Thermal stability of the anhydrous thiomaltes follows the order Mg ∼ Ca > Sr > Ba. Structures have been proposed based on the information obtained from these studies.     

Investigation of hydrofluorides of the alkaline earth metals by the NMR method

Summary The structure of hydrofluorides with the composition MeF₂ · HF(Me=Sr, Ba) includes two anions: F^– and HF₂ ^– with a linear hydrogen bond. In SrF₂ · HF, the hydrogen bond is characterized by a more asymmetrical position of the proton than in BaF₂ · HF.Increasing the number of added HF molecules leads to the formation of two bifluoride ions in the compounds CaF₂ · 2HF and SrF₂ · 2.5HF. The hydrogen bond in this case is also nonsymmetrical, and the average F–H distance is equal to 1.17 A. Thus, the hydrogen bond in these compounds is of the same order as in KF · 2HF (r_F–F=2.33 A) [12],i.e., weaker than in KF · HF (r_F–F=2.26 A) [13], but stronger than in solid HF (r_F–F=2.49 A) [14].A structure with two polyfluoride anions evidently corresponds to the compound BaF₂ · 3HF.Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 202–206, March–April, 1968.     

碱金属与碱土金属在煤炭热转化过程中的影响研究进展

对比阐述了AAEMs在煤炭热转化过程的影响与作用,论述了催化气化中炭结构转变、碱金属形态变化、催化剂失活等过程。AAEMs是催化气化的催化剂,是活性炭制备过程的造孔剂,也是高AAEMs煤利用过程的有害组分,同样也是煤灰提铝过程的焙烧活化剂。AAEMs与炭相互作用影响炭的表面结构,进而影响气化剂在炭表面的吸附与反应,而AAEMs与炭的相互作用也会影响AAEMs的挥发与释放,耦合催化气化与煤灰资源化利用可以有效降低催化剂回收成本。通过对比认识AAEMs在煤炭热转化中的影响与作用,以期为AAEMs作用下煤炭热转化过程提供新思路与方法。     

Ion chromatographic determination of alkaline earth metals and some heavy metals

The method is described for ion chromatographic determination of Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Sr, Pb and Zn. Ethylenediammonium chloride or tartrate solutions are used as eluents with a suppressor column. The detection limits for the listed elements are (in μg l^?1): Ba 1.4, Ca 0.045, Cd 0.6, Cu 0.3, Mn 0.8, Ni 0.5, Pb 6.3, Sr 0.3, Zn 1.2. Relative standard deviations are 0.015–0.050 ar the 20 mg l^?1 level (n = 5, p = 0.95). Interferences are considered.     

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of alkaline phosphates

Summary The thermal behavior of KH₂PO₄, NaH₂PO₄ and Na₂HPO₄ under non-isothermal conditions using TG method with different heating rates was studied. The values of the reaction rate were processed by means of Friedmans differential-isoconversional method. A dependence of the activation energy vs. conversion was observed. Therefore a procedure based on the compensation effect (suggested by Budrugeac and Segal) was applied. A less speculative data processing protocol was offered by the non-parametric kinetics method suggested by Serra, Nomen and Sempere. Three steps were observed by non-isothermal heating: a dehydration, a dimerization and a polycondensation. The differences in the intimate reaction mechanism are determined by the initial number of water molecules.     

Thermal studies and decomposition kinetics of alkaline earth metal trichloroacetates

Alkaline earth metal trichloroacetates M(O₂CCCl₃)₂·nH₂O, where M = Be (1), n = 4; M = Mg (2), n = 6; M = Ca (3) or Sr (4) or Ba (5), n = 4, were synthesized and their thermal behavior analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG/DSC). A critical examination was made for the apparent activation energy by means of non-isothermal kinetic methods employing multiple heating rates. A systematic and comparative study of thermal decomposition was carried out at different heating rates i.e., 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C min^?1 for various trichloroacetates synthesized. It was observed that the Ca, Sr, and Ba trichloroacetates decompose preferentially to respective metal halides while Be and Mg compounds decompose to metal and metal oxide, respectively. The composition of the final residues was also confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy. The activation energy follows the order: Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba, Be being the exception. Results reveal that each metal trichloroacetate decomposes through its unique thermolysis mechanism.     

Study of the alkaline earth metals with 8-hydroxyquinolinate derivatives

Metal complexes of calcium with 5,7-dibromo, 7-iodo and 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinolate were precipitated in aqueous ammonia and acetone medium, except for the solid state compound with 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline which hasn"t been obtained under these conditions. The complexes obtained through the mentioned precipitation are Ca[(C₉H₄ONBr₂)₂]₃·H₂O, Ca[(C₉H₅ONI)₂]·2H₂O and Ca[(C₉H₄ONICl)₂]·2.5H₂O. Their intermediate from the thermal decomposition found through TG/DTA curves in air indicated the presence of different kinds of calcium carbonates related to the reversibility and crystalline structure, depending on the original compounds. The initial compounds and the intermediate from the thermal decomposition were also characterized through IR spectra and X-ray diffraction. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thin-layer chromatographic separation of alkaline earth metals on microcrystalline cellulose

The thin-layer chromatographic behaviour of all the alkaline earth metals except for radium on microcrystalline cellulose in methanol-nitric acid media has been investigated. The R(f) values increase in the order beryllium > magnesium > calcium > strontium > barium. The five metals can be effectively separated from each other with methanol-14M nitric acid (3:1, v/v). The system is also suitable for the separation of mixtures of two metal ions existing in widely varying proportions.     

Thin-layer chromatographie separation of alkaline earth metals on diethylaminoethyl cellulose

Thin-layer Chromatographic behaviour of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium on diethylaminoethyl cellulose has been investigated in methanol-nitric acid mixtures. R_f values are in the order magnesium> calcium> strontium> barium. The differences in R_f values are large enough to allow good separations of the four metal ions from each other. The best separation is obtained by the ascending technique with methanol-8M nitric acid (20:1, v/v).     

Investigation of thermal decomposition of solids

Practical aspects of the studies of stages of thermal dissociation of solids, of the kinetics of the stages, and of utilization of general regularities of the process for verification of kinetic studies are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Die praktischen Aspekte der Untersuchungen über die Stufen der thermischen Dissoziation von Festkörpern und ihrer Kinetik weiterhin über die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der RegelmÄssigkeiten der Verifikation der kinetischen Untersuchungen werden erörtert.

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生物质气化过程中碱金属和碱土金属的析出特性研究

研究了固定床上生物质及热解焦CO2气化过程中碱金属及碱土金属(AAEMs)的析出特性。利用原子吸收光谱仪,考察了不同生物质种类、不同热解制焦温度对AAEMs析出的影响。不同生物质由于其挥发分含量不同引起气化失重率的差异,焦气化活性随制焦温度升高而降低。生物质及焦气化过程中Na析出率最大,其次是K,碱土金属析出率低于碱金属,这与元素在生物质中的存在形式、金属价态有关。低温段K的析出率随热解制焦温度的提高而增加,而Na在热解与气化段总的析出率与制焦温度关系不大。生物质的种类尤其是灰中的Si含量对Ca和Mg的析出影响较大,气化效率高的生物质AAEMs析出较多。热力学计算结果显示,气化过程中Na、K多以氯化物的形式存在并析出,Ca、Mg则更倾向于形成硅酸化合物而不易析出。     

Heterobimetallic diethanolaminate complexes of titanium and zirconium with alkaline earth metals

Ti(OPr ⁱ )₄ or Zr(OPr ⁱ )₄ · Pr ⁱ OH react with hydrocarbon-insoluble complexes M{(OCH₂CH₂)NH(CH₂CH₂OH)}₂ (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) in a 2:1 molar ratio to yield hydrocarbon-soluble heterobimetallic diethanolaminate isopropoxide complexes [M{(OCH₂CH₂)₂NH}₂{M(OPr ⁱ )₃}₂] (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; M = Ti, Zr), which have been characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight measurements and spectroscopic [i.r., n.m.r. (¹H and ¹³C)] studies.     

Investigation of thermal decomposition of phosphonic acids

The paper compares building and decomposition pathways of two phosphonic acids, amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) and 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP).The theoretical formation reactions were composed using elementary reactions and compared to reaction routes published in literature. As result, summary reaction pathways for both phosphonic acids are proposed which only vary in the number of reaction steps required. These reaction steps include carbonyl reactions, S_N2-reactions, and ionic reactions. The synthesis of ATMP proceeds in three reaction steps, whereas HEDP is formed in one reaction. The thermal decomposition of both phosphonic acids in solid state was examined by combination of thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy as well as pyrolysis gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Decomposition mechanisms were deduced and compared to the theoretical findings resulting in the conclusion that the decomposition processes of ATMP and HEDP follows the formation mechanism.Thus, the suitability of theoretical considerations for the understanding of thermal decomposition processes is shown.