Unified theory of weak,strong, electromagnetic,and gravitational interactions

This study will attempt to construct a unified theory of weak, strong, electromagnetic, and gravitational interactions, based on a generalization of Weinberg-Salam theory [1] and a theory proposed previously by the present author [2, 3].Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 25–30, January, 1985.     

Symmetry breaking in a supersymmetric model of strong and electroweak interactions

We describe a supersymmetric model of strong and electroweak interactions based on the gauge groupSU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)×?(1). We concentrate on the pattern of the spontaneous symmetry breaking by the tree level scalar potential. It is possible to break the?(1) factor at superlarge energies relative to the simultaneous breaking scale ofSU(2)×U(1) and supersymmetry. The model has?(1) anomalies. Attempts to make an anomaly-free model based on the groupE ₆ are described. We also comment on possible modifications of the?(1) anomaly problem due to gravitational effects.     

Aspects of the grand unification of strong,weak and electromagnetic interactions

We study issues arising in attempts to unify strong and other elementary particle interactions. The proton lifetime is estimated in theories with second-order baryon number violation, and found to be O(10³–10⁴) longer than naive dimensional counting suggested. The renormalization of quark and lepton masses below the grand unification mass is considered in some detail. Application is made to the SU(5) model of Georgi and Glashow, and we find strange and bottom quark masses:

$\text{m}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}\text{≈ 0.4–0.5}\text{GeV}\text{, m}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>b</mtext>}}\text{≈ 4.8–5.6}\text{GeV}$

. Inputs are the values of the strong interactions coupling constant favoured by electroproduction and charmonium analyses, and the observed muon and heavy lepton (τ) masses. These estimates are substantially increased if there are more than six flavours of quark. Symmetry breaking in the SU(5) model is studied, including radiative corrections to the effective Higgs potential.     

Towards a unified gauge theory of gravitational and strong interactions

We study the space-time properties of leptons and hadrons and find it necessary to extend general relativity to the gauge theory based on the four-dimensional affine group. This group translates and deforms the tetrads of the locally Minkowskian space-time. Its conserved currents, momentum, and hypermomentum, act as sources in the two field equations of gravity. A Lagrangian quadratic in torsion and curvature allows for the propagation of two independent gauge fields: translationale-gravity mediated by the tetrad coefficients, and deformational -gravity mediated by the connection coefficients. For macroscopic mattere-gravity coincides with general relativity up to the post-Newtonian approximation of fourth order. For microscopic matter -gravity represents a strong Yang-Mills type interaction. In the linear approximation, for a static source, a confinement potential is found.This essay received an honorable mention (1979) from the Gravity Research Foundation.-Ed.     

Gauge symmetries of electroweak interactions

By considering the symmetries associated with baryon number and lepton number conservation as gauge symmetries, the underlying gauge symmetry of weak electromagnetic interactions is shown to beSU(2) _L ×U(1)×U(1)Baryon×U(1)_Lepton. If right-handed currents exist on a par with the observed left-handed ones, then the full symmetry of electroweak interactions that emerges isSU(2)_L×SU(2)_R×U(1)_Baryon×U(1)_Lepton. These symmetries offer a rich spectrum of massive neutral gauge bosons, one of which is the massive neutral boson of the standardSU(2) _L ×U(1) _Y model.     

Approximate global symmetries of the electroweak interactions

We discuss and exemplify a simple explanation for the approximate symmetries of the electroweak interactions that arises naturally in models in which the quarks, leptons and Higgs particles are all composite states of strongly interacting fermions.     

Lectures on the theory of electroweak interactions

The theory of electroweak interactions is given in four lectures.     

Fermion condensate model of electroweak interactions

A new dynamical symmetry breaking model of electroweak interactions is proposed based on interacting fermions. Two fermions of different SU_L(2) representations form a symmetry breaking condensate and generate the lepton and quark masses. The weak gauge bosons obtain their usual standard model masses from a gauge-invariant Lagrangian of a doublet scalar field composed of the new fermion fields. The new fermion fields become massive by condensation. It is shown that the new charged fermions are produced at the next linear colliders in large number. The model is a low-energy one, which cannot be renormalized perturbatively. For the parameters of the model, unitarity constraints are presented.     

Glashow-Weinberg-Salam theory of electroweak interactions and the neutral currents

In the first part of the review we expound in detail the unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam. In the second part, on the basis of this theory a number of the neutral current induced processes are discussed. We consider in detail the deep inelastic scattering of neutrinos on nucleons, the P-odd asymmetry in the deep inelastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons by nucleons, the scattering of neutrinos on electrons, the elastic scattering of neutrinos on nucleons, and the electron-positron annihilation into leptons.