间歇性排气噪声源的特性及消声器结构的研究

排气噪声可分为稳定排气噪声，周期性排气噪声和间歇性排气噪声，通过对锻压机离合器与制动器的排气噪声源的特性研究，指出间歇性气噪声是由管道噪声，阀门噪声和喷口噪声所组成，首次指出了间歇性排气噪声存在单极子噪声及爆炸声。通过理论计算及试验建立了一种有效的滤波了噪消声器结构。     

不同环境下射流辐射噪声特性研究

水下排气噪声形成机理不同于空气排气噪声的产生机理,为了确定水下排气辐射噪声频谱特性及噪声源,进行了水下和空气气体喷射噪声试验研究。分析比较试验结果发现,气泡从管口脱落以及在流场力的作用下气泡体积振动产生的噪声是影响1~4 kHz频段声压的主要噪声源;当水下排气产生的两相流态由气泡流态过渡到射流流态后,气泡辐射噪声峰值与排气速率之间的线性关系消失,1~5 kHz频段内声压值变化较小,而在5 kHz以上的频段声压增幅较其它流量下却明显增大;水下排气由于气流剪切周围水体所引起的湍流噪声要明显低于空气排气产生的湍流噪声。     

间歇性排气嗓声辐射特性的研究

将排气噪声分为三类,研究了间歇性排气过程中的空气动力学和噪声特性,建立了间歇性排气噪声中的单极子源和四极子源所产生噪声的声压级表达式。对气路系统中各参数对噪声的影响进行了全面深入的研究。     

水下气体喷射噪声特性研究

水下气体喷射形成了复杂气液流场,同时伴有频带宽、声压大的排气噪声产生。为研究水下排气流动状态与声压频谱之间的关系,建立水下排气噪声测试系统对水下排气形成的两相流场和排气噪声频谱进行了试验研究。结果表明随着排气速度的逐渐增大,排气形成的两相流场由气泡流态过渡为射流流态。伴随着流态的转换,气液边界面附近不稳定,形成大量体积较小气泡,这些小气泡在排气形成的湍流场激振作用下产生共振,从而辐射噪声;另一方面,这些气泡体积小,表面张力大,当多个气泡相互作用以及气泡形态发生变化时将释放出更高的能量,这些能量会辐射形成噪声;喷射流场的流态对水下排气噪声中频段声压峰值有较大的影响。当射流场由气泡流态过渡为射流流态后,2 kHz处对应的声压峰值呈非线性增大。     

小孔喷注消声器在宇航设备上的应用

宇航设备中的供氧排气系统在排气过程中产生了很高的喷注噪声,小孔喷注消声器是控制喷注噪声的有效措施。以喷注噪声理论为基础,利用小孔喷注消声器设计方法,为宇航设备供氧排气系统喷口设计小孔喷注消声器。设计中通过限制孔间距要求,降低孔径,实现了小孔喷注消声器的高降噪效果。加工消声器并测试,降噪效果理想。喷注噪声的计算和实测结果对比显示,两者吻合良好,误差在2 dB(A)左右,但驻压比为4时,计算结果与实测结果相差较大,分析原因是喷口后附加喇叭口结构对喷注噪声中的冲击噪声产生了影响,而经典计算公式并未考虑此种情况。小孔喷注消声器在宇航设备供氧排气系统中应用的可行性和小孔喷注消声器设计方法的可靠性得到了验证。     

运动型汽车排气系统消声器的研究

为了获得运动型排气噪声,本文研究了汽车排气系统消声器结构对运动声学品质的影响。通过改变消声器的内部结构,建立与之对应的GT-Power模型,利用一维流体动力学原理对排气系统的声学性能进行模拟和仿真,并运用声学测试平台测试节气门全开加速时的尾管噪声。验证了去除排气系统的中排消声器并在后排消声器内加入消声棉的结构,可明显提高噪声的运动性,另外,消音棉的利用可以有效降低高频噪声,消声器进气管处的穿孔结构可以有效消除中低频噪声。     

航空发动机试车台噪声的治理

试车台的噪声比一般民用噪声源的噪声大得多。在试车台室内中高频噪声大,在室外环境低频噪声大。根据上述特点,在室内采用了墙壁吸声层、吸声尖劈、顶棚悬挂空间吸声体、进气活动消声装置等;在排气系统中采用了隔声室、扩张消声室、吸声导流板、迷宫消声空、吸声顶棚、墙面吸声砖、排气塔等技术。综合治理后,达到了《工业企业噪声卫生标准》和《城市区域环境噪声标准》的规定。     

低频噪声的有源控制

本文概述了国内外在噪声有源控制方面的研究情况.随着控制论、数字信号处理技术及微电子学逐步应用于有源控制系统,有源消声的推广价值不断增加.文中介绍了有源控制技术在抵消重复噪声(如柴油机排气噪声)、随机噪声(管道或风洞噪声)及空间噪声(变压器噪声)中的应用实例.     

热粘性对发动机排气管道中噪声传播的影响

声波在气体中传播时,气体的热粘性效应会使声波产生一定程度的衰减,且气体的声吸收系数随温度的升高而增大。由于发动机的排气温度较高,热粘性效应引起的排气管道中的噪声衰减应加以考虑。基于准平面波理论,首次计算了考虑热粘性效应时不同温度、流速和管道尺寸下排气管道中的传递损失,分析了各参数对管道中噪声衰减的影响。结果表明,随着温度和频率的升高热粘性声衰减增强,而气流流速和管道直径的增加会降低直管中的热粘性声衰减。对于简单膨胀腔,传递损失的预测结果表明,热粘性效应使通过频率处的声衰减有所改善。     

四壁倾斜水池点源低频声场特性的理论计算及实验测量

本文对哈船院柴油机水下排气噪声实验用四壁倾斜水池的低频声场特性进行了理论计算和实验测量。在理论上采用边界无法对水池点源声场进行数值模似，并将计算结果与球面波扩展规律进行比较。利用柴油机水下排气管口体积脉动声辐射作为声源在柴油机排气频率范围内和常用测点区域内对水池进行声场特性测量。这一工作对柴油机水下排气噪声的实验研究和理论预报有一定的指导作用。     

On the prediction of impact noise,V: The noise from drop hammers

In earlier papers in this series, the concepts of “acceleration” and “ringing” noise have been studied in relation to impact machines, and values of radiation efficiency have been obtained for the various types of structural components. In the work reported in this paper the predicted and measured noise radiation from a drop hammer, both in full-scale and in $\text{1}\text{3}\text{-}\text{scale}$ model form, were examined. It is found that overall noise levels (L_eq per event) can be predicted from vibration measurements to within ± 1·5 dB, and to within ±2·5 dB in one-third octave bands. In turn this has permitted noise reduction techniques to be examined by studies of local component vibration levels rather than overall noise, a method which provides considerable enlightenment at the design stage. It is shown that on one particular drop hammer, the noise energy is shared surprisingly uniformly over four or five sources, and that when these have been reduced, the overall noise reduction is severely limited by the “acceleration” noise from the “tup” or “hammer” itself. As this is difficult to eliminate without a basic change in forging technology, it follows that “tup” enclosure or modification of the sharpness of the final “hard” impact are the only means available for any serious noise reduction. Also indicated is the reliability of using model techniques, suitably scaled in frequency and impulse magnitude, in developing machinery with impact characteristics.     

Noise levels and hearing thresholds in the drop forging industry

A-weighted equivalent continuous noise levels for hammer and press operations in a drop-forging industry were determined using both tape recordings of the noise and personal noise dosimeters. The results indicated average A-weighted Leq values of 108 dB for hammer operators and 99 dB for press operators. Comparison of hearing level statistics for 716 hammer and press operators and 293 control subjects indicated the severe hazard to hearing of impact noise exposures. For mean exposure times of less than 10 years, hearing levels for the press (99 dB) and hammer (108 dB) operator age groups are nearly identical, and in the latter case are less than those predicted for exposure to equivalent continuous noise. For long-term exposures of 10 years or more, the results of this study indicate that hearing losses resulting from impact noise in the drop-forging industry are as great or greater than those resulting from continuous noise.     

A three-dimensional vibroacoustic model for the prediction of underwater noise from offshore pile driving

Steel monopiles are nowadays widely used as foundations for a large number of offshore structures. The installation procedure commonly involves a pile driving process which can last up to several hours depending upon pile dimensions, soil conditions and input energy of the hydraulic hammer. In impact pile driving, a hydraulic hammer delivers a series of hammer blows at the head of the pile that drive the pile into the sediment. Each hammer strike results in pile vibrations that emit strong impulsive sounds into the water column which can be harmful for the marine ecosystem. With today's increasing concern regarding the environmental impact of such operations, engineering tools which will be able to provide reliable predictions of the underwater noise levels are required. In this study, a linear semi-analytical formulation of the coupled vibroacoustics of a complete pile–water–soil interaction model is addressed. The pile is described by a high order thin shell theory whereas both water and soil are modelled as three-dimensional continua. Results obtained with the developed model indicate that the near-field response in the water column consists mainly of pressure conical waves generated by the supersonic compressional waves in the pile excited by the impact hammer. The soil response is dominated by shear waves with almost vertical polarization. The Scholte waves are also generated at the water–seabed interface which can produce pressure fluctuations in the water column that are particularly significant close to the sea floor. The effects of soil elasticity and pile size are thoroughly investigated and their influence on the generated pressure levels is highlighted. The results are also compared with those ones of a similar model in which the soil is treated as an equivalent acoustic fluid. It is shown that the latter approximation can yield inaccurate results at low frequencies especially for harder soil sediments.     

Reaction of communities to impulse noise

In order to assess the reaction of communities to impulse noise, a sociological survey was conducted in three communities in Ontario, Canada. The dominant industrial noise in these locations is due to drop forging operations. Nearly 600 completed interviews were recorded. Detailed sound level measurements were carried out in the areas surveyed. The results clearly indicate the extent of adverse reaction to the forging noise. This research has been compared with the reaction of the respondents to traffic noise prevailing in their communities. Regression lines are presented showing the relationship between the percent of people disturbed by the forging noise and the sound level of the impulses.     

Air-related mechanisms of noise generation by solid rubber tyres with cavities

There are four main air-related noise generation mechanisms at the tyre/road interface, which were all categorised more than 20 years ago. The first one is the so-called ‘air pumping’ mechanism. Two other air-related phenomena that occur when there are air movements near the contact patch of the tyre are ‘air resonant radiation’ and ‘pipe resonances’ which appear at the footprint of the tyre. In addition to these, there is a forth effect, which is mentioned in the literature, that is occurring due to turbulence effects of the air surrounding the spinning tyre. There has been less focus on the air-related mechanisms than on other types of tyre noise generation mechanisms. This paper attempts to add some detail to current understanding of the air-related noise generation at the tyre road interface and gives some further information on how to identify the differences due to these mechanisms. Specifically in the present paper, a solid rubber tyre running on a vehicle chassis dynamometer is used to study the first two mechanisms. This is done with emphasis on the time history of the recorded signal and not on the frequency spectrum, as is more commonly used. A comparison with existing theoretical models of these mechanisms reveals some of the strength and weaknesses of the current understanding of these phenomena.     

复合管道气液固三相流浆体水击压强和水击波速计算

浆体中的含气量对水击压强和波速产生重要的影响。提出了考虑含气量的浆体即气液固三相流浆体水击波速计算公式,分析了考虑气泡的存在对浆体水击波速的影响,对某一复合管道内气液固三相流浆体水击压强进行了计算.     

Fragmentation of primary coarse macrostructure of AISI 321 steel

Fragmentation of primary grains in an ingot of AISI 321 steel was studied under common hammer forging conditions, i.e. at a temperature gradient existing in the cross-section of the ingot. It has been found that recrystallization in the surface zone starts by deformation induced migration of large subgrains observed inside primary grains, that static recrystallization takes place by intragranular twinning and that the fragmentation of the primary macrostructure is conditioned by static recrystallization.     

Development of a prediction method for flow-generated noise produced by duct elements in ventilation systems

Flow-generated noise generated on the quiet side of the primary attenuators of a ventilation system is the result of interaction between air flow and duct discontinuities. It is of engineering importance to predict the flow-generated noise caused by air duct elements in ventilation systems at the design stage. However, all prediction methods are based upon an isolated in-duct element that is very different from a real ventilation system. Until recently, Mak and Yang have produced a prediction method for flow-generated noise produced by the interaction of two elements in air ducts. In this paper, an attempt has been made to modify their equations so that their predictive equations can possibly be used to predict noise produced by “real” duct discontinuities. By comparing their predictive values with the experimental results of Oldham and Ukpoho, their validity can be proved. The modified Mak-Yang predictive equations, therefore, provide a basis for permitting a more accurate prediction of flow-generated noise produced by various configurations of two in-duct elements and duct dimensions.     

含空气层与多孔材料的复合结构隔声特性研究

基于高速列车减振降噪需求,本文应用Biot提出的多孔弹性介质声传播理论,采用传递矩阵法理论推导了典型分层结构的隔声量计算公式,给出了空气层与多孔材料对分层复合结构隔声特性的影响。将传递矩阵与遗传算法相结合,对特定中低频段内的复合结构隔声特性进行了优化。研究结果表明:空气层和多孔材料有助于分层复合结构隔声量的提高,特别是空气层对低频隔声有很好的促进作用,另外空气层与多孔材料的分配情况也影响着隔声效果。含有空气层的复合结构在提高隔声量的同时降低了结构的总体重量,实现了高速列车隔声材料低能耗和轻量化的设计目标。