双重孔隙介质THMM耦合模型及其有限元分析

建立了一种饱和-非饱和遍有节理岩体的双重孔隙-裂隙介质热-水-应力-迁移耦合模型,其特点是应力场和温度场是单一的,但具有不同的孔隙渗流场、裂隙渗流场和孔隙浓度场、裂隙浓度场,以及可考虑裂隙的组数、间距、方向、连通率和刚度对本构关系的影响;并开发了相应的二维有限元程序.针对一个假定的高放废物地质处置库,就岩体为非饱和双重孔隙-裂隙介质和放射性核素泄漏的情况进行了数值分析,考察了岩体中的温度、负孔隙水压力、饱和度、地下水流速、核素浓度和主应力的状态.结果显示:孔隙和裂隙中的负水压力及核素浓度呈现不同的变化、分布;尽管裂隙水饱和度平均仅为孔隙水饱和度的1/10,但因裂隙的渗透系数比孔隙的渗透系数大4个数量级,故裂隙中地下水的流速约是孔隙中相应值的3倍;孔隙和裂隙中核素浓度的量值接近.     

温度梯度水分扩散系数对非饱和双重孔隙岩体中THM耦合影响的有限元分析

建立了一种饱和–非饱和遍有节理岩体的双重孔隙—裂隙介质热—水—应力耦合模型,并研制出相应的二维有限元程序。通过一个假定的位于非饱和双重孔隙—裂隙岩体中的高放废物地质处置库算例,就温度梯度水分扩散系数不同的三种工况,考察了岩体中的温度、孔隙水压力、饱和度、地下水流速和主应力的变化、分布情况。结果显示：各工况计算域中温度场及应力场基本相同, 当岩体温度梯度水分扩散系数较大时,近场的负孔隙水压力上升到很高的数值,负裂隙水压力有所下降,饱和度亦有相应的变化,当温度梯度水分扩散系数小到一定程度后,其影响也将逐渐消失。     

裂隙岩体渗透系数确定方法研究

裂隙岩体渗透系数以及渗透主方向的确定对研究岩体渗透性大小及各向异性具有重要意义。高放废物地质处置库介质岩体的渗透性能将直接影响其使用安全性。本文运用离散裂隙网络模拟的方法对我国高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区3#钻孔附近裂隙岩体进行了渗透性质分析。通过对3#钻孔1715～1780m段压水试验数据的反演,标定了离散裂隙网络渗流模型中的裂隙渗透参数(导水系数T)。利用标定的离散裂隙网络模型对场区裂隙岩体进行了渗流模拟,确定了该区域裂隙岩体的渗流表征单元体(REV)的尺寸大小以及渗透主值和主渗透方向。运用离散裂隙网络模型计算得出的渗透主值的几何均值与现场压水试验计算结果较接近,证明了计算结果的有效性。     

Impact of Water Consumption and Saturation-Dependent Corrosion Rate on Hydrogen Generation and Migration from an Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste Repository

The corrosion of metals contained in intermediate-level long-lived waste (ILW) under reduced chemical condition will lead to the production of hydrogen gas during the post-closure phase of a deep geological repository for radioactive waste. According to previous investigations by Talandier et al. (Proceedings of TOUGH symposium 2006, Berkeley, 2006), the period of concern covers several 1,000 years after closure of a repository in a clay host rock (Callovo-Oxfordian). The limited hydrogen transport efficiency of the host rock will lead to significant saturation of the concrete waste canister pore space and voids with a gas phase and pressure build-up within the emplacement drifts. On the other hand, the water availability is limited as a result of (i) the low permeability of the clay host rock and (ii) the desaturation of the rock mass close to the drift wall due to the ventilation of the drifts during the operational phase of the repository. In former numerical simulations it was assumed that under the reducing chemical conditions prevailing in the repository, the corrosion rate would be a function of the available metal surface and the temperature only. In this paper, simulation results based on new phenomenological functions are presented, which were implemented in TOUGH2. These allow taking into account (i) a water saturation dependency of the hydrogen generation rate, (ii) the water consumption due to the corrosion process, and (iii) the total metal mass available for corrosion. The paper presents results of 1D radial and 2D vertical simulations of a typical cross-section of a waste emplacement drift and the surrounding rock mass. The interactions between water availability from the low permeable clay, the dependency of the hydrogen generation rates from the water saturation of the waste package and the hydrogen migration in the host rock are demonstrated.     

Reactive Solute Transport in a Nonstationary,Fractured Porous Medium: A Dual-Porosity Approach

A numerical method of moment is developed for solute flux through a nonstationary, fractured porous medium. Solute flux is described as a space-time process where time refers to the solute flux breakthrough and space refers to the transverse displacement distribution at a control plane. A first-order mass diffusion model is applied to describe interregional mass diffusion between fracture (advection) and matrix (nonadvection) regions. The chemical is under linear equilibrium sorption in both fracture and matrix regions. Hydraulic conductivity in the fracture region is assumed to be a spatial random variable. In this study, the general framework of Zhang et al.(2000) is adopted for solute flux in a nonstationary flow field. A time retention function related to physical and chemical sorption in the dual-porosity medium is developed and coupled with solute advection along random trajectories. The mean and variance of total solute flux are expressed in terms of the probability density function of the parcel travel time and transverse displacement. The influences of various factors on solute transport are investigated. These factors include the interregional mass diffusion rate between fracture and matrix regions, chemical sorption coefficients in both regions, water contents in both regions, and location of the solute source. In comparison with solute transport in a one-region medium, breakthrough curves of the mean and variance of the total solute flux in a two-region medium have lower peaks and longer tails. As compared with the classical stochastic studies on solute transport in fractured media, the numerical method of moment provides an approach for applying the stochastic method to study solute transport in more complicated fractured media.     

Implications of Grain-Scale Mineralogical Heterogeneity for Radionuclide Transport in Fractured Media

The geological disposal of nuclear waste is based on the multi-barrier concept, comprising various engineered and natural barriers, to confine the radioactive waste and isolate it from the biosphere. Some of the planned repositories for high-level nuclear waste will be hosted in fractured crystalline rock formations. The potential of these formations to act as natural transport barriers is related to two coupled processes: diffusion into the rock matrix and sorption onto the mineral surfaces available in the rock matrix. Different in situ and laboratory experiments have pointed out the ubiquitous heterogeneous nature of the rock matrix: mineral surfaces and pore space are distributed in complex microstructures and their distribution is far from being homogeneous (as typically assumed by Darcy-scale coarse reactive transport models). In this work, we use a synthetically generated fracture–matrix system to assess the implications of grain-scale physical and mineralogical heterogeneity on cesium transport and retention. The resulting grain-scale reactive transport model is solved using high-performance computing technologies, and the results are compared with those derived from two alternative models, denoted as upscaled models, where mineral abundance is averaged over the matrix volume. In the grain-scale model, the penetration of cesium into the matrix is faster and the penetration front is uneven and finger-shaped. The analysis of the cesium breakthrough curves computed at two different points in the fracture shows that the upscaled models provide later first-arrival time estimates compared to the grain-scale model. The breakthrough curves computed with the three models converge at late times. These results suggest that spatially averaged upscaled parameters of sorption site distribution can be used to predict the late-time behavior of breakthrough curves but could be inadequate to simulate the early behavior.     

Modeling Approaches for Investigating Gas Migration from a Deep Low/Intermediate Level Waste Repository (Switzerland)

In low/intermediate-level waste (L/ILW) repositories, anaerobic corrosion of metals and degradation of organic materials produce mainly hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. The Swiss reference concept for the L/ILW repository consists of parallel caverns sealed off from a single access tunnel in a deep low-permeability claystone formation. The potential buildup of excess gas pressures in the backfilled emplacement caverns was investigated in a series of two-phase flow models. In the first step, a large-scale model was constructed, implementing the 3D radial tunnel and cavern geometry with a simplified rectangular geometry. In the second step, the potential impact of the detailed geometry of the engineered barrier system (EBS) and the associated heterogeneity inside the cavern was examined using detailed models of the repository caverns, tunnel seals, access tunnel, and surrounding host rock. The simulation results from the large-scale 3D repository model show that during the early post-closure period simulated pressures can vary significantly between different parts of the repository. The simulated pressure increase in the emplacement caverns remained below the fracture pressure of the rock for realistic assumptions. Gas flow is largely limited to the EBS and the excavation disturbed zone (EDZ); thus, gas flows through and around the repository seal into the adjacent tunnel system, which is also demonstrated in the detailed repository-cavern model. The repository seal model described the detailed two-phase flow pattern of early time resaturation of the repository by water inflow from the ramp and subsequent counter flow associated with the gas flow from the repository cavern. Overall, the results of the detailed models complement and confirmed the results of the large-scale 3D model in terms of the timing of the pressure peaks and the migration of gas from the cavern into the surrounding host rock and through the repository seal.     

Coupled Processes Modeling in Rock Salt and Crushed Salt Including Halite Solubility Constraints: Application to Disposal of Heat-Generating Nuclear Waste

This paper presents numerical modeling of coupled thermal, hydraulic and mechanical processes in rock salt and crushed salt considering halite solubility constraints. The TOUGH-FLAC simulator is used, with a recently enhanced Equation-Of-State module that includes the thermodynamic properties of aqueous fluids of variable salinity. Laboratory and field scale tests performed on rock salt and crushed salt under temperature gradients are modeled first to evaluate the capabilities of the simulator to reproduce important features, such as porosity changes induced by halite dissolution/precipitation, and brine and heat migration. Since the results are quite satisfactory, the simulator is used to predict the long-term response of a generic salt repository for heat-generating nuclear waste. To evaluate the impacts of halite solubility on the predictions, two simulations that respectively consider or neglect solubility constraints are performed. In the scenario studied, the results are not significantly affected by dissolution/precipitation, and only some differences are observed due to changes in porosity, but the dominating processes remain the same. With the new provisions, TOUGH-FLAC is more complete in terms of processes occurring around a heat-releasing nuclear waste package and can therefore provide more accurate predictions of the long-term performance of a nuclear waste repository in salt formations.     

高放废物处置库选址中低渗透介质地质研究的几个问题

低渗透介质是阻碍有害物质在地下迁移良好的天然屏障, 因此成为高放废物处置库围岩类型的首选。本文通过对高放废物处置库选址中地质研究的回顾, 阐述了低渗透介质地质研究的特点, 对地质参数测定、取样、水流模拟、地球化学模拟进行了重点介绍。     

重庆小南海地震崩滑体的基本特征及形成机制研究

通过对重庆小南海地震崩滑堆积体进行野外地质调查和工程地质勘察等相关工作,阐述了该崩滑堆积体的基本特征和形成机制,认为其形成过程经历了“风化剥蚀→震荡抛射→崩滑堆积→堵江成湖”4个阶段,其岩体破坏形式为高度破裂或严重高度破裂状态,其岩体破坏过程以崩塌为主,滑动为辅。研究发现,小南海地震崩滑堆积体的最终形成是受地震构造运动及应力、岩体构造、地形地貌及地震波作用等因素综合作用的结果：(1)该区NE向黔江逆滑（右行）断裂与NNW向仰头山逆滑（左行）断层形成的“X”型地震构造组合及轴向呈NWW向的构造压应力使小南海断块内部发生张滑（左行）破裂而导致61/4级地震发生;(2)该区呈“X”形展布的3组主要构造节理是崩滑体发育的物质基础,大、小垮岩在地震波作用下最终发生了向山体临空面（约145°~155°方向）的各自崩滑;(3)从崩滑堆积体中发现的灰岩块石证明崩滑体原始地层中曾含二叠系栖霞组和茅口组灰岩,这为恢复崩滑前山体地形提供了直接证据;(4)崩滑体中堆积岩块直径分布区域沿约150°方向自WN到ES依次递减,间接证明了地震时崩滑体抛洒方向为约150°方向,且大、小垮岩分别形成堆积区,交叉堆积部分较少。     

A semi-analytic solution of a wellbore in a non-isothermal low-permeability porous medium under non-hydrostatic stresses

The transient stress, displacement, pore pressure and temperature fields around a wellbore in a thermo-poro-elastic (THM) medium subject to non-hydrostatic remote stresses are analyzed under non-isothermal plane-strain conditions. The linear THM model proposed by Coussy (1989) is adopted in the analysis with a focus on thermal effects in low-permeability saturated rocks, characterized by a latent heat associated with local changes of fluid mass content. Non-dimensionalized parameters are identified by reformulating the fully-coupled governing equations and boundary conditions. The wellbore problem is simplified by decomposing it into axisymmetric and deviatoric loading cases. The corresponding analytical solutions are obtained in Laplace space. The inverse Laplace transforms are performed numerically to find the time-dependent distributions of field variables in the rock mass around the wellbore. These numerical results show that although the pore pressure diffusion has little influence on temperature and stress, temperature changes can strongly affect the pore pressure and stress around the wellbore. The temperature change can lead to changes in near-well stresses and the resulting significant change in wellbore breakdown pressure illustrates the importance of considering the THM coupling.     

A computational method for the hydrodynamics of fractured-porous media

A numerical method based on the boundary-fitted finite difference method (BFDM) is presented in this paper. The boundaries are external (the boundary of the physical domain) and internal (which corresponds to the fracture network). The difference between this approach and the usual one lies in the inclusion of discrete fractures in the volume that represents the porous medium. The numerical model has been used in the prediction of the flow pattern in several internationally recognized verification cases and applied to the solution of hypothetical problems of interest to us in the field of nuclear waste repository modelling. The results obtained show that the numerical approach considered gives accurate and reliable predictions of the hydrodynamics of fractured-porous media, thus justifying its use for the above-mentioned studies.     

Convective cooling/heating induced thermal stresses in a fluid saturated porous medium undergoing local thermal non-equilibrium

Local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) may have profound effects on the pore pressure and thermal stresses in fluid saturated porous media under transient thermal loads. This work investigates the temperature, pore pressure, and thermal stress distributions in a porous medium subjected to convective cooling/heating on its boundary. The LTNE thermo-poroelasticity equations are solved by means of Laplace transform for two fundamental problems in petroleum engineering and nuclear waste storage applications, i.e., an infinite porous medium containing a cylindrical hole or a spherical cavity subjected to symmetrical thermo-mechanical loads on the cavity boundary. Numerical examples are presented to examine the effects of LTNE under convective cooling/heating conditions on the temperature, pore pressure and thermal stresses around the cavities. The results show that the LTNE effects become more pronounced when the convective heat transfer boundary conditions are employed. For the cylindrical hole problem of a sandstone formation, the thermally induced pore pressure and the magnitude of thermal stresses are significantly higher than the corresponding values in the classical poroelasticity, which is particularly true under convective cooling with moderate Biot numbers. For the spherical cavity problem of a clay medium, the LTNE effect may become significant depending on the boundary conditions employed in the classical theory.     

Elasticoplastic Model of Sludge Injection into a Weak Water-Pressurized Reservoir

Sludge injection, i. e., injection of a mixture of water and solid particles (rock waste or drilling cuttings), can be interpreted as the penetration of a plastic mass into an elastoplastic water-pressurized stratum under the action of high gradients of the pore pressure. A system of elastoplastic deformation of a saturated porous medium describing the injection processes in both the sand formation and the zone occupied by sludge is formulated. An axisymmetric self-similar problem implying the frontal stable displacement of sand by sludge is considered. The chosen interval of variables and the results obtained correspond to the field experimental data.     

Simulation of ground stress field and fracture anticipation with effect of pore pressure

Triaxial compression tests are carried out on the cores with different confining pressure and pore pressure to study the rupture mode and fracture distribution of carbonate rocks in Kenkiyak pre-salt oilfield, and the cores are made into thin sections after experiment. It shows that shear plane, high angle crack, conjugate shear cracks and net fractures will gradually appear with the effective confining pressure, the rock texture is damaged more and more seriously with the increase of effective confining pressure. Tectonic stress field in Kenkiyak Field is simulated by finite element numerical simulation software ADINA considering the effect of pore pressure, this model contains five faults and assumes that two planes of faults could slip with the force to decompress. The simulation results indicate that the total displacement coincides with the practical formation, the simulated tectonic stress fits with the values measured by acoustic emission testing, and the direction of major horizontal principal stress is consistent with the imaging log interpretation data. The fracture rupture rate and density are predicted according to tension and shear rupture rate which derived by simulation results. The fracture density varies widely in the simulated region and cracks develop easily on the structural high position, near the fault because of the increasing pore pressure and extrusion in the process of the tectonic movements.     

高放废物深地质处置及国内研究进展

核能在产生电力造福社会的同时 ,也留下了放射性废物。我们有责任对这些废物实施安全和正确的管理。本文阐述了高放废物深地质处置的一般概念及处置库选址研究中的若干问题 ,同时介绍了国内高放废物深地质处置研究的进展.     

考虑单元劈裂的流-固耦合连续-非连续方法及定向水力压裂模拟

为了更真实地模拟水力压裂过程中的岩石变形、裂缝扩展及流体流动,在自主开发的拉格朗日元与离散元耦合的连续-非连续方法的基础上,发展了一种流-固耦合方法。在该方法中,裂缝可沿四边形单元对角线和单元边界扩展,流体流动满足立方定律。通过与单一裂缝非稳态渗流模型及KGD模型的理论解进行对比,验证了该方法的正确性。由定向射孔水力压裂的模拟结果可以发现,(1)距离射孔越远,流体压力越小;随着时间的增加,裂缝中流体压力降低。(2)随着射孔角度的增加,裂缝起裂和扩展过程中的流体压力及转向距离增加;随着x方向水平应力的增加,裂缝起裂和扩展过程中的流体压力增加;两个方向水平应力之差越大,裂缝转向距离越小。(3)随着时间的增加,裂缝区段数目的增速变慢,这与裂缝体积增加变快有关。     

盐岩流变特性及盐腔长期稳定性研究进展

介绍了地下盐腔长期运营过程中盐腔收敛变形和有效容积丧失等问题, 从盐岩流变实验研究、盐岩流变本构关系建模、盐腔长期稳定评价等方面综述了盐岩流变学研究进展. 文章指出, 将盐岩流变本构模型与流变过程中盐岩微细观尺度上的损伤演化物理机制相融合, 是盐岩流变学一个值得关注的研究方向.     

Fracture of sedimentary rocks under a complex triaxial stress state

Most sedimentary rocks have layered structure, and their strength properties are therefore anisotropic; as a consequence, the rock strength depends on the direction of the applied stresses. In this case, various fracture mechanisms are possible. The following two possible fracture mechanisms are considered: actions along the bedding planes, which are weakening surfaces, and along the planes where stresses exceeding the total rock strength are attained. A triaxial independent loading test bench was used to study the fracture conditions for layered rocks composed of productive oil-and-gas strata in complex true triaxial loading tests. The study shows a good qualitative agreement between experimental results and theoretical estimates.