Axion electrodynamics in a waveguide

The interaction of axion and electromagnetic waves is studied in the presence of a magnetic field threading a waveguide. This interaction, which vanishes in free space, is found to induce transverse magnetic waves with frequency spectra associated with transverse electric waves in the absence of the axion.     

Variational principle and energy-momentum tensor for relativistic electrodynamics of point charges

We give a new representation as tempered distribution for the energy-momentum tensor of a system of charged point-particles, which is free from divergent self-interactions, manifestly Lorentz-invariant and symmetric, and conserved. We present a covariant action for this system, that gives rise to the known Lorentz-Dirac equations for the particles and entails, via Noether theorem, this energy-momentum tensor. Our action is obtained from the standard action for classical electrodynamics, by means of a new Lorentz-invariant regularization procedure, followed by a renormalization. The method introduced here extends naturally to charged p-branes and arbitrary dimensions.     

Experimental observation of negative lateral displacements of microwave beams transmitting through dielectric slabs

It was theoretically predicted that when a beam of light travels through a thin slab of optically denser medium in the air, the emerging beam from the slab will suffer a lateral displacement that is different from the prediction of geometrical optics, that is, the Snell’s law of refraction and can be zero and negative as well as positive. These phenomena have been directly observed in microwave experiments in which large angles of incidence are chosen for the purpose of obtaining negative lateral displacements.     

Covariant formulation of the dynamics in a dissipative quantum dielectric obtained from a simplified Lagrangian

Equations of motion and energy-momentum tensors are obtained for a dissipative medium sustaining electromagnetic polarizations using a Lagrangian formalism. A previous work has been simplified by reducing the number of independent vector fields interacting with the sink modes. A relativistic formalism of the same is also suggested.     

Low-loss, compact waveguiding with TE mode in metal/dielectric waveguides for planar lightwave circuit

We propose a low-loss metal/dielectric waveguide for compact planar lightwave circuit. The basic waveguide structure is a metal-defined high-index-contrast strip waveguide based on silicon/silica. As the guide is designed for TE single mode waveguiding, extremely low propagation loss (e.g. <0.04 dB/cm), very low bend loss (e.g. 0.0043 dB/90°-turn) and small waveguide pitch of zero-crosstalk are theoretically achievable, and can be further improved by compromising with component size and density. Examples of multi-bends and device integration are demonstrated with numerical simulations. The proposal is compatible with silicon technology and appealing for development of silicon-based planar lightwave circuit.     

Negative refraction and positive refraction are not Lorentz covariant

Refraction into a half-space occupied by a pseudochiral omega material moving at constant velocity was studied by directly implementing the Lorentz transformations of electric and magnetic fields. Numerical studies revealed that negative refraction, negative phase velocity and counterposition are not Lorentz-covariant phenomenons in general.     

General coupled-wave diffraction theory

Coupled-wave theory is developed in full generality for unrestricted grating and polarization geometries. The analysis applies to composite gratings modulated dielectrically, magnetically, and in absorptivity; and is also developed for gratings nonuniform with depth.     

An invariant imbedding formulation of coupled-wave theory

An alternative formulation of coupled-wave theory adapted to numerical analyses is developed, using the method of invariant imbedding. Solutions of the coupled-wave equations are represented in terms of a reflectance matrix and a transmission matrix (rather than the transition matrix of the more classical approach).     

Dynamic electromagnetic response of a homogeneous conducting cylinder for symmetric excitation

A stranded wire rope is idealized as a homogeneous conducting and permeable cylinder of circular cross section and of infinite length. The rope is excited by a coaxial solenoid or finite-length multi-turn coil that carries an azimuthally directed alternating current. The rope and the enclosing solenoid may have a uniform velocity relative to each other. Using a nonrelativistic analysis, the nature of this dynamic interaction is examined and numerical results are presented for parameter values that are relevant to both static and dynamic conditions in nondestructive testing of such cylindrical conductors. It is shown that for motional velocitiesv larger than about 50 m/s the dynamic interaction with the rope specimen is appreciably modified from that for the static condition (i. e., forv=0).     

Coupled scalar wave diffraction theory

A simple but accurate coupled-wave theory describing diffraction from a volume grating is developed, which applies to planar diffraction geometries with the electric field polarized normal to the plane of incidence. Modulation of the dielectric and the absorption properties of the medium are considered, and the analysis is developed for gratings nonuniform with depth and for composite (multiplexed) gratings. The theory is based axiomatically on Maxwell's equations, and no approximations or simplifying assumptions other than those requisite to the scalar wave formulation of the theory enter into the analysis (except that for computational applications, only a finite number of diffracted orders may be retained in the analysis).     

Spreading resistance and 1/f noise of embedded ellipsoidal electrodes in a conductor

Results of calculations for the spreading resistance and the resistance fluctuations due to 1/f conductivity fluctuations are presented. The resistor consists of a conducting medium between a small embedded ellipsoidal electrode and a large electrode at a large distance from the small one. The resistance and resistance fluctuations are compared with the simple results for an embedded hemispherical electrode. The results are presented graphically and can be used for ohmic contacts on semiconductors or for embedded ellipsoidal electrodes in an ionic solution.     

Conical Emission Patterns by Femtosecond Pulses with Different Spectral Bandwidths

Different conical emission （CE） patterns are obtained experimentally at various incident powers and beam sizes of pump laser pulses with pulse durations of 7fs, 44fs and 100fs. The results show that it is the incident power but not the incident power density that determines a certain CE pattern. In addition, the critical powers for similar CE patterns are nearly the same for the laser pulses with the same spectral bandwidth. Furthermore, as far as a certain CE pattern is concerned, the wider the spectral bandwidth of pump laser pulse is, the higher the critical power is. This will hopefully provide new insights for the generation of CE pattern in optical medium.     

Rigorous formula for electromagnetic field power based on Poynting vector

Power of an electromagnetic field in a plane is derived exactly as a function of the angular spectrum of only electric field components at another plane based on Maxwell equations and Poynting vector. Then, this quantity is acquired as a function of the electric field components. In this calculation, a function appears that is general and does not depend on the electromagnetic field function.     

The Kirchhoff gauge

We discuss the Kirchhoff gauge in classical electrodynamics. In this gauge, the scalar potential satisfies an elliptical equation and the vector potential satisfies a wave equation with a nonlocal source. We find the solutions of both equations and show that, despite of the unphysical character of the scalar potential, the electric and magnetic fields obtained from the scalar and vector potentials are given by their well-known retarded expressions. We note that the Kirchhoff gauge pertains to the class of gauges known as the velocity gauge.     

Ultrarelativistic sources in nonlinear electrodynamics

The fields of rapidly moving sources are studied within nonlinear electrodynamics by boosting the fields of sources at rest. As a consequence of the ultrarelativistic limit the δ-like electromagnetic shock waves are found. The character of the field within the shock depends on the theory of nonlinear electrodynamics considered. In particular, we obtain the field of an ultrarelativistic charge in the Born–Infeld theory.     

Comment on “variational formulation for the equilibrium condition of a conducting fluid in an electric field”

Sujatha et al. have suggested that the Taylor cone hypothesis is wrong and they have derived equations for the equilibrium shape of a conducting fluid in an electric field. We examine their arguments and suggest that their paper may be incorrect in some respects. We find that Taylor's omission of the pressure difference term in the Laplace formula and his use of a single Legendre function for the potential are correct for the situation that he considered and that consequently the Taylor cone hypothesis is justified. The shape of real liquid metal ion sources appears to be well represented by a jet-like protrusion model which approaches a Taylor cone shape in the low current limit.     

Coherent-mode representation and orbital angular momentum spectrum of partially coherent beam

Orbital angular momentum of the coherent beam has been intensively studied and promises potential applications in free space optical communication. But the orbital angular momentum of partially coherent beam is not well known. In this communication the coherent-mode representation method is adopted to describe the partially coherent beam and the orbital angular momentum spectrum is introduced for the partially coherent beam. The characteristics of the orbital angular momentum spectrum of partially coherent beam are discussed. To study the influence of the partial coherence on the optical link, the channel capacity is studied, with two kinds of available mode separators included.     

Relativistic analysis of magnetoelectric crystals: Extracting a new 4-dimensional P odd and T odd pseudoscalar from Cr2O3 data

Earlier, the linear magnetoelectric effect of chromium sesquioxide Cr₂O₃ has been determined experimentally as a function of temperature. One measures the electric field-induced magnetization on Cr₂O₃ crystals or the magnetic field-induced polarization. From the magnetoelectric moduli of Cr₂O₃ we extract a 4-dimensional relativistic invariant pseudoscalar . It is temperature dependent and of the order of ∼¹⁰⁻⁴Y₀, with Y₀ as vacuum admittance. We show that the new pseudoscalar is odd under parity transformation and odd under time inversion. Moreover, is for Cr₂O₃ what Tellegen's gyrator is for two port theory, the axion field for axion electrodynamics, and the PEMC (perfect electromagnetic conductor) for electrical engineering.     

Red-Shift Conical Emission by Femtosecond Pulses at Low Input Power

Red-shift conical emission （CE） is observed by femtosecond laser pulse propagating in BK7 at a low input power （compared to those input powers for generation of blue-shift CE）. With the increasing input power the blue-shift CE begins to appear whereas the red-shift CE ring （902 nm in our experiment） disappears accompanied by the augment of the central white spot size synchronously. The disappearing of red-shift CE in our experiment is explained such that the increase of axial intensity is much higher than that of ring emission and the augment of the central white spot size with the increasing input laser power.