高聚物的声发射

材料在加荷形变过程中的声发射现象首先在金属材料中发现(1953年),而且已经相当广泛地用于金属材料、陶瓷材料、粘合剂粘结接头和复合材料的无损检验。凡是材料的局部缺陷地区以及在形变过程中由于     

高聚物声发射的一些观察

对高聚物的声发射做了进一步的实验观察。玻璃态高聚物在拉伸屈服以前的声发射有Kaiser效应,但在高弹态则不然。非晶态高聚物从玻璃态到高弹态的转变,玻璃态拉伸时在屈服附近出现声发射,高弹态时声发射要少而弱得多,只在高弹拉伸的断裂前出现声发射。非晶态、晶态高聚物或共混高聚物在突然升温到100℃时有声发射,但在突然降温到-60℃时却不出现声发射,这可能也说明声发射与高聚物试样内形成空洞有关。一种聚丙烯树脂在不同注射成形工艺条件下所得试件,在拉伸时的声发射行为可反映加工成形的好坏,成形好的声发射少得多。     

几种高聚物拉伸过程中的声发射现象

研究了４种塑料ＰＳ、ＰＯＭ、ＡＢＳ和ＰＣ拉伸过程中的声发射现象，发现声发射信号主要产生在屈服前和断裂时，说明高聚物的声发射信号主查由于分子链的解缠结，晶体的滑移裂纹的亚临界扩展和分子链的断裂等诸因素产生的，ＡＢＳ拉伸时大面积银纹的生成也可能是信号源，拉伸应变速率，材料的结构和不同的屈服过程等对塑料的拉伸声发射规律有较大影响。     

聚烯烃弹性体的拉伸形变机理研究进展

聚烯烃弹性体是一种高性能聚烯烃产品,同时具备橡胶的高弹性、抗冲击性及普通塑料的易加工性,已经被广泛应用于黏合剂、混料、薄膜以及非织造布等领域.聚烯烃的微观结构与宏观行为之间存在着较为密切的联系,寻找结构-性能之间的关系能更好地为宏观行为提供理论依据.本文主要介绍了近10年聚烯烃弹性体拉伸形变机理的研究进展.     

氯乙烯在高聚物中的溶解度

本文进行了氯乙烯在氯相/高聚物 (PVC,EVA,EVA-g-VC) 间相平衡的研究。实验数据用三种数学模型作了处理:Flory-Huggins 经典模型、Prigogine-Flory 自由容积模型和本文作者提出的线性模型。氯乙烯在高聚物中的溶解度按三种模型的计算值与实验结果都符合得很好。而且,结果表明,线性模型具有精确易用的优点,Prigogine-Flory 模型完全适用于 VC/PVC体系,VC在EVA-g-VC接枝共聚树脂中的溶解度服从加和性规律。     

声发射和激光拉曼研究镍氧化机制中的稀土元素效应

对纯镍及其表面离子注钇样品在1000℃空气中的恒温氧化和循环氧化行为进行了研究。用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对氧化膜的表面形貌及结构进行了观测。研究表明离子注钇极大地提高了金属镍的抗氧化性能。此外,用声发射(AE)技术研究了氧化膜／基体界面上缺陷的分布情况,并用激光拉曼(Raman)谱对注钇引起的膜内应力变化进行了测量。结果表明,离子注钇降低了NiO氧化膜的生长速率,减小了表面NiO的晶粒尺寸,降低了膜内压应力水平。同时,离子注钇还减小了氧化膜／基体界面缺陷的平均尺寸和数目,因此,极大地提高了镍表面NiO氧化膜的粘附性和保护性。     

聚乙烯串晶在单轴拉伸形变过程中的微结构变化和机理

本文采用电子显微镜和小角Ｘ－射线散射（ＳＡＸＳ）技术研究了含有串晶结构（Ｓｈｉｓｈ—ｋｅｂａｂ）的高密度聚乙烯（ＨＤＰＥ）／超高分子量聚乙烯（ＵＨＭＷＰＥ）共混物高取向膜在单轴拉伸过程中的微结构变化．深入探讨了拉伸温度对聚乙烯在形变过程中微结构变化的影响．室温拉伸时，聚乙烯串晶结构主要发生了解结晶过程；高温（１１５℃）形变时，主要表现为折叠链片晶直接转变为伸展链纤维晶的应变诱导结晶过程．     

高聚物中的自相似与分形

本文主要报告分形理论在固态高聚物领域应用的最新研究成果,叙述该领域一些新进展,较详细地讨论了高分子混合物相变过程相态的自相似、分形与凝聚动力学,半结晶聚合物晶区与非晶区界面的分形散射,以及共混物界面的分形问题。     

反相气相色谱法（IGC）在高聚物-溶剂、高聚物-高聚物相互作用研究中的应用与进展

一.概 述 反相气相色谱(Inverse Gas Chroma-tography)是利用气相色谱技术,研究聚合物性质的一种新方法。它是将聚合物样品涂布在色谱载体表面或直接将聚合物以薄膜状、纤维状或粉状装填在色谱柱内,然后选择一种与聚合物有适当作用的低分子     

电子计算机在高聚物相分析中的应用

<正> 前言高聚物的物理化学性能与其组成和相态有密切的关系,因此在高聚物特别是高分子复合材料的生产和研究中经常需要进行组分和相态的分析。本文用电子计算机对高聚物的X射线衍射图谱进行分解,建立了一种定量分析高分子复合材料的相态和组成的方法,同时可得到结晶度和晶区宽度等超分子结构参数。     

ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING STRETCHING OF POLYMERS

Acoustic emission has been studied for a wide range of polymers including amorphous glasses, semi-crystalline polymers, copolymers, polymer blends and a crosslinked rubber during the course of uni-axial stretching at room temperature. For non-crystalline polymers acoustic emission occurred in rather small number of events accompanied by crazing and micro-crack formation. Strong acoustic activity appeared during yielding and necking of crystalline polymers. Rather small number or none of acoustic bursts occurred during the initial stage of neck drawing but numerous strong bursts appeared when drawing proceeded approaching specimen break. Specimens of the same polymer but of different fabrication history may be reflected in their acoustic emission behavior. Acoustic emission during stretching crosslinked polybutadiene rubber was very weak but observable when the force-elongation curve started to deviate from the linear region. No Kaiser effect was observed for the rubber. Very strong and numerous acoustic emission was observed during stretching specimens of polymer blends. High impact resistant polymer modifications showed no sharp increase of acoustic activity before specimen break. So long as the polymer and conditions of specimen fabrication are the same quite reproducible acoustic emission behavior could be observed.     

STUDY OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING NON-ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF POLYPROPYLENE

In this paper we have presented the results of acoustic emission (AE) during non-isothemal crystallization of polypropylene (PP) melt with mean cooling rate 4℃/min, and discussed the effects of molecular weight (MW) on AE activity. It is shown that the amount of AE ring-down counts during whole crystallization of PP depends on the MW strongly.The copious AE bursts have been observed at the late stage of PPcrystallization. AE bursts are caused by cracking, crazing and cavitation between spherulites and inside spherulites.     

ON THE ORIGIN OF STRESS PEAK IN UNI-AXIAL STRETCHING OF AMORPHOUS POLYMERS

Rubber of high molar mass, like cis-polybutadiene, shows a stress peak on theenineering stress-strain curve during stretching at room temperature. In this work cis-polybutadiene samples were swollen in a poor solvent, CHCl_3/EtOH (1/1 v/v), for differenttimes. It was found that both the initial modulus and the stress peak on stretching de-creased in magnitude with increasing swelling time and the peak disappeared entirely after1 hour of swelling. On further swelling the initial modulus increased somewhat and a smallstress peak re-appeared after swelling for 2 h. The disappearance of the stress peak afterswelling is interpreted as the result of disruption of cohesional entanglements present in theinitial rubber sample. The re-appearance of a small stress peak and the increase of modu-lus on further swelling are interpreted as being of the same nature as the phenomenon ofanti-plasticization. It is the result of forming some new cohesional entanglements of largerbinding energies through longer range chain segmental motions excited after the disruptionof the previously existing cohesional entanglements in the rubber. Thus an understand-ing of the stress peak on stretching a high molar mass rubber and the phenomenon ofanti-plasticization on molecular level has been put forward.     

非晶聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯薄片在低温退火过程中的声发射现象

从熔体淬火得到的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄片在室温下呈非晶玻璃态,已经证明这是一种非平衡态。很多文献曾报道,在T_g以下对它进行退火处理后虽然观察不到明显的结晶,但是它的延伸性能及抗冲性能会迅速变坏。不少文献的实验表明这退火过程是试样的分子链从非平衡态转变到更     

非晶聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯薄片在低温退火过程中的声发射现象

Acoustic emission during sub-Tg annealing fort amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet quenched from melt has been observed. The mechanical properties, texture and glass transition of annealed specimens have been studied. It is shown that some of PET chains change from non-equilibrium state to equilibrium state during sub-Tg annealing, which leads to stress concentration in specimen. When the level of internal stress approaches to the limit, the acoustic waves are emitted due to sudden releasing of stress and the micro-defects are for-med. This is one of the important reasons,the causes the loss of mechanical properties to an-nealed specimens.     

单边裂纹聚苯乙烯样品拉伸断裂过程的声发射

本文测定了单边裂纹聚苯乙烯(PS)样品在拉伸加载时的声发射以及声发射事件按幅度、脉宽、计数和位置的分布,实验证实,单边裂纹PS样品拉伸时的声发射来源于裂纹端部银纹区的变形、断裂和扩展,大部分总振铃计数由裂纹亚临界和失稳扩展引起,在重复加载时观察到PS声发射的Kaiser效应。     

木屑焚烧过程中氯化氢排放特性研究

在小型管式炉进行了含氯垃圾(木屑)中氯化物析出试验，研究了氯析出过程中的几个因素(燃烧温度、停留时间、燃烧气氛、烟气中水蒸气含量)对反应的影响，确定了木屑反应的动力学方程式。得出如下结论：燃烧过程中Cl-HCl的转化率随燃烧温度的升高而显著增加；随停留时间的增加，HCl的析出存在两个明显的析出峰，这就清楚地说明至少有两种以上形式的氯存在于木屑中。氧化性气氛对氯化物生成影响不大，随炉内气氛由弱还原性气氛向强还原性气氛的转化，氯析出率明显降低；水蒸气的存在明显加速垃圾中氯的析出。木屑燃烧过程中，氯析出反应为零阶反应。     

PHOTON EMISSION DURING CLEAVAGE OF FROG EGGS

Emission of light was detected from the surface of embryos of the frog, Rana japonica, during early cleavage by a photon counting and an "analog separation (integrated photons) method". The light-emission from an egg was more than 5.6 x 10(-19) W at the beginning of the first cleavage.     

聚苯胺/苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯复合材料伸长过程中的导电性变化

以简化物理模型为基础，用实测电流与理论电流之比来研究导电橡胶伸长中电导率的变化，并建立相应测试方法．聚苯胺（ＰＡｎ）／苯乙烯 丁二烯 苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物的复合物用现场乳液聚合法制备．此复合物可熔融加工（ＭＰ）和溶液加工（ＳＰ）．ＳＳＰ样为ＳＰ样用间甲酚二次掺杂处理制得．对ＰＡｎ质量分数为１１０％的复合物进行电导率随伸长变化测试结果表明：ＭＰ样随伸长增加其电导率显著提高，在伸长率为４５０％时，其电导率是初始值（σ０）的１５６倍；ＳＰ样在伸长过程中电导率随伸长而增加，在伸长率为５００％时，其电导率是σ０的５２倍；而ＳＳＰ样在整个伸长过程中电导率变化较小，σ０＜σ＜２σ０．可从复合物的聚集态结构解释以上现象．ＳＳＰ样在导电组分的含量接近逾渗域值时电导率随伸长迅速下降．而当导电组分含量高于逾渗域值时电导率随伸长表现出小的变化并具规律性，此规律性可用σσ０＝１＋ｋａ＋ｂｋ２经验公式来表达（ａ，ｂ为与含量相关的常数）．此结果是由于ＳＳＰ样中导电组分在二次掺杂过程中分子链间存在弱相互作用而自行组成导电网络