湍流对多孔介质内预混火焰影响的初步研究

当气流速度较大时,多孔介质内预混燃烧的模拟需要考虑湍流的影响,本文利用简化的k-ε双方程湍流反应流模型对多孔介质内的预混火焰进行了数值模拟.结果表明,湍流大大加强了气流的组分和能世扩散,计算得到的火焰传播速度、CO及NO的排放量都与实验值符合得比较好,与层流模型相比,湍流模型能够改善计算结果.     

钝体驻定燃烧器冷态和燃烧场的LES研究

本文采用LES结合FPV湍流燃烧模型数值模拟了钝体驻定火焰的冷态场和燃烧场,与实验数据进行比较,研究了火焰结构和流场特性,并分析了燃烧对流场的影响。结果表明,速度、温度和主要组分浓度的一阶和二阶统计值,均与实验值符合得较好。燃烧发生在当量混合物分数等值线处,先是沿回流区外边缘分布,然后逐渐向中心靠拢,最后在下游处类似于射流火焰。回流区前部当量混合面处的低标量耗散率和高温分布在钝体驻定火焰中起到了关键的作用。燃烧使气体发生膨胀,回流区变长,轴向平均速度和湍动能沿流向衰减速度降低,湍动能在内剪切层处的峰值降低。     

稀甲烷/氢气预混湍流传播火焰实验研究

本文采用定容湍流燃烧弹获取了稀甲烷/氢气/空气在强湍流条件下的火焰发展历程,研究了湍流火焰在负马克斯坦数条件下的传播特性.结果表明,湍流火焰呈现自相似传播特性,即使在强湍流条件下,湍流传播火焰仍然会受到不稳定性的影响.并且随着马克斯坦数的减小,不稳定性对湍流传播火焰的影响增强。同时,本文获得一种新的湍流燃烧速度拟合公式,包含了负马克斯坦数条件下不稳定性对湍流燃烧速度的影响。     

网格湍流对剪切层中预混火焰结构的影响

本文研究网格湍流对射流剪切层以及建立在其中的预混火焰的影响。利用热线风速仪测量射流的速度场,发现网格湍流使剪切层内湍流强度明显降低,抑制了低频速度脉动,同时增加了湍动能在小尺度脉动上的分配,使湍流更趋于各向同性,这表明网格湍流抑制了剪切层内的大涡和拟序结构。用细丝热电偶测量了火焰温度,结果显示网格湍流使火焰前峰的低频大幅摆动减少,小尺度皱褶增加,火焰区平均温度更高,说明网格湍流有利于剪切层中预混火焰的强化和稳定。     

高压下湍流火焰速度测量与拟合

利用连续燃烧本生灯结合OH-PLIF火焰结构激光诊断技术获得了高压下预混湍流火焰瞬时前锋面图像,通过图像处理,得到了高压下多种混合气的湍流火焰速度及其拟合关系式。结果表明:高压预混湍流火焰前锋面为高度褶皱凹凸结构,现象上表现为大尺度的凸向未燃气的凸结构和小尺度的凸向已燃气的凹结构。合成气火焰比CH_4/air更加褶皱,前锋面更加精细。本文所有实验点高压湍流火焰速度可以拟合为S_T/S_L与[(P/P_0)(u′/S_L)]~n的形式,n约为0.4左右,表明湍流涡与火焰面的相互作用遵循自相似的规律。     

H2/air旋流预混燃烧的流场特性和火焰结构分析

本文采用完全可压缩的N-S方程,对当量比为1.0的H₂/air旋流预混火焰进行了直接数值模拟研究。氢气和空气的化学反应采用9种组分19步的详细机理。模拟结果表明,强旋流流场中存在回流区,碗形旋流火焰稳定在回流区的外围。在火焰面上沿火焰法向提取了局部火焰结构,将局部湍流火焰结构与层流预混火焰的火焰结构进行了比较,发现局部湍流火焰比层流预混火焰更薄,燃烧强度更高。     

基于正交PLIF技术来评估2D火焰图像在反映锥形火焰3D结构方面的有效性（英文）

通过对平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)图像进行分析,可以获得湍流火焰中的火焰面密度(Σ)、火焰刷厚度和湍流燃烧速度等关键参数,通过二维火焰图像及火焰参数可建立三维火焰模型。但目前二维PLIF图像能否精确反映三维火焰结构尚不明晰。该研究用正交PLIF技术测量了甲烷/空气预混湍流火焰横截面(垂直于火焰传播方向)和纵截面(平行于火焰传播方向)上的二维OH分布,然后通过对OH-PLIF图像的分析计算了火焰两截面的Σ,并分别比较了不同燃烧器出口速度、火焰不同位置和不同燃空当量比条件下,火焰两截面的Σ的差别。实验结果表明,在相同条件下,火焰纵截面的Σ均比火焰横截面的Σ偏小,其差值大小与燃烧器出口速度,火焰位置和燃空当量比相关。这一现象说明,最常采用的二维PLIF技术,在精确反映三维火焰结构时具有一定的局限性。     

湍流强旋流预混火焰大涡模拟研究

本文采用合成涡方法生成湍流进口条件,对非受限强旋流甲烷/空气贫燃预混火焰进行了大涡模拟研究。模拟结果和实验以及DNS数据符合良好。基于此模拟方法,本文对甲烷火焰掺混氢气和水蒸气,进行了比较研究。研究发现,掺混氢气提高了火焰抗拉伸灭火能力,火焰在外剪切层强湍流作用下形成较厚火焰刷。掺混水蒸气,火焰降温明显,流场轴向速度加速较小,形成较大的当地旋流数。因而,相比于掺混氢气,其回流区更强、更宽。相比于掺混水蒸气,流场轴向速度加速较大的掺氢火焰,其轴向脉动在更强的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性作用下,下游剪切层双峰结构得到了保持并增强。     

一种低湍流扬尘方法的实验研究

对一种新型扬尘方法在垂直管道中形成的扬尘湍流特性进行了测量,在此基础上,观察和测量了玉米粉尘火焰向上传播的过程,讨论了湍流对火焰特性的影响。新方法产生的扬尘湍流强度相当低,随时间衰减缓慢,扬尘湍流的积分尺度随着时间增大,约为2 cm到3 cm。实验中观察到两种粉尘火焰:湍流火焰和层流火焰,火焰形态转变对应的点火延迟时间约等于1．1 s,即粉尘云湍流运动强度为10 cm／s,湍流火焰传播速度明显大于层流火焰。     

高速数字全息测量乙醇喷雾火焰中液滴三维位置、粒径及蒸发率

喷雾蒸发燃烧的研究对指导发动机燃烧系统设计具有重要意义。本文搭建了高速数字全息系统,在线测量乙醇喷雾火焰中液滴的粒径、三维位置、速度及蒸发率。对喷雾火焰中的液滴进行了统计分析,得到液滴粒径及三维空间分布。燃烧喷雾场液滴的平均粒径为68μm;非燃烧火焰测试区液滴数量多且较密集,燃烧火焰测试区液滴数量少且稀疏.追踪单液滴并处理得到湍流火焰中液滴的运动轨迹及速度。通过研究粒径的平方D2随停留时间ts的变化,测得液滴平均蒸发率为-3.343×10-7 m2/s.     

Characteristics and generation of elastic turbulence in a three-dimensional parallel plate channel using direct numerical simulation

Direct numerical simulations(DNSs) of purely elastic turbulence in rectilinear shear flows in a three-dimensional(3D) parallel plate channel were carried out,by which numerical databases were established.Based on the numerical databases,the present paper analyzed the structural and statistical characteristics of the elastic turbulence including flow patterns,the wall effect on the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum,and the local relationship between the flow motion and the microstructures' behavior.Moreover,to address the underlying physical mechanism of elastic turbulence,its generation was presented in terms of the global energy budget.The results showed that the flow structures in elastic turbulence were 3D with spatial scales on the order of the geometrical characteristic length,and vortex tubes were more likely to be embedded in the regions where the polymers were strongly stretched.In addition,the patterns of microstructures' elongation behave like a filament.From the results of the turbulent kinetic energy budget,it was found that the continuous energy releasing from the polymers into the main flow was the main source of the generation and maintenance of the elastic turbulent status.     

Turbulence modulation model for gas–particle flow based on probability density function approach

The paper focuses on the turbulence modulation problem in gas–particle flow with the use of probability density function(PDF) approach. By means of the PDF method, a general statistical moment turbulence modulation model without considering the trajectory difference between two phases is derived from the Navier–Stokes equations. A new turbulence production term induced by the dispersed-phase is analyzed and considered. Furthermore, the trajectory difference between two media is taken into account. Subsequently, a new k–ε turbulence modulation model in dilute particle-laden flow is successfully set up. Then, the changes to several terms, including the turbulence production, dissipation, and diffusion terms, are well described consequently. The promoted model provides a more probable explanation for the modification of particles on the turbulence. Finally, we applied the model to simulate a gas–particle turbulence flow case in a wall jet, and found that the simulation results agree well with the experimental data.     

Lagrangian Velocity Fluctuations in Fully Developed Turbulence: Scaling, Intermittency, and Dynamics

New aspects of turbulence are uncovered if one considers the flow motion from the perspective of a fluid particle (known as the Lagrangian approach) rather than in terms of a velocity field (the Eulerian viewpoint). Using a new experimental technique, based on the scattering of ultrasound, we have obtained a direct measurement of particle velocities, resolved at all scales, in a fully turbulent flow. We find that the Lagrangian velocity autocorrelation function and the Lagrangian time spectrum are in agreement with the Kolmogorov K41 phenomenology. Intermittency corrections are observed and we give a measurement of the Lagrangian structure function exponents. They are more intermittent than the corresponding Eulerian exponents. We also propose a novel analysis of intermittency in turbulence: our measurement enables us to study it from a dynamical point of view. We thus analyze the Lagrangian velocity fluctuations in the framework of random walks. We find experimentally that the elementary steps in the walk have random uncorrelated directions but a magnitude that displays extremely long-range correlations in time. Theoretically, we study a Langevin equation that incorporates these features and we show that the resulting dynamics accounts for the observed one-point and two-point statistical properties of the Lagrangian velocity fluctuations. Our approach connects the intermittent statistical nature of turbulence to the dynamics of the flow.     

气泡-液体闭式多股射流的大涡模拟研究

采用气泡-液体两相流动的欧拉-拉氏大涡模拟,研究了矩形通道内多股射流形成的气泡-液体两相湍流流动,得到了气液两相湍流瞬态结构,产生和发展过程。研究结果发现气泡和液体都有瞬态大涡结构,气泡脉动比液体的强。大涡模拟统计结果给出了有无气泡两种情况下的液体湍流脉动速度均方根值分布。瞬态和统计结果都表明,气泡增大了液体湍流,液体湍流来源于其自身的剪切产生和气泡的作用。这与二阶矩模型模拟结果定性一致。     

Role of elastic stress in statistical and scaling properties of elastic turbulence

The role of elastic stress in statistical and scaling properties of elastic turbulence in a polymer solution flow between two disks is discussed. The analogy with a small-scale magnetodynamics and a passive scalar turbulent advection in the Batchelor regime is used to explain the experimentally observed statistical properties, the flow structure, and the scaling of elastic turbulence. The emergence of a new length scale, namely, the boundary layer thickness, is observed and studied.     

Fluctuation-dissipation relations and statistical temperatures in a turbulent von Kármán flow

We experimentally characterize the fluctuations of the nonhomogeneous nonisotropic turbulence in an axisymmetric von Kármán flow. We show that these fluctuations satisfy relations, issued from the Euler equation, which are analogous to classical fluctuation-dissipation relations in statistical mechanics. We use these relations to estimate statistical temperatures of turbulence.     

改进的随机轨道模型

在随机轨道模型中,由于气相脉动速度对分散相颗粒作用的间歇性,使得井非在控制体内轨道上的每一点都可以代表该轨道参与颗粒相平均特性的统计计算,从而出现随机轨道模型往往低估颗粒相湍流脉动的情况．为此,本文提出了一种改进的随机轨道模型,在该模型中,分散相的时平均量在由其自身湍流脉动所确定的随机轨道上输运．与常用的随机轨道模型相比,其具有计算量小、计算结果合理且易于得到和分散相入口湍流脉动状况易于考虑等特点．对一简单已知流场的预报结果合理正确,克服了常用的随机轨道模型低估颗粒相湍流脉动的困难．     

Turbulence of a free surface

We study the free surface of a turbulent channel flow, in particular, the relation between the statistical properties of the wrinkled surface and those of the velocity field beneath it. For an irregular flow shed off a vertical cylinder, surface indentations are strongly correlated with vortices in the subsurface flow. For fully developed turbulence this correlation is dramatically reduced. This is because the large eddies excite random capillary-gravity waves that travel in all directions across the surface. Both their predominant wavelength and their anisotropy are determined by the subsurface turbulence.     

Calculations of the flow resistance and heat emission of a sphere in the laminar and high-turbulent gas flows

An early drag crisis can occur at high turbulence of incoming gas flow to a sphere. To study the influence of a crisis on heat transfer from a sphere to gas, a numerical experiment was carried out in which the free gas flow around a sphere with a temperature lower than the sphere temperature was simulated for two cases. The flow was laminar in the first case and highly turbulent in the second case. To take into account turbulence, the kinematic coefficient of turbulent viscosity with a value, which is much higher (up to 2000 times) than that for physical viscosity, was introduced. The results of calculations show that the early drag crisis occurs at Reynolds numbers of about 100 and results in considerable (by four to seven times) decrease in the hydrodynamic force and sphere drag coefficient C _d . The early drag crisis is also accompanied by the crisis of heat transfer from a sphere to gas with a decrease in Nusselt numbers Nu by three to six times.     

平面射流沿轴线的特征尺度及其对测量信号过滤程度的依赖

对出口雷诺数约为13000的湍流平面射流瞬时速度(u)测量信号(u_m)进行高频过滤研究. 在分析了高频噪声对u测量精度的影响后,使用Mi等人 (2005, Phys. Rev. E 71, 066304)提出的快速收敛迭代法对u_m进行了数值过滤,并考察过滤前后统计湍流量的变化. 结果发现,噪声的存在不仅对湍流小尺度统计量的估算影响显著,也对与大尺度关联的量产生一定的影响. 在有效去除噪声造