发酵过程葡萄糖在线检测系统的研制

发酵工艺中的高温蒸气灭菌过程使得传统"酶膜"方式葡萄糖生物传感器不能在线使用,导致不能实时控制葡萄糖的补加量,进而影响发酵的质量和产率。为了解决这一问题,本研究构建了一套用于发酵过程的葡萄糖在线检测系统。利用研制的耐高温的"酶液"方式葡萄糖生物传感器解决了"酶膜"方式传感器高温后无法正常工作的问题;利用研制的耐高温的透析取样系统解决了在线取样难题。实验表明:本传感器对葡萄糖的灵敏度达到0.259 nA/(mg/L);检出限为0.7 mg/L。对于500 mg/L葡萄糖浓度测量结果的相对标准偏差为2.02%;在0～1000 mg/L范围内,系统响应信号与葡萄糖浓度呈线性关系;本系统与商品化SBA-40E生物传感分析仪离线测量结果相比,呈现显著的线性相关关系。且线性相关方程的斜率k≈1。利用此检测系统对大肠杆菌发酵过程中的葡萄糖浓度进行了在线测量,并与SBA-40E生物传感分析仪离线测量结果进行了对比,变化趋势基本一致。     

合成气甲烷化反应积炭过程的热力学分析

建立了煤制替代天然气工艺中合成气甲烷化过程的热力学计算模型,并对该反应体系的10个反应进行了分析计算,得到了各组分的平衡组成和各反应的标准化学平衡常数.研究了反应温度、操作压力、原料气组分浓度和产品气循环比等对催化剂床层积炭的影响,发现容易导致积炭的热力学条件为550~800 ℃的反应温度和0.1~1.5 MPa的操作压力,且温度在700 ℃左右、操作压力低于1.0 MPa时催化剂床层积炭量最大.本研究针对催化剂床层积炭规律提出了低温、相对高压、合理的原料气组成是有利于缓解催化剂床层积炭、提高产品收率及保持催化剂活性的优化反应操作条件.     

气敏材料Cd2V2O7的制备和性能

采用固相反应法制备了Ｃｄ２Ｖ２Ｏ７半导体气敏材料．研究了制备条件对产物物相的影响及高温固相反应机理．电导测量表明：材料具有典型的表面电阻控制型电导行为．探讨了制备条件对气敏性能的影响．气敏测试表明,Ｃｄ２Ｖ２Ｏ７对乙醇有较好的灵敏度、选择性和稳定性以及较快的响应———恢复速度．     

吡啶预处理抑制煤热解过程中交联反应的研究

采用吡啶蒸气、吡啶溶液两种溶胀方式对伊泰褐煤进行了预处理,用热重结合在线质谱仪考察了两种处理方式对煤热解过程中交联反应的抑制效果。结果表明,两种预处理方法对煤热解过程的交联反应都有不同程度的抑制,但其作用温度和机理不同。吡啶蒸气预处理可能通过与煤形成N—OH氢键、断开煤本身含氧官能团之间的氢键,从而在400℃以前抑制煤本身含氧官能团之间的氢键交联反应;吡啶溶液预处理主要是通过改变煤的结构,减少煤小分子同大分子网络结构之间缔合,提高氢的传递效率等因素来抑制小分子同煤大分子网络结构及其热解过程中间碎片之间的交联反应。     

用光谱分析仪快速定量分析石油勘探钻井过程中气体含量方法

一种用光谱分析仪快速定量分析石油勘探钻井过程中气体含量方法，属于石油勘探气测录井技术领域。本发明的目的是为了解决钻井大提速而录井现有的气测方法间歇取样、分析速度慢、精确度低、定量结果影响因素多等问题。待测气体经过处理后进入气体流通池，经红外光照射和检测器检测，在光谱分析工作站内计算得到样品的红外光谱及各组分的含量。本发明具有分析速度快、准确、灵敏度高、可连续取样、在线分析，且不用外接气源等优点，可以在线对多组分重叠峰进行准确定性定量分析，工作环境适应能力强，操作简单，适用于石油勘探录井过程气体分析，保证钻井过程数据点的密集性和薄油层的发现率，非常适合快速钻井的需求。本发明也广泛适用于石油化工、环境监测等领域。     

煤燃烧过程中铍的迁移转化特性研究

通过热力学平衡模拟计算煤燃烧过程中铍的形态转化,采用高温真空管式炉进行含铍化合物与矿物的固固反应实验,以及富铍煤中加入添加剂的燃烧实验,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线荧光探针(XRF)以及电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)揭示煤燃烧过程中铍的迁移转化规律。结果表明,模拟计算发现铍只与含铝化合物反应生成BeAl_2O_4和Be Al6O10,同时固固反应实验也印证了这一结论,但反应温度在1 000℃左右,明显高于模拟计算温度650℃。添加Al_2O_3的富铍煤在燃烧时,由于铍与Al_2O_3发生反应,铍的释放率明显降低,最高降低33%以上;添加了伊利石的富铍煤,由于伊利石与铍的反应温度高于Al_2O_3,其抑制作用弱于Al_2O_3;而高岭石由于与铍的反应温度过高,在高岭石与铍发生反应产生抑制效果之前,部分铍已经在燃烧过程中释放出去,因此,抑制效果最差。     

燃烧过程中煤粉颗粒的变化情况的研究

采用扫描电镜、电子探针图象分析、热分析、以及岩相显微镜等测试手段,研究一系列不同燃烧阶段的煤固体颗粒试样的显微结构,了解颗粒中孔洞的位置、大小、以及形状对气固反应燃烧速率和燃尽程度的影响,以便为燃烧过程计算机数值模拟提供可靠的物理模型。准确采集在燃烧过程中各个不同燃烧阶段的真正有代表性的试样是极为重要的一步。不同的煤种的结构和性质有极大的差异,因而根据不同的煤种采用了两种不同的取样方法。     

用热重分析法研究氢氧化镧的热分解过程

在研究固相交换反应过程中,我们对氢氧化镧进行了热重分析,发现氢氧化镧的热分解过程是分两步进行的,由其热重曲线计算了氢氧化镧热分解反应的活化能和反应级数。     

中红外光纤光谱法在化学反应过程中的应用

将傅里叶变换中红外光纤光谱技术分别用于液相反应体系和固液反应体系的在线监测. 在液相反应体系中, 监测了环烷酸皂化时形成微乳的过程, 初步了解了皂化环烷酸时微乳液的形成机制; 在固液反应体系中, 监测了邻苯二甲酸与氯化铕的配位反应过程, 探索了络合物的生成过程及组分间的相互作用. 该技术有望发展成为一种实时监测化学反应过程的新方法.     

全自动在线涡流固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法直接分析血清中4种雄激素

建立了一种全自动在线涡流固相萃取-液相色谱-质谱联用直接分析血清中4种雄激素的分析方法。50μL血清样品经高速离心后,可直接用涡流固相萃取柱在线富集和分析。 Turboflow C18-P在线固相萃取柱可有效去除血清基质。最佳上样流速和洗脱时间分别为4.0 mL/min和1.0 min。方法的线性范围在1.0~100.0μg/L之间,4种雄激素的检出限在0.2~0.3μg/L之间,相对标准偏差为2.9％~14.1％(n=5)。应用本方法对实际血清样品进行了分析,整个分析过程包括提取、分离、检测以及柱子再生在32 min内即可完成。     

On-line monitoring of biotechnological processes by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of fermentation suspensions

An on-line monitoring system has been developed for the control of a biorreactor for the anaerobic pretreatment of an industrial waste water. The monitoring system is based on a process mass spectrometer with a temperature controlled membrane inlet. The membrane introduction mass spectrometer (MIMS) is coupled with a resistively heated metal gas chromatography capillary column, which serves as a transfer line between the bioreactor and the MIMS. Sampling and injection is performed by means of a pneumatically driven membrane probe, which enables monitoring of soluted and gaseous substances in the fermentation broth. The system can also be coupled to other processes.     

On-line fermentation gas analysis: Error analysis and application of mass spectrometry

On-line fermentation gas analysis is of general interest because it permits the determination of metabolic rates in almost any biological process using living organisms. The consumption and production of gases (O₂, CO₂, CH₄, etc.) and volatile compounds may be determined without causing any risk of infection. Elemental balancing permits the determination of other metabolic rates if the stoichiometry is known. This was studied with the production of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Alcaligenes latus. Estimations were based on the measurement of gas partial pressure and flow-rates, pH and alkali consumption rate. Experiments with a small quadrupole mass spectrometer showed unacceptable error propagation. Therefore, dynamic error propagation for all rates was studied using simulation. It was found that, for example, a 1% relative offset-calibration error for oxygen can result in an error in PHB estimation of > 50%. It is suggested that this culture is used in combination with elemental balancing for thorough tests of the accuracy of on-line gas analysis equipment. An on-line process gas analyser based on a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Balzers PGM 407) gave the following precision values (abs. vol.?%) during cultivation of Bacillus subtilis: nitrogen (m/z 14), 0.024; oxygen (m/z 32), 0.020; argon (m/z 40), 0.0011; and carbon dioxide (m/z 44), 0.0034. These values, combined with automatic recalibration, would be sufficient for reasonable estimation of PHB, biomass and substrates.     

Determination of H2 and D2 content in metals and alloys using hot vacuum extraction

A hot vacuum extraction technique for the determination of hydrogen in metal and alloy samples has been standardised. After measuring the total pressure of the evolved gases, individual hydrogen and deuterium intensities are measured using an on-line quadrupole mass spectrometer. Synthetic mixtures of H₂ and D₂, in known concentrations, have been analysed by QMS and an analytical expression correlating the measured [D₂]/[HD] intensity ratio with the mole fraction of deuterium in the synthetic mixture has been arrived at. The precision and accuracy in the measurement of hydrogen is about 10% at 50 ppmw level.     

Gas chromatography/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry method for high-precision position-dependent 15N and 18O measurements of atmospheric nitrous oxide

We describe an automated gas chromatography/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) method for the determination of the (18)O and position-resolved (15)N content of nitrous oxide at natural isotope abundance. The position information is obtained from successive measurement of the isotopic composition of the N(2)O(+) ion at m/z 44, 45, 46 and the NO(+) fragment ion at m/z 30, 31. The fragment ion analysis is complicated by a non-linearity in the mass spectrometer that has to be taken into account. Evaluation of the absolute peak areas allows for a simultaneous determination of the N(2)O mixing ratio for atmospheric samples. Samples with mixing ratios ranging from a few nmol/mol up to the percent level can be analyzed using different sample inlet systems. The high concentration inlet system provides an easy and quick method to carry out various diagnostic tests, in particular to perform realistic linearity tests. A gas chromatographic set-up with a split column and a backflush possibility improves analytical precision and excludes interferences by substances with long retention times from preceding runs. We also describe a new open split interface that uses only a single transfer capillary to the mass spectrometer for sample and reference gas.     

Automated high-speed analysis of selected organic compounds in urban air by on-line isotopic dilution cryofocusing gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

An automated environmental air monitor has been developed to measure selected organic compounds in urban air. The instrument is based on a cryofocusing-thermal desorption gas chromatographic mass spectrometry technique where the mass spectrometer is a slightly modified residual gas analyzer (RGA). The RGA was chosen as a detector because the whole system must be robust for long periods, with 24-h continuous air monitoring. RCA are extremely simple and seemed the most reliable mass spectrometers for this purpose. Moreover, because they have no physically limited ion source, contamination is considerably reduced, so maintenance intervals are longer. The gas chromatograph is equipped with a computer-controlled six-way sampling valve, with a 100-mL sampling loop and thermal desorption cold trap injector. Environmental air is enriched with an isotopically labeled internal standard in the sampling line. This internal standard is added with a validated, custom-made, permeation tube device. The “on-line” internal standard provides for high quality quantitative data because all variations in instrument sensitivity in cryofocusing or in thermal desorption efficiency are taken into account. High repetition rates (down to 5 min for a full analytical cycle) are obtained with the use of an isothermal gas chromatography program, microbore capillary column, and environmental air sampling during the gas chromatography run.     

Analysis of turkish lignite tar by coupled LC/GC,GC/MS,and capillary SFC

This work describes the analysis of a pyrolysis product of a lignite sample obtained from the Turkish Goynuk reserve. The aliphatic, aromatic and polar compounds present in the tar are separated and identified by various chromatographic techniques: Capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), on-line high performance microbore liquid chromatography/capillary gas chromatography (LC/GC) and capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The suitability of each technique for this particular application is discussed, and semi-quantitative results are presented for the major components detected.     

On-line analysis of fermentation media

A continuous on-line analysis system for components of the medium during the anaerobic and aerobic fermentation of glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. The procedures used include: analysis of the outlet gas by conventional analyzers (CO₂, O₂) and a mass spectrometer; continuous sampling of the liquid phase with microfiltration and subsequent determination of phosphate and glucose (spectrophotometer), glucose (polarimeter) and ammonium ion (ion-sensitive sensor); and continuous separation of volatile components and dissolved gases with diffusion through a silicone rubber membrane in high vacuum and determination of mass (m/z=18, 28, 31, 32, 40, 44) by means of a mass spectrometer. The system was tested on a batch reactor and a continuously operated three-stage cascade consisting of stirred tank reactors. This equipment was connected to a process computer. Glucose was quantified either polarimetrically or spectrophotometrically with p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide; the latter was far more sensitive and was preferred to enzymatic methods, with which correlation was good. Only acetoin was found to interfere. Problems with operating a mass spectrometer for fermentation control in the exit stream and with membrane sampling are discussed.     

Analysis of process impurities in the basic drug SB-253149 using capillary electrophoresis and on-line mass spectrometric detection

Capillary electrophoresis with on-line electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-MS) has been used to identify process impurities in a batch of the anti-atherosclerotic drug, SB-253149. The impurities were separated from the main drug compound by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using an ammonium formate buffer at low pH in an untreated fused silica capillary. The CE method was initially developed using UV as the detection mode and then later structural elucidation work was achieved using an ion trap mass spectrometer. To maintain peak resolution and peak shape when the CE system was coupled to the mass spectrometer, a modified capillary cassette linked to a coaxial sheath flow electrospray ionisation (ESI) interface was used. By performing MS/MS experiments in conjunction with chemical knowledge of the reactivities of SB-253149, it was possible to propose molecular structures for impurities detected in the batch of SB-253149. The results from this study revealed that most of the process impurities in SB-253149 were dimeric derivatives of the parent molecule as well as trace levels of the starting material. This type of information was vital in process control and optimisation for the synthetic route for this drug.     

External accumulation of ions for enhanced electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Electrospray ionization (ESI) in combination with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry provides for mass analysis of biological molecules with unrivaled mass accuracy, resolving power and sensitivity. However, ESI FTICR MS performance with on-line separation techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis has to date been limited primarily by pulsed gas assisted accumulation and the incompatibility of the associated pump-down time with the frequent ion beam sampling requirement of on-line chromatographic separation. Here we describe numerous analytical advantages that accrue by trapping ions at high pressure in the first rf-only octupole of a dual octupole ion injection system before ion transfer to the ion trap in the center of the magnet for high performance mass analysis at low pressure. The new configuration improves the duty cycle for analysis of continuously generated ions, and is thus ideally suited for on-line chromatographic applications. LC/ESI FTICR MS is demonstrated on a mixture of 500 fmol of each of three peptides. Additional improvements include a fivefold increase in signal-to-noise ratio and resolving power compared to prior methods on our instrument.     

Quantitative 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry for pharmaceuticals: A new approach to coupling liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry

A ²⁵²Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometer has been set up to analyse thin layers of non-volatile organic samples. Molecular and fragment ions were produced and their mass was determined by a time-of-flight measurement. A novel interface combines a high-performance liquid chromatograph with the ²⁵²Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometer in a twofold way: introducing the effluent continuously through a capillary inlet in the on-line liquid chromatography mass spectrometry mode or transferring already prepared samples through a vacuum lock into the mass spectrometer in the off-line liquid chromatography+mass spectrometry mode. The off-line mode has been applied for the quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals in blood using stable isotope labelled standards.