The influence of the polarization effect in Talbot self-imaging of high-density gratings

The Talbot self-imaging of high-density gratings with different period at half Talbot distance for different polarization is analyzed with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The numerical results indicate that the Talbot self-imaging of high-density gratings is obviously different for different polarization when the period d of the grating between 2λ and 3λ, which is verified through experimental results with the scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) technique. Furthermore, the Fourier spectrum (far field) generated by the gratings is also given with the rigorous coupled-wave method, which is in agreement with the near field.     

Unveiling Talbot Effect under Fresnel Diffraction at a Fork-Shaped Grating

The near-field effect of diffraction image self-reproduction or self-imaging of a periodic grating illuminated by quasi-monochromatic wave is well-known as the Talbot effect. Introducing a dislocation to a periodic structure provides a fork-shaped modulation of the phase/amplitude, which produces discrete diffraction pattern in a far-field consisting of optical vortices. In this paper, Fresnel diffraction at amplitude fork-shaped grating is theoretically and experimentally studied. The coexistence of spatial ordering and local violation of translational symmetry of the structure manifests itself in a strict diffraction pattern consisting of optical vortices in the far-field, which is shown to be accompanied by formation of a spatially ordered intensity distribution in the near-field, reminiscent the Talbot carpets for periodic structures. These results demonstrate the first evidence of Talbot effect occurred under light diffraction at fork-shaped gratings, being promising for deep understanding of near-field singular optics phenomena.     

红外波段高效率低偏振相关损耗光栅的设计

衍射效率高、偏振相关损耗低的衍射光栅是集成波分复用/解复用器件的一种核心元件,在光通信中具有很重要的应用价值。通过利用严格的耦合波理论计算光栅衍射效率的方法,分别编制出了计算TE波和TM波的衍射效率程序。通过改变光栅的面形来进行计算,最终得到了衍射效率高和偏振相关损耗小的光栅面形。     

A polarization splitter based on self-imaging phenomena in an anisotropic photonic crystal with an absolute photonic band gap

In a multi-mode waveguide of an anisotropic photonic crystal with an absolute photonic band gap, self-imaging phenomena are achieved for both TE and TM polarizations. Through careful choice of structure parameters, or the working frequency, the field of TE and TM polarization components can be separated in space after a certain propagating distance, based on which a polarization splitter is designed and numerically simulated. The numerical simulation shows that the polarization extinction ratio of the polarization splitter can reach a value of 22.9 dB and 19.2 dB at its two output ports, respectively.     

基于亚波长光栅的VCSEL偏振控制研究

为了确定亚波长光栅在微电机械系统(MEMS)波长可调谐VCSEL不同位置(上DBR上表面、上DBR下表面以及内腔)中实现TE和TM偏振控制的光栅参数范围以及光栅在哪个位置时实现偏振控制最稳定,通过MATLAB建立MEMS波长可调VCSEL的模型,然后计算光栅在3种位置时上反射镜(包括空气隙和光栅)随光栅参数变化的反射率,以此来确定它们实现TE/TM稳定偏振的光栅参数范围(即高反射范围内的参数)。将各自的高反射所对应反射率减去相同光栅参数范围内TM/TE低反射对应的反射率,通过反射率差值确定光栅在哪种位置时MEMS波长可调谐VCSEL实现偏振是最稳定的。最后得出的结论是光栅在上DBR下表面几乎无法控制TM偏振,而将光栅放置于内腔中,无论是在TE偏振控制上还是TM偏振上都是最稳定的。在实现TE偏振稳定的参数范围内,TE的阈值增益比TM最小少10 cm~(-1);而在实现TM偏振稳定时,在TE偏振稳定的参数范围内,TE的阈值增益比TM最小少5 cm~(-1)。     

A detailed study of metallic surface-relief grating

This paper presents a more detailed interaction of an electromagnetics light with a metallic surface-relief subwavelength grating utilizing the rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The focus of this work is the accurate modeling of undetermined aspects of diffraction patterns produced by binary metallic grating structures, specially gold grating. First-order diffraction efficiency for rectangular-groove gold grating with equal groove and ridge widths are presented for various wavelengths as a function of period, groove depth, polarization and angle of incidence. We also studied diffraction efficiency of both of TE and TM polarization modes against increasing of incident angle as well as TE polarization against increment of grating period. As a result, very low reflectivity at zero-order was found out for TE and TM polarizations at the pitch of Λ = 2λ. Having been studied diffraction efficiency of metallic surface-relief gratings, we also examined polarization-dependent efficiency of diffraction orders, for different groove depths. Simulation results have been completely presented.     

Design of wire-grid polarizer with effective medium theory

A design concept of a wire-grid polarizer, which is based on the effective-medium theory, has been proposed. The effective indices of a wire-grid grating are evaluated with the effective-medium theory. The results show that, the wire-grid grating acts as a metal for TE polarization, but it behaves like a dielectric material for TM polarization. According to the different effective optical properties of the wire-grid grating for the different polarizations, a wire-grid polarizer with a high polarization ratio can be obtained by enhancing both the transmission for TM polarization and the reflection for TE polarization.     

Polarization effect of femtosecond pulse breakdown in subwavelength antireflective relief grating

The transmittance property and the near-field distribution of subwavelength broadband antireflective grating directly patterned into the wide bandgap dielectric material as a function of the surface period and groove depth are performed by a rigorous Fourier modal method. It is found that the transmittivity is insensitive for TE and TM polarization, but the near-field distribution associated with laser damage resistance ability is strongly dependent on polarization state of incident light. What's more, the femtosecond pulse laser damage threshold of surface structure taking into account local maximum electric field enhancement was calculated numerically using a theoretical ionization mechanism model. The higher threshold on the surface period, pulse duration and incident wavelength for TM polarization than that for TE wave is demonstrated quantitatively.     

Design of a polarization-insensitive arrayed waveguide grating demultiplexer based on silicon photonic wires

The polarization dependence of an arrayed waveguide grating demultiplexer based on Si photonic wires is analyzed. The height and width of the arrayed waveguides are optimized to make the channel spacing polarization insensitive. To make the central wavelength polarization insensitive, different diffraction orders are chosen for TE and TM polarizations, and the remaining polarization-dependent wavelength is compensated with a noncentral input. A detailed design procedure is presented and numerical simulation results are given.     

Design of a 50/50 splitting ratio non-polarizing beam splitter based on the modal method with fused-silica transmission gratings

The optical design of a beam splitter that has a 50/50 splitting ratio regardless of the polarization is presented. The non-polarizing beam splitter (NPBS) is based on the fused-silica rectangular transmission gratings with high intensity tolerance. The modal method has been used to estimate the effective index of the modes excited in the grating region for TE and TM polarizations. If a phase difference equals an odd multiples of π/2 for the first two modes (i.e. modes 0 and 1), the incident light will be diffracted into the 0 and ?1 orders with about 50% and 50% diffraction efficiency for TM and TE polarizations, respectively.     

A Systematic Investigation on Diffraction Characteristics of Dielectric Periodic Structure with Arbitrary Grating Profiles

Wave diffraction characteristics of dielectric periodic structures with arbitrary grating profiles are systematically investigated for TE and TM mode polarization by an effective engineering method, which combines the staircase approximation with the rigorous mode matching procedure. The variations of the diffraction with the frequency and incident angle for the periodic structures with different grating profiles, such as rectangle, sinusoid, triangle, trapezoid, increasing cosine, semi-ellipse and semi-circle are systematically and comparatively studied. The effectiveness and accuracy of the present method are verified by the results given in the literature.     

Effects of shaded facets on the performance of metal-coated etched diffraction grating demultiplexer

A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method combined with a periodic boundary condition is used to analyze the diffraction efficiency of an etched diffraction grating (EDG) demultiplexer coated with a metallic film at the backside. The numerical results show that the diffraction loss is mainly due to the scattering effect of shaded facets of a metal-coated grating at both the polarizations. However, the same shaded facets can produce a higher loss for a TM polarization than that for a TE polarization, which induces a higher polarization dependent loss (PDL) of the demultiplexer.     

Geometrical aberrations of self-imaged line gratings

We analyze the properties of a self-imaging system from the point of view of aberration theory. We examine analytically and numerically the geometrical aberrations that are observed in the self-image of a parallel-line grating. We first derive the raytracing equations for determining the optical path of a self-imaging ray with the order of diffraction l. We then obtain the third- and fifth-order contributions to ray aberrations which arise from the difference between the optical paths of a self-imaging ray and of an actual ray. We show that the overall ray aberrations are entirely undercorrected. The ray aberrations approach zero as the ratio of the grating constant to the wavelength of light becomes large enough. In a case of unit magnification, no curvatures are observed in the self-imaged lines. If the magnification is bigger than unity, the light rays passing through the point in a positive or negative domain of the aperture variable contribute to the formation of the curved images. The image evaluation technique discussed here can be useful in the various applications related to the self-image formation of a parallel-line grating and it can also provide insight into the self-imaging of other periodic objects.     

利用保角变换实现环形光栅的Talbot效应

Talbot效应是一种近场自成像效应,通常只有周期光栅可以产生Talbot效应,而环形光栅无法产生.本文通过引入保角变换,发现可以在环形光栅外部设计适当的折射率渐变层介质,使得其中也能够产生严格的Talbot效应,并计算了对应的自成像半径表达式.本文利用FDTD软件分别将一个环形光栅放置在真空中以及人工设计的折射率渐变层中进行了模拟,并对二者的结果进行了比较分析,发现这种折射率渐变层介质确实对点光源入射的环形光栅的自成像情况有着很好的改善.希望这一工作能够推广Talbot效应的应用范围.     

Bragg反射齿型平面凹面衍射光栅性能研究

本文基于Bragg反射光栅是一维光子晶体的一种特例结构, 提出利用一维光子晶体理论进行Bragg衍射光栅的设计并对其性能进行研究分析. 根据一维光子晶体理论, 建立了罗兰圆结构的凹面椭圆Bragg蚀刻衍射光栅, 研究了TE/TM模式下器件的分光特性以及入射角度改变对器件角色散造成的影响; 同时, 文中对比了空气介质型和金属铝线型椭圆Bragg蚀刻衍射光栅的光学性能. 研究结果表明: 选择合适的器件参数, 可以实现TE/TM模式下1.465-1.615 μm范围内波长衍射效率在95% 以上, 且空气介质型结构光栅的通道均匀性要优于金属铝线型结构光栅; 入射角在30°-60°范围内变化时, 相同入射角度下, TM模式下器件角色散大于TE模式. 基于Bragg衍射光栅设计的波分复用器是一种尺寸小、衍射效率高的新型EDG 波分复用器, 为未来密集型EDG波分复用器发展提供了一种新的设计思路.     

Theoretical reflective performance of a sandwiched two-layer grating polarizer

The reflective polarizer is described by a sandwiched two-layer grating with a metal slab. Such a new polarizer is aimed to improve the performance of a reflective grating-based polarizer. The grating is optimized with the usual duty cycle of 0.5, where TE and TM polarizations are reflected in the –1st and the 0th diffraction orders, respectively. With optimized grating parameters, the extinction ratio can reach 45.5 dB and 41.9 dB in two diffraction orders, which are greatly improved compared with the conventional reported surface grating polarizer with the simple structure. Attractive merits of the new design are high efficiency, high extinction ratio, wide incident wavelength bandwidth for TE polarization, and wide angular range for TM polarization. Numerical results are expected to open new opportunities for the design of a grating-based polarizer with the enhanced performance by the complicated grating configuration.     

Near-field optical polarimetry of plasmonic nanowires

Local polarization properties of a gold subwavelength grating with plasmon-induced linear dichroism are studied by scanning near-field optical dynamic polarimetry. Periodic modulation of linear dichroism with the period corresponding to the period of the grating and the contrast of 0.3 is found at the distance of λ/20 from the sample.     

埋入式光栅双通道特性及其应用研究

利用严格耦合波理论分析了埋入式光栅在45°入射时,垂直和平行于光栅栅线的两个不同观察平面的零级共振反射衍射特性.在垂直于光栅栅线的平面内,TE、TM偏振下零级反射共振波长分别为432 am和420 am,在平行于光栅栅线的平面内,TE、TM偏振下零级反射共振主峰波长分别为623 nm和620 nm,在两个平面内,零级共振衍射光的共振波长差别较大,观察到的衍射光颜色差别明显,定义为双通道特性并用实验进行证明,制作了相应的光变色器件.     

畴腐蚀掺镁铌酸锂可调阵列光分束器的研究

研究了不同畴腐蚀深度的掺镁铌酸锂二维六角可调阵列光分束器的分数Talbot效应.对不同Talbot分数β和不同畴腐蚀深度的阵列光分束器Talbot衍射像进行了数值模拟理论研究.模拟结果表明,Talbot分数β可以改变Talbot衍射像的周期及结构分布,而畴腐蚀深度可有效调制衍射像的光强分布.在理论研究的基础上,设计并制备了具有不同畴腐蚀深度的掺镁铌酸锂二维六角阵列光分束器,对其在不同Talbot分数β条件下的分数Talbot效应进行了通光实验研究,实现了畴腐蚀阵列光分束器对近场Talbot衍射光强分布的调制,实验结果与理论研究结果一致.     

Complete Polarization Conversion Characteristics of Dielectric Grating Composed of Left-Handed Materials

The TE/TM polarization conversion characteristics of dielectric grating composed of left-handed materials for the case of plane wave oblique incidence are carefully investigated by a method which combines the multimode network theory with the rigorous mode matching method. It is indicated that complete polarization conversion between TE and TM modes can be realized using left-handed gratings. This can hardly achieve in the conventional right-handed gratings. Comparisons of polarization conversion properties between right-handed gratings and left-handed gratings are given with physical explanations. This unique merit of left-handed periodic structure is of important significance for accurate design of new millimeter wave TE/TM polarization converters.