伏打（Volta，Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio，count，1745—1827）意大利物理学家（Physicyst，Italy）

伏打出生在一个没落的贵族家庭。伏打决非神童。4岁才会说话。到了7岁，才赶上了其他孩子，接着就超过了他们。14岁时便决心当一个物理学家。伏打对电现象有兴趣。1775年他发明了起电盘。伏打的名声因此传开。1779年，接受了帕维亚大学的教授职位，他发明了静电有关设备。1791年，他获得了英国皇家学会的科普利奖章。1800年，伏打制成能产生很大电流的电池——“伏打电堆”。电池的发明使伏打的名声达到登峰造极的地步。     

自行车上的物理知识

自行车上的物理知识张日熙（广西合浦石康中学）有关自行车上的物理知识很多，以下列举几例。。外轮胎上设有凸凹不平的花纹是为了增大车轮与地面的摩擦。。在前后轴上装滚珠轴承是为了减小摩擦。。给滚珠轴承加润滑油是为了减小摩擦。。刹车后并不会立即停下来，是由于具...     

弯曲振动压电陶瓷薄圆板的等效电路和剪应力

本文讨论了压电陶瓷和金属构成的三层复合薄圆板的等效电路和粘接面上的剪应力分布。利用电压策动下强迫振动的稳态解求出系统的纯弹性能,纯电能和机电耦合能。再用推导等效电路的能量法求得系统的四端等效电路。在无损耗的情况下,该等效电路在所有的频率上都是正确的。然后利用等效电路求出共振频率附近的有损耗存在的位移函数。再由运动微分方程就可得到动态剪应力的分布。剪应力与策动电压和机械品质因数的乘积成正比。圆板中心处的剪应力为零。随着半径的增加剪应力迅速增加。当r/a=0.85时,剪应力有极大值,边缘上的应力略有下降。     

最杰出的10位物理学家

 英国杂志《物理世界》在100位著名物理学家中选出的10位最伟大者:爱因斯坦,美籍德国物理学家。苏黎世大学哲学博士,英国皇家学会会员。建立相对论改变了世人的宇宙观。他因解释光电效应的理论,独获1921年诺贝尔物理学奖。牛顿,英国物理学家、数学家与天文学家。创立牛顿运动定律和发现万有引力定律。1666年用三棱镜分析日光,发现白光由不同颜色的光构成。1671年研制反射望远镜观察行星运动规律。解释潮汐现象,预言地球不是正球体。麦克斯韦,英国物理学家、数学家,英国皇家学会会员。他建立电磁场的基本方程,指出光的本质是电磁波。玻尔,丹麦物理学家。量子力学创始人之一。     

推导麦克斯韦速度分布律、速率分布律的简单方法

麦克斯韦速率分布律是热学课的重点和难点,现有的教材都是不加推导直接给出结果的。本文采用简单的几率法来推导麦克斯韦速度分布律,虽然不是作严格的推导,但是对于普通物理课来说,由于这种方法很简单,物理图象清楚,对于建立初步的几率概念、统计概念,学习简单的统计方法,阐述两个分布律的性质都是有帮助的。 一、用几率法推导麦克斯韦速度分布律 设容器内有一定量的气体处于热平衡状态,分子数为N。分子的速度在直角坐标轴上的 dNv一三个分速度为V。、V。、。z。速度分量I)。在。。一。。千加。之lfu的分子数为4叭_,几率为二d上。我们知道…     

张志三先生的生平

张志三,光谱学家。《光谱学与光谱分析》的副主编、顾问。早期致力于原子发射光谱应用的研究。建立较完善的分子光谱实验室,为我国光谱学的发展做出了贡献。热心进行激光光谱的应用研究,促进了我国激光物理,原子、分子物理的发展。张志三先生因病于2003年9月20日在北京逝世,享年83岁。张先生严以律己,宽厚待人,治学严谨的科学态度,深得科技界同行的爱戴和赞誉。得知张先生过世的消息,大家深为悲痛。张志三先生的生前好友于9月25日到医院向张先生作最后告别。     

波源和接收者在介质体内的客观运动理论

建立介质体概念并指出介质体的内部独立性和外部相关性。建立双列车模型,对波在介质体内的多普勒效应进行量化分析。建立波源和接收者在介质体内的客观运动理论。把客观运动理论应用于天文学。指出天体介质体的边缘凸透镜特性。明确时间和物理介质空间的客观性。指出相对论的错误。明确波和粒子的区别。     

列文虎克（Leeuwenhoek，Antonie van，1632-1723）荷兰微生物学家（Microbiologist，Netherlands）

列文虎克幼年没有受过正规教育。1648年到阿姆斯特丹一家布店当学徒。中年以后被指派做市政事务工作。这种工作收入不少，又很轻松，使他有较充裕的时间从事喜爱的磨制透镜的工作，并且用之观察细微物体。由于勤奋及天赋，他磨制的透镜远远超过同时代人。制造的放大镜，形式很多。他一生磨制了400多个透镜。其中有一个，放大率竟达到270倍。他是第一个用放大镜看到微生物的人。     

代数误差公式的适用条件

在实验数据的处理中。估算问接测得量的误差时。经常引用加减运算、乘除运算的代数误差公式。但是。代数误差公式并不是普遍适用的。本证明。代数误差公式适用的充分条件是取误差的各量相互独立。     

中国量子场论研究的初期

量子力学是微观物理的基本理论。它的建立是物理学中划时代的成就。1925年Heisenberg和1926年Schrodinger的工作奠定了量子力学的基础。这个理论开始时被应用于原子的能级。在这类工作中电子满足量子力学,电磁场则仍是经典的。这样的理论虽然很好地给出了氢原子的能级公式,但是它不能反映光的量子性。人们立刻认识到,它不能计算光电效应和原子的自发辐射这类包含光子的消灭和产生的问题。因此量子力学的先驱们很快就着手研究场的量子理论。这导致量子场论的建立。     

Study on the radiation problem caused by electron beam loss in accelerator tubes

The beam dynamic code PARMELA was used to simulate the transportation process of accelerating electrons in S-band SW linacs with different energies of 2.5, 6 and 20 MeV. The results indicated that in the ideal condition, the percentage of electron beam loss was 50% in accelerator tubes. Also we calculated the spectrum, the location and angular distribution of the lost electrons. Calculation performed by Monte Carlo code MCNP demonstrated that the radiation distribution of lost electrons was nearly uniform along the tube axis, the angular distributions of the radiation dose rates of the three tubes were similar, and the highest leaking dose was at the angle of 160° with respect to the axis. The lower the energy of the accelerator, the higher the radiation relative leakage. For the 2.5 MeV accelerator, the maximum dose rate reached 5% of the main dose and the one on the head of the electron gun was 1%, both of which did not meet the eligible protection requirement for accelerators. We adopted different shielding designs for different accelerators. The simulated result showed that the shielded radiation leaking dose rates fulfilled the requirement.     

Analysis of Laser-generated Rayleigh wave on viscoelastic materials

In order to understand the viscoelasticity of material, this research has been conducted to study the propagation characteristics of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave theoretically. A model is presented for the pulsed laser generation of ultrasound on viscoelastic medium surface. Referred to the Kelvin model, the frequency equation and the normal displacement of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave were derived, the influence of the viscoelastic modulus on dispersion and attenuation was discussed. From the theoretical calculation, it is shown that the effect of viscoelasticity on the attenuation of Rayleigh wave is more than that on its dispersion. In the case of a weak viscosity, the attenuation of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave is directly proportional to viscosity modulus; the effect of shear viscosity on the attenuation is much more than that of bulk viscosity. The transient response of viscoelastic Rayleigh wave was also simulated using Laplace and Hankel inversion transform, which are showed in good agreement with the theoretic predictions. The model provides a useful tool for the determination of viscoelastic parameters of medium.     

A study on the best irradiation dose of X-ray for Hep-2 cells by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to study the human epidermis larynx carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2) which were irradiated by different doses of X-ray.The results show that (1) the irradiation of X-ray damages the structure of the CH3 groups of the thymine in DNA,which restrains the reproduction of Hep-2 cells effectively,(2) the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation changes the framework and the relative contents of some proteins,lipids and the nucleic acid molecules intercellular in the greatest degree,and (3) the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation is the best irradiation dose for lowering the degree of the cancerization of Hep-2 cells according to the criteria for the degree of the cancerization reported recently.Meanwhile,the apoptosis of these cells were detected by using flow cytometry (FCM) primarily.It shows that the apoptotic ratio of the Hep-2 cells depends on the irradiation dose to some extent,but is not linearly.And the apoptotic ratio of the 12 Gy dose group is the maximum (20.36%),but the apoptotic ratios of the 2 to 8 Gy dose groups change little.     

Dynamics of a waveguide pulsed-periodic CO2 laser with loss modulation

The nonlinear dynamics of a waveguide CO₂ laser with combined periodic loss and pumping modulation is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The possibilities of controlling time and energy parameters of the output radiation using the corresponding selection of the detuning of the cavity's longitudinal mode from the center of the amplification line, the amplitude, and the frequency of loss modulation are demonstrated. The observed asymmetric dependence of the lasing-radiation density on the detuning of the cavity frequency is explained by the attendant modulation of the refractive index of the loss modulator. To whom correspondence should be addressed. B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 68, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 471–478, July–August, 1999.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Influence of microwave radiation on the association processes of rhodamine 6G molecules in aqueous solutions

The influence of the microwave radiation of two frequency ranges (2.0 mm and 6.9 dm) on the absorption spectra of the cationic dye rhodamine 6G has been investigated. A reversible decrease in the quantity of the dimers of the dye molecules after exposure of its aqueous solution to microwave radiation and also the phenomenon of destruction of the associates of the dye molecules under the influence of the microwave field have been revealed. They are discussed from the standpoint of the structural characteristic features of water.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 34–37, January–February, 2005.     

Tropical Monsoon Forest Thermodynamics Based on Remote Sensing Data

This paper addresses thermodynamic variables that characterize the energy balance and structure of the solar energy transformation by the ecosystems of deciduous tropical forests. By analyzing the seasonal dynamics of these variables, two main states of the thermodynamic system are determined: the end of the drought season and the end of the wet season. Two sub-systems of solar energy transformation are also defined: a balance system that is responsible for the moisture transportation between the ecosystem and atmosphere; and a structural bioproductional system responsible for biological productivity. Several types of thermodynamic systems are determined based on the ratio between the invariants of the variables. They match the main classes of the landscape cover. A seasonal change of thermodynamic variables for different types of thermodynamic systems is additionally studied. The study reveals that temperature above the forest ecosystems is about 4° lower than above the open areas during most of the year.     

The effective absorption cross-section of thermal neutrons in a medium containing strongly or weakly absorbing centres

The structure of a heterogeneous system influences diffusion of thermal neutrons. The thermal-neutron absorption in grained media is considered in the paper. A simple theory is presented for a two-component medium treated as grains embedded in the matrix or as a system built of two types of grains (of strongly differing absorption cross-sections). A grain parameter is defined as the ratio of the effective macroscopic absorption cross-section of the heterogeneous medium to the absorption cross-section of the corresponding homogeneous medium (consisting of the same components in the same proportions). The grain parameter depends on the ratio of the absorption cross-sections and contributions of the components and on the size of grains. The theoretical approach has been verified in experiments on prepared dedicated models which have kept required geometrical and physical conditions (silver grains distributed regularly in Plexiglas). The effective absorption cross-sections have been measured and compared with the results of calculations. A very good agreement has been observed. In certain cases the differences between the absorption in the heterogeneous and homogeneous media are very significant. A validity of an extension of the theoretical model on natural, two-component, heterogeneous mixtures has been tested experimentally. Aqueous solutions of boric acid have been used as the strongly absorbing component. Fine- and coarse-grained pure silicon has been used as the second component with well-defined thermal-neutron parameters. Small and large grains of diabase have been used as the second natural component. The theoretical predictions have been confirmed in these experiments.     

夹心式太赫兹微流控芯片

许多生物大分子的振动和转动能级都落在THz波段范围内,因此可以采用THz光谱技术定性地鉴别生物样品。但是大部分生物分子的活性需在液体环境中才能表现出来,而水作为极性物质对THz波具有较强的吸收特性。因此,在THz光谱技术中通常采取各种措施来减少水的影响,以防止水溶液中生物样品的信息被掩盖。该研究设计了两种可利用透射式太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)系统检测的夹心式微流控芯片,通过减小THz与水的作用距离来减少水对THz的吸收,从而达到高透过率的目的。微流控芯片采用环烯烃共聚物(Zeonor 1420R)作为基片和盖片,聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)作为沟道夹层,利用THz-TDS系统对该芯片进行了测试,测得该芯片在0.2～2.6 THz频率范围内的透过率可以达到80％以上。在微流控芯片中分别加入去离子水、1,2-丙二醇以及二者在不同体积比下的混合溶液,并测量了它们的透射谱。结果表明,不同比例溶液的THz光谱明显不同,说明该芯片在测量液态样品方面的可行性。此外,用该芯片分别研究了不同浓度的氯化钾和碘化钾溶液,发现氯化钾溶液随着浓度的增加THz透过率减弱,而碘化钾溶液则相反。初步认为,电解质改变了水溶液中的氢键密度,从而导致溶液对THz吸收的改变。     

Influence of Radiative Irradiation on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Crystalline Quartz

The influence of radiation on the optical properties of quartz crystals has been investigated. Using the methods of IR and Raman spectroscopy, the lattice dynamics associated with a change in the spectral characteristics of a number of the stretching and deformation vibrations of the crystal lattice upon irradiation of samples by gamma quanta and neutrons to high doses has been determined. The regularities of radiative modification of the spectral characteristics of certain fully symmetrical and degenerate modes of the stretching vibrations of hydroxide groups are determined. To elucidate the reasons for the changes in the optical spectra, the latter were compared with the corresponding spectra obtained upon heating of wafers and with the change in the conductivity of crystals caused by irradiation. It is assumed that the changes in the optical spectra and conductivity of irradiated crystals are mainly due to the rearrangement of the quartz structure and to the stimulated migration of impurities. A possible mechanism of the process of conduction in the material is discussed in the framework of the existing models.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 224–229, March–April, 2005.