Planting in his Neighbor's Garden: David Hilbert and Early Göttingen Quantum Physics

David Hilbert (1862-1943) played an important role in establishing quantum physics in Göttingen. I analyze the ways in which his influence was decisive by comparison with Woldemar Voigt (1850-1919). Voigt was the leading Göttingen theoretical physicist before the arrival of Peter Debye (1884-1966), who was appointed to a new professorship in 1914 at Hilbert's instigation. I portray the Göttingen mathematicians, above all Hermann Minkowski (1864-1909) and David Hilbert, as planting the seeds for the blossoming of quantum physics under their student Max Born (1882-1970) in the 1920s.     

醇热技术制备TiO2纳米晶的荧光光谱及荧光量子产率

采用钛酸四丁酯醇热技术制备了TiO2纳米晶溶胶,透射电子显微镜(TEM)照片显示其为粒径小于10nm的类球形形貌。该纳米晶在最大激发波长375nm激发下,在450nm处产生稳定的强荧光。不同浓度TiO2纳米晶的荧光光谱和吸收光谱表明,该发光带不仅受粒子量子尺寸效应的影响还与带内缺陷能级和表面态的电子跃迁有关,是三者共同作用的结果。以硫酸奎宁在激发波长313nm的荧光量子产率0.55为标准,测得TiO2纳米晶在不同激发波长下的荧光量子产率。结果表明,TiO2纳米晶在激发波长330～370nm范围内有较高的荧光量子产率(约为0.20),远高于文献报道值(10-3数量级)。据此,TiO2纳米晶有望成为一种有前途的无机纳米荧光探针。     

Fluorescence Characteristics of Schiff Bases Derived from Amino- and Aminoalkylpyridines

The fluorescence characteristics of the Schiff bases 2-(3-pyridylmethyliminornethyl)phenol (1), 2-(2 pyridyliminomethyl)phenol (2), N.N-bis(salicylidene)-2,3-pyridinediamine (3), N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-2,6-pyridinediamine (4) and 2-(2-amino-4-methoxymethyl-6-methyl-3-pyridylmethyliminomethyl)phenol (5) were studied in various solvents at different pH values. Corresponding quantum efficiencies were determined. Compound 1, which showed a tendency towards tautomeric mterconversion to ketoamine in polar protic solvents, was not fluorescent at pH < 8. The fluorescence of other compounds was very sensitive to solvent polarity and the pH of the medium. Compounds 2-4, preferably present as enolimines in all solvents, were not fluorescent in non-polar and moderately polar solvents, whereas weak emission was observed in polar solvents, like methanol, dimethylformamide and dioxane/water 1/1 (0.001 < Q < 0.072). A significant increase in Stokes shifts and in quantum efficiencies was noted as a result of increasing polarity of dioxane/water mixtures, indicating specific interactions with polar water molecules. The emission was promoted at acidic pH values where a pyridinium cation was formed (0.061 < Q < 0.519, in dioxane/water 1/1 at pH 3.4). Compound 5, which was a tautomeric mixture of enoiimine and cyclic diamine in all solvents, was fluorescent in polar as well as in non-polar media. The quantum efficiency varied dependent on the solvent and pH (0.023 <Q< 0.435). The cyclic diamine, i. e. the more rigid structure was supposed to be responsible for the fluorescence in non-polar and aprotic solvents as well as at neutral, and weakly basic pH values.     

若丹明6G溶液体系的荧光量子效率

本文对八种若丹明6G溶液的荧光量子效率进行了测量,并着重讨论了染料若丹明6G溶液体系的量子效率的溶剂效应.在研究中发现:若丹明6G溶渡的荧光量子效率与溶液极性(ε-1)/(2ε+1)之间存在线性关系,体系的荧光量子效率随溶剂极性的增加而下降.由于染料分子与成氢键溶剂作用愈强,能量散逸愈快将是导致这一结果的主要原因.这一规律也适用于ANS染料溶液体系中.     

曲通X-100的荧光光谱与荧光量子产率

报道了曲通X-100(TX)水溶液的荧光光谱与荧光量子产率。实验发现,在强酸性条件下,TX没有荧光,当pH ＞1时,TX有稳定的强荧光,荧光激发波长为229和275 nm,发射波长为302 nm。TX水溶液可产生共振荧光,共振荧光峰位于285 nm。在0.1～90 mg·L-1浓度范围内,TX荧光强度与浓度之间存在线性关系,检测限为0.1 mg·L-1。以L-色氨酸为参比,测得在激发波长280 nm处TX水溶液的荧光量子产率为0.121。     

Microscopic origin of the next-generation fractional quantum Hall effect

Most of the fractions observed to date belong to the sequences nu=n/(2pn+/-1) and nu=1-n/(2pn+/-1), n and p integers, understood as the familiar integral quantum Hall effect of composite fermions. These sequences fail to accommodate, however, many fractions such as nu=4/11 and 5/13, discovered recently in ultrahigh mobility samples at very low temperatures. We show that these "next generation" fractional quantum Hall states are accurately described as the fractional quantum Hall effect of composite fermions.     

Detection and characterization of boric acid and borate ion binding to cytochrome c using multiple quantum filtered NMR

The application of multiple quantum filtered (MQF) NMR to the identification and characterization of the binding of ligands containing quadrupolar nuclei to proteins is demonstrated. Using relaxation times measured by MQF NMR multiple binding of boric acid and borate ion to ferri and ferrocytochrome c was detected. Borate ion was found to have two different binding sites. One of them was in slow exchange, k(diss) = 20 +/- 3 s(-1) at 5 degrees C and D(2)O solution, in agreement with previous findings by (1)H NMR (G. Taler et al., 1998, Inorg. Chim. Acta 273, 388-392). The triple quantum relaxation of the borate in this site was found to be governed by dipolar interaction corresponding to an average B-H distance of 2.06 +/- 0.07 A. Other, fast exchanging sites for borate and boric acid could be detected only by MQF NMR. The binding equilibrium constants at these sites at pH 9.7 were found to be 1800 +/- 200 M(-1) and 2.6 +/- 1.5 M(-1) for the borate ion and boric acid, respectively. Thus, detection of binding by MQF NMR proved to be sensitive to fast exchanging ligands as well as to very weak binding that could not be detected using conventional methods.     

CdTe量子点的光谱特性及其应用

研究了水相CdTe量子点的共振散射光谱、荧光光谱和吸收光谱特性。结果表明,随着量子点粒径(d)的增大,CdTe量子点的荧光峰(λ_F)发生红移,吸收峰也发生红移,且吸收峰(λ_A)的峰形变宽、吸光度(A)降低,λ与ln(d)均存在较好的线性关系。其函数关系为λ_A =126.74 ln(d)+395.92和λ_F=155.01 ln(d) +415.5。共振散射光谱研究表明, 共振散射波长λ_R与CdTe量子点粒径（3.8～8.6 nm）的对数存在较好的线性关系,线性回归方程为λ_R=148.37 ln(d)+418.08, 相关系数为0.995 2,而且同一粒径的CdTe量子点,共振散射强度与CdTe量子点的浓度也存在良好的线性关系,粒径为3.8 nm的CdTe量子点在波长597 nm处的线性范围,回归方程,相关系数分别为：22.5～180.0 μmol·L-1;I_{597 nm}=0.572 1c+5.884,0.997 5。共振散射光谱法作为检测CdTe量子点粒径的一种新方法,具有简便快速及较好的应用价值。     

High temperature gate control of quantum well spin memory

Time-resolved optical measurements in (110)-oriented GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells show a tenfold increase of the spin-relaxation rate as a function of applied electric field from 20 to 80 kV cm(-1) at 170 K and indicate a similar variation at 300 K, in agreement with calculations based on the Rashba effect. Spin relaxation is almost field independent below 20 kV cm(-1) reflecting quantum well interface asymmetry. The results indicate the achievability of a voltage-gateable spin-memory time longer than 3 ns simultaneously with a high electron mobility.     

CdSeS量子点的光吸收谱亚结构和光致发光激发谱分析

用光致发光激发(PLE)谱分析吸收谱的亚结构。实验样品是共熔法制备的CdSeS量子点玻璃,量子点的生长时间分别为2h和4h,高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)分析得到样品中量子点的平均直径分别为3．6nm和3．8nm。在室温下对样品进行了光吸收谱和光致发光激发谱研究。光吸收谱显示了量子尺寸效应,光致发光激发谱中低能端有两个明显的峰。考虑价带简并以及电子与空穴之间的相互作用,通过理论分析和数值计算,得到1S3/2-1Se和2S3/2-1Se的跃迁能量及其随量子点半径的变化,由此确认光致发光激发谱中的两个峰分别为1S3/2-1Se和2S3/2-1Se跃迁。     

基于Schiff碱反应的新型碳量子点制备及其影响因素研究

通过简便水热合成方法,以戊二醛(GA)与3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷(APTMS)的Schiff碱反应制备了新型碳量子点。该碳量子点为直径2~7 nm的球体,激发波长为350 nm时,最大发射峰位于400 nm,量子产率为13.6%。实验表明,碳量子点的最佳制备条件是APTMS与GA的量比为1∶2,在180℃下加热8 h。碳量子点在p H=6.0磷酸缓冲液中的荧光强度最大,且荧光强度随测定温度(273~303 K)的升高而降低。     

基于液体基质材料的有机电致发光器件的制备及性能分析

利用液体基质材料9-(2-ethylhexyl)carbazole(EHCz)掺杂有机染料分子5,6,11,12-tetraphenyl-nathacene(rubrene)制备了具有液体发光层的有机电致发光器件,其结构为:ITO/PEDOT:PSS/EH Cz:rubrene/Cs2CO3/ITO,PEDOT:PSS...     

磺基水杨酸的荧光光谱与荧光量子产率

报道了磺基水杨酸 (SSA)的荧光光谱和荧光量子产率。在 pH <2时 ,SSA无荧光 ,随pH升高 ,SSA荧光增强 ,在 pH 5～ 10 5之间 ,SSA有稳定的强荧光 ,最大发射波长为 4 0 2nm ,激发波长为 2 12 ,2 38和2 97nm。在 pH >13的强碱性条件下 ,SSA转变为另一种荧光型体 ,最大激发波长 2 6 1nm ,最大发射波长390nm。SSA浓度较高时 ,荧光激发光谱发生变化 ,但发射光谱不变。在近中性条件下 ,SSA稀溶液的荧光强度与浓度之间存在良好的线性关系 ,线性范围为 5～ 2 5 0ng·mL- 1 ,检测下限为 5ng·mL- 1 。以硫酸奎宁为参比 ,测量了SSA在不同波长下的荧光量子产率 ,在最大激发波长 2 97nm处的荧光量子产率为 0 5 4。     

Fractional quantum Hall effect of composite fermions

In a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well of density 1 x 10(11) cm(-2) we observed a fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) at nu = 4/11 and 5/13, and weaker states at nu = 6/17, 4/13, 5/17, and 7/11. These sequences of fractions do not fit into the standard series of integral quantum Hall effects of composite fermions (CF) at nu = p/(2mp +/- 1). They rather can be regarded as the FQHE of CFs attesting to residual interactions between these composite particles. In tilted magnetic fields the nu = 4/11 state remains unchanged, strongly suggesting it to be spin polarized. The weak nu = 7/11 state vanishes quickly with tilt.     

全无机钙钛矿量子点的合成、性质及发光二极管应用进展

近年来,全无机铯铅卤素钙钛矿(CsPbX₃,X=Cl,Br,I)量子点由于其色纯度高、具有可调谐的发射波长(410～760 nm)、窄的半峰宽(12～42 nm)和较高的荧光量子产率(最高可达95%以上)以及可全溶液处理等优势而受到人们的高度关注,在显示和照明领域有着较为广阔的应用前景。本文首先介绍了近年来发展起来的全无机钙钛矿量子点的液相合成方法,如高温热注射法、一步反应法、阴离子交换法和过饱和重结晶法等;其次介绍了全无机钙钛矿量子点的形貌、尺寸和晶型调控及材料组分、反应温度和杂质离子对其发光性能的影响,进而总结了无铅全无机钙钛矿量子点的研究进展;然后介绍了全无机钙钛矿量子点在发光二极管方面的应用进展;最后概述了全无机钙钛矿量子点在未来发展中存在的挑战和机遇。     

Measurement of the 1s-2s energy interval in muonium

The 1s-2s interval has been measured in the muonium (&mgr;(+)e(-)) atom by Doppler-free two-photon pulsed laser spectroscopy. The frequency separation of the states was determined to be 2 455 528 941.0(9.8) MHz, in good agreement with quantum electrodynamics. The result may be interpreted as a measurement of the muon-electron charge ratio as -1-1.1(2.1)x10(-9). We expect significantly higher accuracy at future high flux muon sources and from cw laser technology.     

Preparation and fluorescent properties of a complex probe based on inorganic QDs and organic dye

A novel complex fluorescent probe based on quantum dots and organic dye (QDs-TO) was designed and prepared by incorporating a benzothiazole derivative into QDs-1-(3-amidepropyl)-4-methylquinoline. The complex probe was characterized by FT-IR and TG/DTA. The emission wavelength of QDs-1-(3-amidepropyl)-4-methylquinoline was found at 475 nm and a new peak corresponding to QDs-TO appeared at 550 nm, indicating that benzothiazole derivative can react with QDs-1-(3-amidepropyl)-4-methylquinoline to afford QDs-TO. Furthermore, the emission wavelength of QDs shifted blue while the characteristic peak of TO shifted red during the reaction. This suggests that the probe may be useful for biological labeling in offering an efficient method to study the interrelation between quantum dots and organic dyes.     

2018年5期 电子期刊

研究了不同Mn/Pb量比的Mn掺杂CsPbCl₃（Mn：CsPbCl₃）钙钛矿量子点的发光性质。Mn/Pb的量比增加引起的Mn²⁺发光峰的红移,被认为是来源于高浓度Mn²⁺掺杂下的Mn²⁺-Mn²⁺对。进一步研究了Mn：CsPbCl₃量子点的发光效率与Mn/Pb的量比之间的关系,发现随着量比达到5：1时,其发光效率明显下降。这种发光效率下降是由于Mn掺杂浓度引起的发光猝灭。Mn：CsPbCl₃量子点的变温发光光谱证实,随着温度的升高,Mn离子发光峰蓝移,线宽加宽,但其发光强度明显增加。     

Interaction among Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles, Acridine Orange, and Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Fluorescence Spectra and a Method for Deoxyribonucleic Acid Determination

Some studies on quantum dots (QD) as donors that enhance the fluorescence of a dye as an acceptor through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been reported. However, in the present work we discovered that CdS quantum dots sharply quenched the fluorescence of acridine orange (AO). Also, DNA enhanced the fluorescent signals of AO quenched by CdS. The extents of enhancement were in good proportion to the DNA concentrations. Based on this, a sensitive method was employed to determine DNA with both good selectivity and sensitivity. The calibration curve was linear over 60-4,000 ng mL(-1) and the determination limit (3sigma) was 4.39 ng mL(-1).     

Spin squeezing: transforming one-axis twisting into two-axis twisting

Squeezed spin states possess unique quantum correlation or entanglement and are significantly promising for advancing quantum information processing and quantum metrology. In recent back-to-back publications [C. Gross et al., Nature (London) 464, 1165 (2010) and Max F. Riedel et al., Nature (London) 464, 1170 (2010)], reduced spin fluctuations are observed leading to spin squeezing at -8.2 and -2.5 dB, respectively, in two-component atomic condensates exhibiting one-axis-twisting interactions. The noise reduction limit for the one-axis twisting scales as ∝1/N(2/3), which for a condensate with N～10(3) atoms is about 100 times below the standard quantum limit. We present a scheme using repeated Rabi pulses capable of transforming the one-axis-twisting spin squeezing into the two-axis-twisting type, leading to Heisenberg limited noise reduction ∝1/N or an extra tenfold improvement for N～10(3).