共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
K. Jacobi L. Geelhaar J. Márquez 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2002,75(1):113-127
We present a brief overview of surface structures of high-index GaAs surfaces, putting emphasis on recent progress in our
own laboratory. By adapting a commercial scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to our molecular beam epitaxy and ultra high
vacuum analysis chamber system, we have been able to atomically resolve the GaAs(
)B (8 ×1), (114)Aα2(2×1), (137), (3 7 15), and (2 5 11) surface structures. In cooperation with P. Kratzer and M. Scheffler
from the Theory Department of the Fritz-Haber Institute we determined the structure of some of these surfaces by comparing
total-energy calculations and STM image simulations with the atomically resolved STM images. We present the results for the
{112}, {113}, and {114} surfaces. Then we describe what led us to proceed into the inner parts of the stereographic triangle
and to discover the hitherto unknown stable GaAs (2 5 11) surface.
Received: 16 May 2001 / Accepted: 23 July 2001 / Published online: 3 April 2002 相似文献
2.
P. Kratzer E. Penev M. Scheffler 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2002,75(1):79-88
We demonstrate how first-principles calculations using density-functional theory (DFT) can be applied to gain insight into
the molecular processes that rule the physics of materials processing. Specifically, we study the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)
of arsenic compound semiconductors. For homoepitaxy of GaAs on GaAs (001), a growth model is presented that builds on results
of DFT calculations for molecular processes on the β2-reconstructed GaAs (001) surface, including adsorption, desorption,
surface diffusion, and nucleation. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations on the basis of the calculated energetics enable us to
model MBE growth of GaAs from beams of Ga and As2 in atomistic detail. The simulations show that island nucleation is controlled by the reaction of As2 molecules with Ga adatoms on the surface. The analysis reveals that the scaling laws of standard nucleation theory for the
island density as a function of growth temperature are not applicable to GaAs epitaxy. We also discuss heteroepitaxy of InAs
on GaAs (001), and report first-principles DFT calculations for In diffusion on the strained GaAs substrate. In particular,
we address the effect of heteroepitaxial strain on the growth kinetics of coherently strained InAs islands. The strain field
around an island is found to cause a slowing down of material transport from the substrate towards the island, and thus helps
to achieve more homogeneous island sizes.
Received: 2 May 2001 / Accepted: 23 July 2001 / Published online: 3 April 2002 相似文献
3.
W. Widdra 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2001,72(4):395-404
Angle-resolved photoemission data are dis-cussed for five different Xe adlayers which exhibit electronic structures of different
dimensionalities. Xe adsorption on Ni (110)-(1 × 2)-3Hand the (×) R30° Xe layer on Ru (001) reveal two-dimensional (2D) Xe-derived band structures that are characteristic for hexagonal rare-gas
layers. Different Xe 5p dispersion widths on Ni and on Ru are found due to the difference in the Xe-Xe nearest-neighbor distance.
For three rare-gas systems (two different Xe coverages on hydrogen-modified Pt (110)-(1 × 2)-H and Kr step decoration on a
Pt (997) surface) true one-dimensional (1D) band structures are found. For Xe step adsorption on Pt (997), electronic localized
(0D) behavior is observed due to an enlarged Xe-Xe separation. The qualitative differences of the band structures in the case
of 2D, 1D and 0D rare-gas systems are demonstrated and are explained by the different dimensionalities of the various structures.
Received: 3 August 2000 / Accepted: 4 August 2000 / Published online: 7 March 2001 相似文献
4.
N. Reinecke S. Reiter S. Vetter E. Taglauer 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2002,75(1):1-10
Step structure and dynamics and adsorbate-induced reconstruction of stepped surfaces are useful features for investigating
fundamental surface phenomena and their practical consequences. In this respect, vicinal Cu (11n) surfaces with n=3, 5 and
9 were studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at 300 K. While the regular monoatomic steps fluctuate for Cu (119),
they are apparently stabilized for n≤5 by their strong repulsive interaction and this leads to a very low kink activity. In
addition to the regular steps, the formation of double steps was observed as a particular phenomenon on those surfaces. These
double steps determine the dynamic behavior at room temperature. By applying existing models for the fluctuations of the step
positions in space and time, the formation energy for kinks at these double steps was determined to be 0.16 eV for Cu (115).
According to this evaluation, diffusion along step edges is the dominating mass-transport mechanism. A model for the structure
of the double steps and for the atomic displacement processes necessary for kink migration at these steps is presented. Complete
faceting is observed for these surfaces upon oxygen adsorption at elevated temperatures (around 500 K) and was studied in
detail for n=5 and 9. Both surfaces reconstruct into two types of {104} facets and a third facet, the orientation of which
is determined by the macroscopic crystal orientation. The facet size is governed by the formation kinetics and can be controlled
by varying the crystal temperature or the oxygen partial pressure. The formation kinetics is discussed as a nucleation and
growth process and the relevant parameters are given. Facets within a range of size between 5 nm and 100 nm could thus be
produced. They remained stable at ambient atmosphere, up to about 620 K, and also if covered by additional metal layers such
as Ni.
Received: 1 June 2001 / Accepted: 23 July 2001 / Published online: 3 April 2002 相似文献
5.
J. Zegenhagen T. Haage Q.D. Jiang 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1998,67(6):711-722
3 surfaces and bicrystal interfaces and the growth of YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films on such substrates using scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Proper annealing of SrTiO3 in oxygen and/or ultrahigh vacuum produces uniformly terminated, atomically flat and well-ordered surfaces. For vicinal SrTiO3(001) surfaces the particular annealing sequence and miscut angle sensitively determines the resulting step structure and
thus the microscopic surface morphology. Steps of SrTiO3(001) surfaces can be adjusted to a height of one, two, or multiple times the unit-cell height (aSTO=0.3905 nm). The growth of YBa2Cu3O7-δ films on these substrates by pulsed laser deposition was traced from the initial nucleation to a thickness of about 300 nm.
The morphology, texture, and defect structure of the films is determined by the specific structure and morphology of the pristine
substrate. Anisotropic, planar defects, originating from substrate step edges, strongly modify the electronic transport properties
of the film leading to critical currents up to ≈9×107 A/cm2 at 4 K as well as pronounced transport anisotropies. Surfaces and interface energy terms are discussed, which also determine
the observed structure of bicrystal boundaries.
Received: 16 April 1998/Accepted: 21 August 1998 相似文献
6.
M. Roth M. Pickel J. Wang M. Weinelt Th. Fauster 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2002,74(7-8):661-664
Image-potential states on Cu (117) and Cu (119) surfaces were studied by means of two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy. The
regular array of steps generates a lateral potential on the vicinal surfaces, which modifies the surface-electronic structure.
Compared to Cu (001), the band bottom of the n=1 image-potential states shifts by 40 meV to lower binding energy. The periodicity
of the step-induced superlattice manifests itself as back-folding of the n=1 and 2 dispersion bands. At the surface Brillouin
zone boundary a mini-gap opens with a width of 135 meV for the first image-potential state on Cu (117). On the vicinal surfaces
the lifetime of the image-potential states is reduced by a factor of three as compared to Cu (001). This is attributed to
a narrowing of the surface-projected bulk-band gap when projected along the [11n] direction. While the dephasing rate of the
first image-potential state is close to the decay rate, higher members of the Rydberg-like series show negligible dephasing.
Received: 16 October 2001 / Revised version: 9 April 2002 / Published online: 6 June 2002 相似文献
7.
Submonolayer Bi and Au adsorptions on the GaAs(001)-2× 4 surface are investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy, low energy electron diffraction and first-principles calculations. The 1 ×4 and 3 × 4 reconstructed surface induced by Bi and Au, respectively, are revealed and their structural models are proposed based on experiments and first-principles calculations. Moreover, the validity of the recently proposed generalized electron counting (GEC) model [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 126103] is examined in detail by using the two surfaces. The GEC model perfectly explains the structural features, such Bi-1 × 4 surface and the 3x arrangement of four-atom Au as the characteristic short double-line structure in the clusters. 相似文献
8.
P. Rudolf R. Raval P. Dumas G.P. Williams 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2002,75(1):147-153
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy of chemisorbed C60 on Ag (111), Au (110) and Cu (100) reveals that a non-IR-active mode becomes active upon adsorption, and that its frequency
shifts proportionally with the charge transferred from the metal to the molecule by about 5 cm-1 per electron. The temperature dependence of the frequency and the width of this IR feature have also been followed for C60/Cu (100) and were found to agree well with a weak anharmonic coupling (dephasing) to a low-frequency mode, which we suggest
to be the frustrated translational mode of the adsorbed molecules.
Additionally, the adsorption is accompanied by a broadband reflectance change, which is interpreted as due to the scattering
of conduction electrons of the metal surface by the adsorbate. The reflectance change allows determination of the friction
coefficient of the C60 molecules, which results in rather small values (∼2×109 s-1 for Ag and Au, and ∼1.6×109 s-1for Cu), consistent with a marked metallic character of the adsorbed molecules.
Pre-dosing of alkali atoms onto the metal substrates drastically changes the IR spectra recorded during subsequent C60 deposition: anti-absorption bands, as well as an increase of the broadband reflectance, occur and are interpreted as due
to strong electron–phonon coupling with induced surface states.
Received: 6 June 2001 / Accepted: 23 October 2001 / Published online: 3 April 2002 相似文献
9.
A.E.R. Malins J.R. Neal T.-H. Shen W.Y. Liang 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2002,74(7-8):729-733
The spin asymmetry of internal photo-electron emission over Schottky barriers has been investigated for Fe/GaAs (001) having
close-to-ideal current–voltage characteristics. Using a low-power circularly polarised YAG laser operated at its fundamental
frequency (λ=1064 nm) as well as a visible diode laser (λ=670 nm) we demonstrate that, by eliminating the photo-current due
to inter-band transitions in GaAs with the infrared source, a significant enhancement to the magnetic asymmetry could be achieved.
The bias dependence of the asymmetry was also measured. It was found that the values were considerably different for the photo-electrons
traversing the barriers in opposite directions.
Received: 15 November 2001 / Revised version: 23 March 2002 / Published online: 2 May 2002 相似文献
10.
Frenken J.W.M. van Gastel R. van Albada S.B. Somfai E. van Saarloos W. 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2002,75(1):11-15
We review measurements performed using scanning tunneling microscopy of the motion of impurity atoms in the Cu (001) surface.
Like several other elements, the impurity that we have introduced, In, tends to embed itself in the first atomic layer of
this surface. Via the motion of the embedded In atoms, we obtain direct information on the motion of the Cu atoms in the surface.
In other words, we employ the In atoms as tracer particles to investigate the intrinsic motion in the first Cu layer. The
peculiar statistics of the two-dimensional In diffusion allows us to conclude that the motion is assisted by a rapidly diffusing
entity, which we identify as a surface vacancy, i.e. a single missing Cu atom in the outermost Cu layer. A comparison with
model calculations of the statistics of the vacancy-assisted motion of terrace atoms shows that there must be an attractive
interaction between an embedded In atom and a vacancy, which makes the In atom somewhat more mobile than a Cu surface atom.
Such an attraction is indeed found in embedded-atom-method calculations. Nevertheless, the temperature dependence of the indium
motion provides an accurate estimation of the sum Eform+Eact, representing the sum of the formation energy of a vacancy and the activation energy for the motion of vacancies through
a clean Cu (001) surface.
Received: 30 April 2001 / Accepted: 23 July 2001 / Published online: 3 April 2002 相似文献
11.
X.Y. Chen B. Yang T. Zhu K.H. Wong J.M. Liu Z.G. Liu 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2002,74(4):567-569
(110)-textured MgO films were grown on Si (100) with etching and without etching by pulsed laser deposition. The deposited
MgO films were shown to be droplets-free. The MgO film was used as a buffer layer to further grow Pt film on Si (100). A completely
(110)-oriented Pt film was obtained on such a buffer layer and its surface is very smooth with a roughness of about 7.5 nm
over 5×5 μm. This can be used as a new oriented Pt electrode on silicon for devices.
Received: 23 January 2001 / Accepted: 27 April 2001 / Published online: 27 June 2001 相似文献
12.
We have investigated the adsorption of Ba on the Si(111) surface at elevated temperatures by using high-resolution electron-energy-loss
spectroscopy, low-energy-electron diffraction, and photoelectron spectroscopy with synchrotron photons. We found two new ordered
phases 2×1a and 2×1bwith increasing Ba coverage in addition to other ordered phases reported earlier. All the ordered surfaces
were found to remain semiconducting with a hybridization band gap of ∼1.1 eV almost independent of Ba coverage. We discuss
evidence for the evolution of a Ba s-s hybridization band for Ba coverage beyond 0.5 monolayers and propose structural models
for the three ordered phases, which are quite consistent with our experimental data.
Received: 16 May 2000 / Accepted: 17 May 2000 / Published online: 16 August 2000 相似文献
13.
K. Hermann M. Witko R. Druzinic R. Tokarz 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2001,72(4):429-442
The local electronic structure at the V2O5 (010) surface is studied by ab initio density functional theory (DFT) methods using gradient-corrected functionals (RPBE)
where embedded clusters as large as V20O62H24, representing one or two crystal layers of the substrate, are used as models. Results of local binding and charging of differently
coordinated surface-oxygen sites as well as densities of states allow a characterization of the detailed electronic structure
of the surface. Electronic and geometric details of surface-oxygen vacancies as well as hydrogen adsorption are studied by
appropriate clusters. A comparison of the data, concerning vacancy energies, charging, geometric relaxation, and diffusion,
shows sizeable variations between different oxygen sites and can give further insight into possible mechanisms of surface
relaxation and reconstruction. Hydrogen is found to stabilize at all surface-oxygen sites forming surface-OH and H2O species. As a result, the binding of surface oxygen with its vanadium neighbors is weakened. Therefore, the presence of
hydrogen at the oxide surface facilitates oxygen removal and can contribute to the enhanced yield of oxygenated products near
vanadia-based surfaces.
Received: 10 April 2000 / Accepted: 25 July 2000 / Published online: 7 March 2001 相似文献
14.
G. Kuri G. Materlik V. Hagen R. Wiesendanger 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2001,73(3):265-271
MgO (100) single crystals are implanted with 1.50-MeV Al+ and 3.00-MeV Al2
+ ions at a fluence of 1×1015 Al atoms cm-2 under high-vacuum conditions. The surface morphology of the substrate is measured in air using atomic force microscopy and
X-ray reflectometry followed by computer-simulated spectrum analysis. The ion-irradiated areas are found to protrude to different
heights on the nanometre scale. Small height differences are observed in the areas irradiated by Al+ and Al2
+ ions of comparable energy, dose rate and total fluence. The results indicate that protrusions are most likely caused by implantation-induced
point defects (vacancies) generated in the crystal during implantation. Other possibilities for the cause of protrusions are
discussed. Thermal treatment stimulates a partial recovery of the implantation damage and alters the topography of MgO surfaces.
Received: 22 May 2001 / Accepted: 30 May 2001 / Published online: 25 July 2001 相似文献
15.
H.S. Nagaraja F. Ohnesorge D.K. Avasthi R. Neumann P. Mohan Rao 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2000,71(3):337-341
Single crystals of the amino acid benzoyl glycine (hippuric acid) are irradiated normal to the as-grown surface by highly
charged Bi ions with a kinetic energy of 2.38 GeV and a fluence of 1×1010 ions/cm2. The projectiles create circular craters with a mean diameter of 40 (10) nm on the surface of the crystal as observed by
scanning force microscopy (SFM). The mean depth amounts to 4 (1) nm, this value being considered as a lower limit due to the
finite radius of curvature of the force cantilever tip. Thus, on the average, each single-ion projectile seems to eject about
104 molecules. On the surface of non-irradiated crystals, SFM reveals terraces of a few monolayers in height. In water, it was
possible to visualize the lattice periodicity. Terraces were also observed on the irradiated crystal surface in the presence
of the craters, indicating that the crystal is still intact at the given dose.
Received: 25 May 2000 / Accepted: 26 May 2000 / Published online: 13 July 2000 相似文献
16.
M. Talanana M. Benakki F. Amalou S. Bouarab C. Demangeat 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2001,22(4):497-503
We present an ab initio study of the magnetic surface reconstructions of the B2 FeV alloy using a self-consistent tight-binding linearized muffin
tin orbital method developed in the atomic spheres approximation. For (001) and (111), the surface reconstruction stabilizes
configurations unstable in the bulk alloy. When Fe is at the (001) surface, a c(2×2) in-plane antiferromagnetic order is found to be the ground state with magnetic moments of -2.32 and 2.27. A p(1×1) ↓ ferromagnetic order is displayed in case of V toplayer with a magnetic moment of -1.83. At the (111) surface, we obtain for Fe toplayer two solutions p(1×1)↑ and p(2×1). The configuration p(1×1)↑ is found to be the ground state with a magnetic moment per atom of 2.34. For V toplayer, only the p(1×1) ↓ solution is obtained with a moment of -0.84. In all cases, the Fe-V coupling is always antiparallel like in the bulk. Our results are discussed and compared to experiments.
Received 11 August 2000 and Received in final form 8 June 2001 相似文献
17.
T. Eimüller P. Fischer M. Köhler M. Scholz P. Guttmann G. Denbeaux S. Glück G. Bayreuther G. Schmahl D. Attwood G. Schütz 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2001,73(6):697-701
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (X-MCD) was used as a large, element-specific and quantitative magnetic contrast mechanism
in the soft X-ray microscopes at BESSY I (Berlin) and the ALS (Berkeley). The present state and potential of magnetic transmission
X-ray microscopy (MTXM) is outlined. The possibility to record images in varying magnetic fields and the high spatial resolution
down to 25 nm were used to image out-of-plane magnetized (4 ?Fe / 4 ?Gd)×75 systems. Magnetic domains could be studied in
arrays of circular and square dots with lateral dimensions down to 180 nm. Hysteresis loops of individual dots were deduced
using the direct proportionality of the X-MCD contrast to the sample magnetization. Images of a 3 nmCr / 50 nmFe / 6 nmCr
film demonstrate for the first time that MTXM is also able to observe in-plane magnetized domains. In the future the possible
applications of MTXM will be extended with regard to the strength of the external field, the available energy range and the
sample conditions by building a dedicated transmission X-ray microscope for magnetic imaging at BESSY II.
Received: 22 May 2001 / Accepted: 4 July 2001 / Published online: 5 October 2001 相似文献
18.
First principles calculations of clean and adsorbate-covered surfaces of Si(001) and Ge(001) are reported. Chemical trends in the adsorption of ordered Na, K, Ge, As, Sb, S, Se and Cl overlayers are discussed. The calculations are based on the local-density approximation and employ non-local, norm-conserving pseudopotentials together with Gaussian orbital basis sets. The semi-infinite geometry of the substrate is properly taken into account by employing our scattering theoretical method. From total-energy minimization calculations we obtain optimal surface reconstructions which show asymmetric dimers for Si(001), Ge(001) and Ge:Si(001). For As:Si(001), Sb:Si(001) and Sb:Ge(001), we find symmetric adatom dimers in the equilibrium geometries. S or Se adlayers are found to be adsorbed in bridge positions forming a (1×1) unit cell with a geometry very close to the configuration of a terminated bulk lattice. Cl atoms adsorb on top of the dangling bonds of symmetric Si dimers residing in the first substrate-surface layer. Our calculations for Na:Si(001) and K:Si(001) confirm valley-bridge site adsorption for half monolayer coverage. For full monolayer alkali-metal coverage, adsorption in pedestal and valley-bridge positions is found to be energetically most favourable. The calculated optimal adsorption configurations are in excellent agreement with a whole body of recent experimental data on surface-structure determination. For these structural models, we obtain electronic surface band structures which agree very good with a wealth of data from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy investigations. 相似文献
19.
The microscopic nature of the selective interaction of iodine with an As- and Ga-stabilized GaAs(001) surface has been investigated
by the photoelectron emission and ab initio calculations. The adsorption of iodine on the Ga-stabilized (4 × 2)/c(8 × 2) surface leads to the formation of the prevailing chemical bond with gallium atoms; to a significant redistribution
of the electron density between the surface Ga and As atoms; and, as a result, to a decrease in their binding energy. Iodine
on the As-stabilized (2 × 4)/c(2 × 8) surface forms a bond predominantly with surface arsenic atoms. Such a selective interaction of iodine with the reconstructed
surfaces gives rise to the etching of the Ga-stabilized surface and the passivation of the As-stabilized surface; this explains
the layer-by-layer (“digital”) etching of GaAs(001) controlled by the reconstruction transitions on this surface. 相似文献
20.
Surface Structure and Electronic Property of InP(001)-(2×1)S Surface: A First-Principles Study 下载免费PDF全文
The surface structure and electronic property of InP(001)-(2 ×1)S surface under S-rich condition are investigated based on first-principles simulations. The analyses of phase transition show that the 3B model is the most stable structure and the S-S dimer is difficult to form. The geometry of the 3B structure agrees well with the experiments. It is also found that the 3B structure has a good passivation with a band gap of about 1.24eV. The results indicate that the 3B structure is the best candidate for the sulfur-rich InP(001)(2 × 1)A phase. 相似文献