Synthesis of Porous Material from Coal Gasification Fine Slag Residual Carbon and Its Application in Removal of Methylene Blue

A large amount of coal gasification slag is produced every year in China. However, most of the current disposal is into landfills, which causes serious harm to the environment. In this research, coal gasification fine slag residual carbon porous material (GFSA) was prepared using gasification fine slag foam flotation obtained carbon residue (GFSF) as raw material and an adsorbent to carry out an adsorption test on waste liquid containing methylene blue (MB). The effects of activation parameters (GFSF/KOH ratio mass ratio, activation temperature, and activation time) on the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of GFSA were investigated. The total specific surface area and pore volume of GSFA with the highest CEC were 574.02 m²/g and 0.467 cm³/g, respectively. The degree of pore formation had an important effect on CEC. The maximum adsorption capacity of GFSA on MB was 19.18 mg/g in the MB adsorption test. The effects of pH, adsorption time, amount of adsorbent, and initial MB concentration on adsorption efficiency were studied. Langmuir isotherm and quasi second-order kinetic model have a good fitting effect on the adsorption isotherm and kinetic model of MB.     

Mesoporous V-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles as New Adsorbents for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Color Textile Wastewater

V-doped TiO2 nanoparticles(NPs) as dye adsorbents are synthesized by the co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscope, N2 adsorption at 77 K, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adsorption of methylene blue(MB) on the V-doped TiO2 NPs is studied in detail by varying the calcination temperature and V doping amount of the adsorbent, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dosage, agitation rate, reaction temperature, and p H. The comparison of dye adsorption on V-doped TiO2 and parent TiO2 demonstrates that the adsorptive activity of TiO2 can be improved by V doping. The enhanced adsorptive performance can be attributed to the tremendous changes in texture, structure, and surface morphology of adsorbent. The adsorption kinetic analysis shows that the adsorption follows the pseudo-second order kinetics. The apparent activation energy for adsorption is calculated by Arrhenius formula to be 37.6 k J·mol-1, indicating that the adsorption is controlled by both of the diffusion and interfacial adsorption steps. The adsorption data are analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the results indicate that the Langmuir model provides better correlation of the experimental data. The results conclusively show that the adsorption of MB is a spontaneous behavior and endothermic reaction with the ΔH value of 17.60 k J·mol-1.     

The Use of High Surface Area Mesoporous-Activated Carbon from Longan Seed Biomass for Increasing Capacity and Kinetics of Methylene Blue Adsorption from Aqueous Solution

Microporous- and mesoporous-activated carbons were produced from longan seed biomass through physical activation with CO₂ under the same activation conditions of time and temperature. The specially prepared mesoporous carbon showed the maximum porous properties with the specific surface area of 1773 m²/g and mesopore volume of 0.474 cm³/g which accounts for 44.1% of the total pore volume. These activated carbons were utilized as porous adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution and their effectiveness was evaluated for both the adsorption kinetics and capacity. The adsorption kinetic data of MB were analyzed by the pseudo-first-order model, the pseudo-second-order model, and the pore-diffusion model equations. It was found that the adsorption kinetic behavior for all carbons tested was best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The effective pore diffusivity (D_e) derived from the pore-diffusion model had the values of 4.657 × 10⁻⁷–6.014 × 10⁻⁷ cm²/s and 4.668 × 10⁻⁷–19.920 × 10⁻⁷ cm²/s for the microporous- and mesoporous-activated carbons, respectively. Three well-known adsorption models, namely the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson equations were tested with the experimental MB adsorption isotherms, and the results showed that the Redlich–Peterson model provided the overall best fitting of the isotherm data. In addition, the maximum capacity for MB adsorption of 1000 mg/g was achieved with the mesoporous carbon having the largest surface area and pore volume. The initial pH of MB solution had virtually no effect on the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of the methylene blue dye. Increasing temperature over the range from 35 to 55 °C increased the adsorption of methylene blue, presumably caused by the increase in the diffusion rate of methylene blue to the adsorption sites that could promote the interaction frequency between the adsorbent surface and the adsorbate molecules. Overall, the high surface area mesoporous carbon was superior to the microporous carbon in view of the adsorption kinetics and capacity, when both carbons were used for the removal of MB from an aqueous solution.     

Synthesis of Starch-Grafted Polymethyl Methacrylate via Free Radical Polymerization Reaction and Its Application for the Uptake of Methylene Blue

In this research, a new biodegradable and eco-friendly adsorbent, starch-grafted polymethyl methacrylate (St-g-PMMA) was synthesized. The St-g-PMMA was synthesized by a free radical polymerization reaction in which methyl methacrylate (MMA) was grafted onto a starch polymer chain. The reaction was performed in water in the presence of a potassium persulfate (KPS) initiator. The structure and different properties of the St-g-PMMA was explored by FT-IR, 1H NMR, TGA, SEM and XRD. After characterization, the St-g-PMMA was used for the removal of MB dye. Different adsorption parameters, such as effect of adsorbent dose, effect of pH, effect of initial concentration of dye solution, effect of contact time and comparative adsorption study were investigated. The St-g-PMMA showed a maximum removal percentage (R%) of 97% towards MB. The other parameters, such as the isothermal and kinetic models, were fitted to the experimental data. The results showed that the Langmuir adsorption and pseudo second order kinetic models were best fitted to experimental data with a regression coefficient of R² = 0.93 and 0.99, respectively.     

Theoretical,Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Investigations of Methylene Blue Adsorption onto Lignite Coal

The interaction of methylene blue (MB) dye with natural coal (collected from coal landfills of the Kosovo Energy Corporation) in aqueous solutions was studied using adsorption, kinetics, and thermodynamic data, and Monte Carlo (MC) calculations. In a batch procedure, the effects of contact duration, initial MB concentration, pH, and solution temperature on the adsorption process were examined. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms were used to examine the equilibrium adsorption data. The equilibrium data fit well to the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models; however, the Freundlich model suited the adsorption data to a slightly better extent than the Langmuir model. The kinetics experimental data was fitted using pseudo-first-order, first-order, pseudo-second-order, second-order, Elvoich equation, and diffusion models. The pseudo-second-order rate model manifested a superlative fit to the experimental data, while the adsorption of MB onto coal is regulated by both liquid film and intraparticle diffusions at the same time. Thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG⁰), enthalpy (ΔH⁰), and entropy (ΔS⁰) were calculated. The adsorption of MB was confirmed to be spontaneous and endothermic. The theoretical results were in agreement with the experimental ones.     

Competitive Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B on Natural Zeolite: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies

A batch system was applied to study the adsorption behavior of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB) in single and binary component systems on natural zeolite. In the single component systems, the zeolite presents higher adsorption capacity for MB than RB with the maximal adsorption capacity of 7.95×10^?5 and 1.26×10^?5 mol/g at 55°C for MB and RB, respectively. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption followed pseudo‐second‐ order kinetics and could be described by a two‐step diffusion process. For the single component systems, the adsorption isotherm could be fitted by the Langmuir model. In the binary component system, MB and RB exhibit competitive adsorption on the zeolite. The adsorption is approximately reduced to 50% and 60% of single component adsorption systems of MB and RB, respectively at an initial concentration of 6×10^?6 mol·L^?1 at 25°C. In the binary component system, kinetic and adsorption isotherm studies demonstrate that the experimental data are following pseudo‐second‐order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm and kinetic data are fairly described by a two‐step diffusion model. Effect of solution pH on adsorption of MB and RB in both single and binary component systems was studied and the results were described by electrostatic interactions.     

Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution using a Ni-Metal Organic Framework Material

A specific metal organic framework (MOF) material was synthesized based on Ni(Ac)₂ · 4H₂O and 1-H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid through hydrothermal method. It was a promising candidate as adsorbent due to its large surface areas, porous structure, ordering and controllable properties. In this paper, it was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA and N₂ adsorption isotherm. Meanwhile MOF was treated as adsorbent for absorption of methylene blue. Using this material to remove methylene blue, which is low cost, simple and high efficiency. It shows great potential in removing other dyes and the adsorption rate could reach 85.08%.     

氧化铈纳米粒子光催化降解亚甲基蓝的动力学和机理

 CeO2 nanocrystals were synthesized by a simple precipitation method and calcination at 600 °C. (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 and ammonia were used as precursors. The CeO2 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption. The photodegradation of methylene blue catalyzed by CeO2 nanoparticles was studied under UV and sunlight irradiation. The highest degradation was obtained with 1.0 g/L CeO2 at pH 11 within 125 min. The pseudo first order rate constants of dye bleaching were calculated as 16.2x10-3 and 15.7x10-3 min-1 under UV and sunlight irradiation, respectively. The effect of iso-PrOH, iodide ion, and H2O2 was studied to predict the pathway of dye degradation. The obtained results indicate the effect of photogenerated holes in the degradation mechanism of the dye. Also, the photocatalytic activity of the prepared photocatalyst was studied in the presence of several negative ions.     

掺杂铜的介孔SiO2微球的制备以及对亚甲基蓝的吸附

通过水热法在室温下合成了不同铜含量的介孔SiO2微球(Cu-MSM)。目的在于研究吸附剂量、MB的初始浓度以及吸附时间对Cu-MSM从溶液中移除亚甲基蓝(MB)吸附性能的影响。结果表明,当增加Cu-MSM的量时,MB的去除率会大大提高;掺杂铜的介孔SiO2微球可以通过吸附去除水溶液中的亚甲蓝。最后,简要探讨了亚甲基蓝的吸附机理。     

Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution on High Lime Fly Ash: Kinetic,Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies

Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies were performed for the batch adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on the high lime fly ash as a low cost adsorbent material. The studied operating variables were adsorbent amount, contact time, dye concentration, and temperature. The kinetic data were analyzed using the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models and the adsorption kinetic was followed well by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium data were fitted with the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms and the equilibrium data were found to be well represented by the Freundlich and D–R isotherms. Based on these two isotherms MB is taken by chemical ion exchange and active sites on the high lime fly ash have different affinities to MB molecules. Various thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy of adsorption (ΔH°), free energy change (ΔG°), and entropy change (ΔS°) were investigated. The positive value of ΔH° and negative value of ΔG° indicate that the adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The positive value of ΔS° shows the increased randomness at the solid–liquid interface during the adsorption. A single-stage batch adsorber was also designed based on the Freundlich isotherm for the removal of MB by the high lime fly ash.     

ZnO/C纳米球的亚甲基蓝单吸附特性:平衡、动力学及机理

采用电弧放电法制备了ZnO/C纳米球,利用FESEM、XRD和N₂吸附/脱附测试进行了表征。在避光条件下研究了复合材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。研究结果表明,随着亚甲基蓝的浓度及接触时间的增长吸附量明显上升,在吸附时间为150 min时达到吸附平衡。采用Langmuir、Freundlich及Temkin等温吸附模式对吸附平衡进行了研究。结果表明,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模式,单层吸附饱和容量可达188.68 mg·g^-1。利用动力学模型、内扩散模型和外扩散速率控制模型拟合实验数据,拟合数据表明其动力学符合伪二级动力学模型;内扩散机理不是吸附速率的唯一限制机理,亚甲基蓝的总吸附速率受膜扩散控制。     

ZnO/C纳米球的亚甲基蓝单吸附特性:平衡、动力学及机理

采用电弧放电法制备了ZnO/C纳米球,利用FESEM、XRD和N₂吸附/脱附测试进行了表征。在避光条件下研究了复合材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能。研究结果表明,随着亚甲基蓝的浓度及接触时间的增长吸附量明显上升,在吸附时间为150 min时达到吸附平衡。采用Langmuir、Freundlich及Temkin等温吸附模式对吸附平衡进行了研究。结果表明,吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模式,单层吸附饱和容量可达188.68 mg·g^-1。利用动力学模型、内扩散模型和外扩散速率控制模型拟合实验数据,拟合数据表明其动力学符合伪二级动力学模型;内扩散机理不是吸附速率的唯一限制机理,亚甲基蓝的总吸附速率受膜扩散控制。     

Modified Calcium Alginate Beads with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Clay as Adsorbent for Removal of Methylene Blue

In present study, we have investigated the effect of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and clay on calcium alginate beads was studied to remove methylene blue (MB) and to improve the adsorption capacity. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as shaking rate, initial dye concentration, temperature, and pH on the adsorption rate, have been studied. Equilibrium studies showed that the sorption of the dye was enhanced in presence of SDS. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that SDS entrapped beads have more pores and cavities which could be responsible for improved adsorption of MB. The kinetics of cationic dye adsorption nicely followed pseudo-second-order process. The evaluated thermodynamic parameters (ΔG ^o, ΔH ^o, ΔS ^o) suggest endothermic adsorption of MB. The results revealed that the surfactant entrapped alginate could be considered as potential adsorbents for MB removal from aqueous solutions.     

The Removal of Victoria Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on a Low-Cost Material

The use of perlite for the removal of victoria blue from aqueous solution at different concentration, ionic strength, pH and temperature has been investigated. Adsorption process is attained to the equilibrium within 1 h. It is found that the adsorption capacity of perlite samples for the removal of victoria blue increased by increasing pH and temperature, and decreased by expansion and ionic strength. The adsorption isotherms are described by means of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption isotherm was measured experimentally at different conditions, and the experimental data were correlated reasonably well by the adsorption isotherm of the Langmuir, and the isotherm parameters (Q _m and K) have been calculated for perlite samples as well. It is concluded that victoria blue is physically adsorbed onto the perlite. The removal efficiency (P) and dimensionless seperation factor (R) have shown that perlite can be used for removal of victoria blue from aqueous solutions, but unexpanded perlite is more effective.     

可再生纤维素/环糊精聚合物对水中亚甲基蓝吸附行为

利用甘蔗渣提取纤维素修饰环糊精聚合物,成功制备可再生纤维素/环糊精聚合物（SUG-EPI-CDP）吸附剂。采用傅利叶红外光谱仪（FT-IR）与热重分析仪（TGA）对材料进行表征,同时考察了该材料对水中亚甲基蓝（MB）吸附特性和机理的影响。结果表明：在溶液pH值为7、温度为30 ℃的条件下,SUG-EPI-CDP可在120 min内有效去除MB,去除率达80.9%。通过模型拟合发现,SUG-EPI-CDP对MB的吸附是自发且吸热的过程,符合准二阶动力学方程和Langmuir等温线模型。该吸附剂实验最大吸附量达8.1 mg/g,远高于其他废料所制备的吸附剂。结果表明,利用可再生纤维素修饰可有效提高环糊精聚合物的吸附性能,同时为甘蔗渣资源化利用提供了新途径。     

La3+’s Effect on the Surface (101) of Anatase for Methylene Blue Dye Removal,a DFT Study

Density functional theory (DFT) is a widely used method for studying matter at the quantum level. In this study, the surface (101) of TiO₂ (anatase phase) was considered to develop DFT calculations and explain the effect of lanthanum ion (La³⁺) on the electronic properties, adsorption capacity, and photocatalytic activity of this semiconductor. Due to the presence of the La³⁺ ion, the bandgap energy value of La/TiO₂ (2.98 eV) was lower than that obtained for TiO₂ (3.21 eV). TDOS analysis demonstrated the presence of hybrid levels in La/TiO₂ composed mainly of O2p and La5d orbitals. The chemical nature of the La-O bond was estimated from PDOS analysis, Bader charge analysis, and ELF function, resulting in a polar covalent type, due to the combination of covalent and ionic bonds. In general, the adsorption of the methylene blue (MB) molecule on the surface (101) of La/TiO₂ was energetically more favorable than on the surface (101) of TiO₂. The thermodynamic stability of doping TiO₂ with lanthanum was deduced from the negative heat-segmentation values obtained. The evidence from this theoretical study supports the experimental results reported in the literature and suggests that the semiconductor La/TiO₂ is a potential catalyst for applications that require sunlight.     

改性埃洛石材料的制备及其对亚甲基蓝吸附行为的研究

使用硅烷偶联剂KH550改性埃洛石纳米管获得改性材料HNTs-APTS,并对其吸附亚甲基蓝的行为进行研究。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X-衍射仪(XRD)对改性前后的埃洛石进行表征。考察了吸附时间和温度对吸附过程的影响,并采用Lagrange准二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温线方程及Freundlich等温线方程对实验数据进行拟合。结果表明,KH550成功负载到埃洛石表面;改性后材料的吸附能力大大提高。改性埃洛石对亚甲基蓝的吸附约在60 min达平衡,最大吸附容量为21.66 mg/g。其吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,热力学较好地符合Langmuir等温线方程,且吸附过程为自发吸热,升高温度有利于吸附的进行。改性材料可重复再生6次,具有良好的再生性能,可在工业处理亚甲基蓝废水中使用。     

Experimental and Theoretical Insights on Methylene Blue Removal from Wastewater Using an Adsorbent Obtained from the Residues of the Orange Industry

Chemical and thermochemical transformations were performed on orange peel to obtain materials that were characterized and further tested to explore their potential as adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The results show the high potential of some of these materials for MB adsorption not only due to the surface area of the resulting substrate but also to the chemistry of the corresponding surface functional groups. Fitting of the kinetic as well as the equilibrium experimental data to different models suggests that a variety of interactions are involved in MB adsorption. The overall capacities for these substrates (larger than 192.31 mg g⁻¹) were found to compare well with those reported for activated carbon and other adsorbents of agro-industrial origin. According to these results and complementary with theoretical study using Density Functional Theory (DFT) approximations, it was found that the most important adsorption mechanisms of MB correspond to: (i) electrostatic interactions, (ii) H-bonding, and (iii) π (MB)–π (biochar) interactions. In view of these findings, it can be concluded that adsorbent materials obtained from orange peel, constitute a good alternative for the removal of MB dye from aqueous solutions.     

亚甲基蓝与鲱鱼精DNA相互作用的光谱法研究

以吖啶橙(AO)作为光谱探针, 采用UV和荧光光谱等方法研究了亚甲基蓝(MB)与鲱鱼精DNA的作用机制. 确定了在低浓度MB时, MB与DNA以嵌插方式作用; 而在高浓度MB时, MB与DNA之间为混合作用方式. 结合比n(MB)∶n(DNA)＝10∶1, 结合常数 ＝2.46×10⁵ L•mol^－1, MB-DNA复合物的表观摩尔吸光系数ε＝5.70×10⁶ L•mol^－1•cm^－1. 同时研究了酸度和温度等对MB与DNA相互作用的影响, 热力学研究推导了MB结合DNA为焓驱动反应.     

膜上痕量亚甲蓝样品的间接光声检测

介绍了一种新的膜上痕量样品分析方法与实验装置。利用间接光声效应对光吸收物质进行检测，全文对方法原理、实验装置以及影响因素进行了详尽讨论。膜上亚甲蓝定量线性范围１×１０＾－６￣１×１０＾－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，检出限为４６ｐｇ。