One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 2,3‐Dihydro‐1,3‐dioxo‐1H,5H‐pyrazolo[1,2‐a][1,2,4]triazoles

The reactive 1 : 1 zwitterionic intermediate formed by the addition of isocyanides to dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates was trapped with 4‐arylurazoles to produce the highly functionalized pyrazolo[1,2‐a][1,2,4]triazoles 5 in good yields (Table). The structures of the products 5a – h were corroborated spectroscopically (IR, ¹H‐ and ¹³C‐NMR), by EI‐MS, and elemental analysis. A possible mechanism for this reaction is proposed (Scheme).     

Synthesis of 6‐Aryl‐4H‐imidazo[1,2‐b][1,2,4]triazoles and 6‐Aryl‐thiazolo[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazoles

The cyclization of the derivatives of 3‐aminotriazole, 2‐(5‐substituted 4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ylamino)‐1‐arylethanones and 2‐(4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ylthio)‐1‐arylethanones to yield 6‐aryl‐4H‐imidazo[1,2‐b][1,2,4]triazoles and 6‐aryl‐thiazolo[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazoles has been described.     

Synthesis of chiral fused heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2,4‐triazole ring

A series of new chiral (S)‐3‐ary1‐6‐pyrrolidin‐2‐yl‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b]thiadiazole (II_1‐5), (S)‐1‐(3‐aryl‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazol‐6‐yl)‐ethylamine (II_6‐8) and (S)‐1,2‐bis(3‐aryl‐[1,2,4]triazolo‐[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazol‐6‐yl)‐ethylamine (II_9‐11) were prepared by the condensation of 3‐aryl‐4‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazoles with different L‐amino acids in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride and evaluated for their antibacterial activity.     

Synthesis of Some New Nitrogen Bridge‐head Triazolopyridines,Pyridotriazines, and Pyridotriazepines Incorporating 6‐Methylchromone Moiety

Some new triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines, pyrido[1,2‐b][1,2,4]triazines, and pyrido[1,2‐b][1,2,4]triazepines incorporating 6‐methylchromone moiety were prepared from the reaction of 1,6‐diamino‐4‐(6‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐4H‐chromen‐3‐yl)‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydropyridine‐3,5‐dicarbonitrile ( 4 ) with some electrophilic reagents.     

Bis(α‐bromo ketones): Versatile Precursors for Novel Bis(s‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines) and Bis(as‐triazino[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines)

A synthesis of bis(α‐bromo ketones) 5a‐c and 6b,c was accomplished by the reaction of bis(acetophenones) 3a‐c and 4b,c with N‐bromosuccinimide in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid (p‐TsOH). Treatment of 5a‐c and 6b,c with each of 4‐amino‐3‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazoles 9a,b and 4‐amino‐6‐phenyl‐3‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(4H)‐ones 13 in refluxing ethanol afforded the novel bis(s‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines) 10a‐d and 11a‐c as well as bis(as‐triazino[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines) 14a‐c and 15 , respectively, in good yields. Compounds 11b and 11c underwent NaBH₄ reduction in methanol to give the target 1,ω‐bis{4‐(6,7‐dihydro‐3‐substituted‐5H‐1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazin‐6‐yl)phenoxy}butanes 12a and 12b in 42 and 46% yields, respectively.     

A new approach for the synthesis of some pyrazolo[5,1‐c]triazines and pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines containing naphtofuran moiety

Naphtho[2,1‐b]furan‐2‐yl)(8‐phenylpyrazolo[5,1‐c][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl)methanone, ([1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐c][1,2,4]triazin‐6‐yl)(naphtho[2,1‐b]furan‐2‐yl)methanone, benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1‐c][1,2,4]triazin‐3‐yl‐naphtho[2,1‐b]furan‐2‐yl‐methanone, 5‐(naphtho[2,1‐b]furan‐2‐yl)pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine, 7‐(naphtho[2,1‐b]furan‐2‐yl)‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidine, 2‐naphtho[2,1‐b]furan‐2‐yl‐benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine, pyridine, and pyrazole derivatives are synthesized from sodium salt of 5‐hydroxy‐1‐naphtho[2,1‐b]furan‐2‐ylpropenone and various reagents. The newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis, spectral data, chemical transformation, and alternative synthetic route whenever possible. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).     

The Pseudo‐Michael Reaction of 2‐Hydrazinylidene‐1‐Arylimidazolidines with Diethyl Ethoxymethylenemalonate

The pseudo‐Michael reaction of 2‐hydrazinylidene‐1‐arylimidazolidines with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (DEEM) was investigated. The reaction yields the chain adduct, namely diethyl{[2‐(1‐arylimidazolidin‐2‐ylidene)hydrazinyl]methylidene}propanedioates. This is contrary to the pseudo‐Michael reaction of DEEM with 1‐aryl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐amines that does not allow isolation of chain derivatives and leads to cyclic imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine derivatives while even at thermodynamic control. At first cyclization of diethyl{[2‐(1‐arylimidazolidin‐2‐ylidene)hydrazinyl]methylidene}propanedioates leads to ethyl 1‐aryl‐5(1H,8H)oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐imidazo[2,1‐c][1,2,4]triazepine‐6‐carboxylates. 1,5‐Sigmatropic shift, following the cyclization, caused isomerization of 5(1H,8H)oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐imidazo[2,1‐c][1,2,4]triazepine‐6‐carboxylates to ethyl 1‐aryl‐5(1H)hydroxy‐2,3‐dihydroimidazo[2,1‐c][1,2,4]triazepine‐6‐carboxylates. Presence of both isomers in the reaction product was detected in the NMR spectra. The structure of all the compounds was confirmed with spectroscopic studies (¹H NMR and MS). The structure of diethyl{[2‐(1‐phenylimidazolidin‐2‐ylidene)hydrazinyl]methylidene}propanedioate was also confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. In the addition reaction, thermodynamics and HOMO–LUMO orbitals of the reactants were studied by using quantum chemical calculations.     

离子液体中一步合成14-芳基-1,6,7,14-四氢二苯并[a, i]吖啶-1,6-二酮衍生物

室温条件下在离子液体[bmim]BF4中合成了14-芳基-1,6,7,14-四氢二苯并[a, i]吖啶-1,6-二酮类衍生物,该方法具有产率高,反应介质可回收使用,反应底物范围广,反应时间短,操作简单等优点。     

Synthesis of thiazole,oxazole and heterocyclic ring‐substituted 1,2‐dioxanes

The reactions of 4‐bromoacetyl‐3‐methoxy‐3‐methyl‐6,6‐diphenyl‐1,2‐dioxane with thioureas or thioamides gave 3‐methoxy‐3‐methyl‐6,6‐diphenyl‐4‐(4‐thiazolyl)‐1,2‐dioxanes in 63–90% yields. The similar reaction of 4‐bromoacetyl‐3‐methoxy‐3‐methyl‐6,6‐diphenyl‐1,2‐dioxane with acetamide gave 3‐methoxy‐3‐methyl‐4‐(2‐methyl‐4‐oxazolyl)‐6,6‐diphenyl‐1,2‐dioxane in 39% yields. The reactions of 4‐bromoacetyl‐3‐methoxy‐3‐methyl‐6,6‐diphenyl‐1,2‐dioxane with 3‐alkyl‐4‐amino‐5‐mercaptot[1,2,4]triazoles yielded 3‐methoxy‐3‐methyl‐6,6‐diphenyl‐4‐[3‐(5‐alkyl[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b]‐2,3‐dihydro‐6H‐[1,3,4]thiadiazinyl)]‐1,2‐dioxanes in moderate yields (43–46%).     

An efficient and convenient approach for the synthesis of novel 2‐hydroxy‐12‐aryl‐8,9,10,12‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene‐11‐ones using p‐toluenesulfonic acid in ethanol and ionic liquid

A novel series of 2‐hydroxy‐12‐aryl‐8,9,10,12‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene‐11‐ones were synthesized by the one‐pot multicomponent condensation of 2,7‐dihydroxynaphthalene, aromatic aldehydes, and cyclic 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of a catalytic amount of p‐toluenesulfonic acid in ethanol and in ionic liquid butyl methyl imidazolium tetrafluroborate ([bmim]BF₄). The newly developed protocol is operationally convenient, widely applicable, and gives excellent yields of the diversely substituted title compounds in high purity by easy workup. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).     

Synthesis and reactivity of some imidazo‐, triazolo‐ and tetrazolo‐isoquinoline derivatives

1‐Acetylirrüno‐3‐methyl‐1H‐isochromene‐4‐carbonitrile, 1 , reacts with glycine ethyl ester under basic conditions to give an imidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline derivative, while reaction with hydrazine hydrate in 1,4‐dioxane, with further chemistry, provides access to [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinoline, [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐a]isoquinoline and tetrazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinoline analogs. Benzene ring nitration and radical bromination of substituent methyl groups were investigated in the four tricycles, with some different positional reactivities being found. Two bromomethyl derivatives so produced were oxidised; ethyl 2‐bromomethyl‐6‐cyano‐5‐methylimidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline‐3‐carboxylate gave the anticipated ethyl 6‐cyano‐2‐formyl‐5‐methylimidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline‐3‐carboxylate (which reacted further with hydrazine to form a new system, 8,9‐dihydro‐6‐methyl‐8‐oxopyridazino[4′,5′:4,5]imidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline‐5‐carbonitrile), while 5‐bromomethyl‐2‐methyl[1,2,4]triazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinoline‐6‐carbonitrile unexpectedly gave directly another new system, 5,6‐dihydro‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐7H‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c][1,2,4]triazolo[5,1‐a]isoquinolin‐7‐one.     

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Pyrrole Heterocyclic Systems Bearing Amino Acid Units: Novel Pyrrol‐3‐ones,Pyrrolo[1,2‐a][3,1]benzoxazines,and Pyrrolo[2,1‐b][1,3]oxazoles

Furan‐3‐one derivatives 1 were converted into 2‐hydroxy‐pyrrole‐3‐ones 4 by reacting with various α‐ and β‐amino acids. In contrast, the reaction of furan‐3‐ones and 1‐aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid afforded spiro‐pyrrolo[2,1‐b][1,3]oxazoles 5 via the pyrrole‐3‐one intermediate under the same reaction conditions. Some of 2‐hydroxy‐pyrrole‐3‐ones 3 derived from anthranilic acids were transformed to pyrrolo[1,2‐a][3,1]benzoxazines via intramolecular esterification.     

Insertion of carbon disulfide and the nitrile group into the diaziridine ring of 6-aryl-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes in ionic liquids catalyzed by BF<Subscript>3</Subscript> · Et<Subscript>2</Subscript>O

The present study revealed two new reactions resulting in the diaziridine ring expansion, viz., the insertion of the CS₂ molecule and the CN group of activated nitriles into the C—N bond of the diaziridine fragment of 6-aryl-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes. These reactions can be performed only in ionic liquids in the presence of BF₃ · Et₂O as the catalyst. Based on these reactions, we developed simple one-pot methods for the synthesis of 3-aryldihydro-5 H-pyrazolo[1,2- c][1,3,4]thiadiazole-1-thiones and 1-aryl-6,7-dihydro-1 H,5H-pyrazolo-[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazoles in high yields. Dipolar intermediates of new reactions, which are direct precursors of the final products, were detected by NMR methods. One of the intermediates was isolated and characterized. The reaction of 6-aryl-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes with benzoyl cyanide affords (2-benzoyrpyrazolidin-1-yl)(aryl)acetonitriles.     

Two regioisomers of condensed thioheterocyclic triazine synthesized from 6‐phenyl‐3‐thioxo‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐one

In the crystal structure of 6‐phenyl‐3‐thioxo‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐one, C₉H₇N₃OS, (I), the 1,2,4‐triazine moieties are connected by face‐to‐face contacts through two kinds of double hydrogen bonds (N—H...O and N—H...S), which form planar ribbons along the a axis. The ribbons are crosslinked through C—H...π interactions between the phenyl rings. The molecular structures of two regioisomeric compounds, namely 6‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐7H‐1,3‐thiazolo[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazin‐7‐one, C₁₁H₉N₃OS, (II), and 3‐phenyl‐6,7‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐thiazolo[2,3‐c][1,2,4]triazin‐4‐one, C₁₁H₉N₃OS, (III), which were prepared by the condensation reaction of (I) with 1,2‐dibromoethane, have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography and spectroscopic studies. The crystal structures of (II) and (III) both show two crystallographically independent molecules. While the two compounds are isomers, the unit‐cell parameters and crystal packing are quite different and (II) has a chiral crystal structure.     

Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Some Novel 5‐Amino[1,2,4]Triazole Derivatives

Novel [1,2,4]triazole derivatives were synthesized via various synthetic pathways. Among which were different substituted [1,2,4]triazole analogues that were synthesized, in addition to various fused [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazines, and [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1‐c][1,2,4]triazines. Besides, benzo[h][1,2,4]triazolo[5,1‐b]quinazolines, [1,2,4]triazolo‐[5,1‐b]quinazoline, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]quinazoline and [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1‐d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine derivatives were also synthesized. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against liver cancer HepG2 and breast cancer MCF7 cell lines compared with the reference drug doxorubicin. Compounds 4 , 7 , 15 , 17 , 28 , 34 , and 47 were found to exert promising anticancer activity against HepG2 cell line showing IC₅₀ values ranging from 17.69 to 25.4 μM/L, while compounds 7 , 14a , 17 , 28 , and 34 showed significant activity against MCF7 cell line with IC₅₀ values ranging from 17.69 to 27.09 μM/L.     

Synthesis of Triazolo[1,5‐a]triazin‐7‐one Derivatives and Highly Functionalized [1,2,4]Triazoles

The synthesis of novel triazolo[1,5‐a]triazin‐7‐ones is presented. Starting from 3‐amino‐5‐sulfanyl‐1,2,4‐triazole, the synthetic sequence involved alkylation with benzyl bromide, reaction with p‐nitrophenyl chloroformate followed by treatment with a primary amine, and condensation with diethoxymethyl acetate. Final oxidation of the thioether moiety with 3‐chloroperbenzoic acid provided 2‐(benzylsulfonyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazin‐7‐ones 5a and 5b in good overall yields. Treatment of 5a and 5b with secondary amines provided highly functionalized [1,2,4]triazoles through an unexpected triazinone ring opening. A mechanism for this transformation is proposed.     

Synthesis of Imidazo[2,1‐b][2H‐1,3,4]thiadiazines and 1,2,4‐Triazolo[3,4‐b][2H‐1,3,4]thiadiazines

Imidazo[2,1‐b][2H‐1,3,4]thiadiazines were prepared by cyclization of 2‐amino‐5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐6H‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine with α‐haloketones. 1,2,4‐Triazolo[3,4‐b][2H‐1,3,4]thiadiazines were prepared by cyclization of 4‐amino‐5‐sulfanyl‐l,2,4‐triazoles with phenacyl bromides.     

Ring‐ring interconversions. Part 3. On the effect of the substituents on the thiazole moiety in the ring‐opening/ring‐closing reactions of nitrosoimidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazoles with hydrochloric acid

The reaction of 6‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐5‐nitrosoimidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole 1b , 6‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐methyl‐5‐nitrosoimidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole 1c , 6‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,3‐dimethyl‐5‐nitrosoimidazo‐[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole 1d and 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐nitrosobenzo[d]imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazole 1e with hydrochloric acid has been carried out in order to investigate the effect of substituents on the thiazole ring in a recently reported ring‐ring interconversion reaction. In every case the corresponding [1,4]‐thiazino[3,4‐c][1,2,4]oxadiazol‐3‐ones 2b‐e have been obtained. In particular, the benzoderivative 1e furnished the 4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐4‐hydroxy‐4H‐benzo[5,6][1,4]thiazino[3,4‐c][1,2,4]oxadiazol‐1‐one 2e , containing a new tricyclic system with a quasi‐planar geometry whose pharmacological potentialities appear promising.     

Design,Synthesis, and Herbicidal Activities of 3‐Aryl‐4‐substituted‐5‐[3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]‐1,2,4‐triazoles

In order to find novel bleaching herbicide lead compounds, a series of novel 3‐aryl‐4‐substituted‐5‐[3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]‐1,2,4‐triazoles were designed and synthesized by the multi‐step reactions. N‐(Arylformamido)phenylthioureas undergo ring closure in the presence of sodium hydroxide to generate 3‐aryl‐4‐substituted‐4H‐[1,2,4]triazol‐5‐thiols 1 , which reacted with methyl sulfate in the presence of K₂CO₃ to give 3‐aryl‐5‐methylsulfanyl‐4‐substituted‐4H‐[1,2,4]triazoles 2 . The target compounds 4 were synthesized by the oxidation of 2 in the presence of H₂O₂ and Na₂WO₄, followed by the substitution with 3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenol in moderate to good yields. Their structures were confirmed by IR, ¹H NMR, EI–MS, and elemental analyses. The preliminary bioassay indicated that some of them displayed moderate to good selective herbicidal activity against Brassica campestris L at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. Compounds 4c and 4i possessed 75.0% and 82.6% inhibition against Brassica campestris L at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. However, the target compounds 4 showed weak herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crus‐galli at the concentration of 100 and 10 µg/mL.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Bioactivity of Thiazolo[3,2‐b]‐[1,2,4]‐triazoles and Isomeric Thiazolo[2,3‐c]‐[1,2,4]‐triazoles

Synthesis of 2‐(o‐nitrophenyl)‐6‐arylthiazolo[3,2‐b]‐[1,2,4]‐triazoles 4 and its isomer 3‐(o‐nitrophenyl)‐5‐arylthiazolo[2,3‐c]‐[1,2,4]‐triazoles 6 has been achieved starting from the appropriate 1‐(o‐nitrobenzoyl)‐3‐thiosemicarbazide 1 . Compound 1 on condensation with α‐haloketones gives 2‐(o‐nitrobenzoyl)hydrazino‐4‐arylthiazole hydrobromide 5 , which, on cyclization with POCl₃, affords thiazolo[3,2‐b]‐[1,2,4]‐triazoles 6 and not the isomeric thiazolo[3,2‐b]‐[1,2,4]‐triazoles 4 . This has been established by an unequivocal synthesis of 4 through polyphosphoric acid cyclization of 5‐aroylmethylmercapto‐3‐o‐nitrophenyl‐[1,2,4]‐triazole 3 . Compound 3 was synthesized by condensation of α‐haloketones with 5‐mercapto‐3‐(o‐nitrophenyl)‐[1,2,4]‐triazole 2 , obtained cyclization of 2‐(o‐nitrobenzoyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide 1 with NaOH. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of some of the compounds have also been evaluated.