Adjusting the chromatographic properties of poly(ionic liquid)‐modified stationary phases by substitution on the imidazolium cation

Poly(ionic liquid)‐modified stationary phases can have multiple interactions with solutes. However, in most stationary phases, separation selectivity is adjusted by changing the poly(ionic liquid) anions. In this work, two poly(ionic liquid)‐modified silica stationary phases were prepared by introducing the cyano or tetrazolyl group on the pendant imidazolium cation on the polymer chains. Various analytes were selected to investigate their mechanism of retention in the stationary phases using different mobile phases. Two poly(ionic liquid)‐modified stationary phases can provide various interactions toward solutes. Compared to the cyano‐functionalized poly(ionic liquid) stationary phase, the tetrazolyl‐functionalized poly(ionic liquid) stationary phase provides additional cation‐exchange and π‐π interactions, resulting in different separation selectivity toward analytes. Finally, applicability of the developed stationary phases was demonstrated by the efficient separation of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.     

腰果酚键合硅胶固定相的制备及其色谱性能北大核心CSCD

天然产物作为一种绿色低毒、来源广泛、功能位点丰富的单体,已被广泛应用于色谱固定相的研制与开发。该文以天然可再生资源腰果酚为配体,通过一步法开环反应将其接枝到由γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-560)修饰的硅胶上,制备得到腰果酚键合硅胶固定相。利用傅里叶红外光谱、元素分析、热失重分析和N_(2)吸附脱附实验对固定相进行表征,结果表明成功制备了腰果酚键合硅胶色谱固定相。采用Tanaka实验试剂、烷基苯、多环芳香烃、苯酚类化合物和芳香族位置异构体为探针评价其分离性能和保留机制,并与C_(18)柱进行对比。研究发现,腰果酚键合固定相除疏水作用外,还具有π-π和氢键作用。基于上述保留作用,腰果酚键合硅胶固定相对测试探针表现出良好的分离性能。重复进样10次,各探针保留时间的RSD为0.052%~0.079%,峰面积的RSD为0.104%~0.847%,峰高的RSD为0.081%~0.272%,表明该色谱柱具有良好的重复性和稳定性。此外,腰果酚键合硅胶色谱柱对中药喜树果和吴茱萸果的粗提物具有良好的分离性能,验证了其在实际样品分析中的巨大潜力。将天然产物腰果酚用于色谱固定相的制备,为分离纯化喜树碱和吴茱萸提供了新的方法,同时拓展了腰果酚在色谱分离材料方面的应用。     

高效液相色谱槲皮素键合硅胶固定相分离极性化合物

槲皮素是一种植物体中含量丰富、价格较便宜的黄酮类化合物,本研究以γ-[(2,3)-环氧丙氧]丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-560)为偶联剂,将其化学键合到硅胶上,得到一种含天然配体的槲皮素键合硅胶固定相(QUSP)。 采用红外光谱、热重分析、元素分析及固体核磁对其结构进行表征,测得硅胶表面槲皮素的键合量为0.139 mmol/g。 采用不同结构的溶质作探针,在评价固定相反相液相色谱疏水作用性能的基础上,侧重研究新固定相对极性芳香族化合物的分离能力,探讨了新固定相的色谱分离机理。 研究表明,仅采用甲醇或乙腈-水简单流动相,无需用缓冲液精确控制pH值,QUSP就能分别实现吡啶类、芳胺类、苯酚类、苯甲酸类和黄酮类等极性化合物的快速基线分离。 QUSP键合的槲皮素除含疏水性的C6-C3-C6骨架外,黄酮环还能为溶质提供氢键、偶极、π-π、电荷转移等多种作用位点,各种协同作用有利于提高色谱分离选择性,尤其对极性的可离子化的酸性和碱性化合物。     

Selectivity of stationary phases in reversed-phase liquid chromatography based on the dispersion interactions

Selectivity of 15 stationary phases was examined, either commercially available or synthesized in-house. The highest selectivity factors were observed for solute molecules having different polarizability on the 3-(pentabromobenzyloxy)propyl phase (PBB), followed by the 2-(1-pyrenyl)ethyl phase (PYE). Selectivity of fluoroalkane 4,4-di(trifluoromethyl)-5,5,6,6,7,7,7-heptafluoroheptyl (F13C9) phase is lowest among all phases for all compounds except for fluorinated ones. Aliphatic octyl (C8) and octadecyl (C18) phases demonstrated considerable selectivity, especially for alkyl compounds. While PBB showed much greater preference for compounds with high polarizability containing heavy atoms than C18 phase, F13C9 phase showed the exactly opposite tendency. These three stationary phases can offer widely different selectivity that can be utilized when one stationary phase fails to provide separation for certain mixtures. The retention and selectivity of solutes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography is related to the mobile phase and the stationary phase effects. The mobile phase effect, related to the hydrophobic cavity formation around non-polar solutes, is assumed to have a dominant effect on retention upon aliphatic stationary phases such as C8, C18. In a common mobile phase significant stationary phase effect can be attributed to dispersion interaction. Highly dispersive stationary phases such as PBB and PYE retain solutes to a significant extent by (attractive) dispersion interaction with the stationary phase ligands, especially for highly dispersive solutes containing aromatic functionality and/or heavy atoms. The contribution of dispersion interaction is shown to be much less on C18 or C8 phases and was even disadvantageous on F13C9 phase. Structural properties of stationary phases are analyzed and confirmed by means of quantitative structure-chromatographic retention (QSRR) study.     

3,5-二硝基苯甲酰基高效液相色谱键合硅胶固定相的制备与评价

以N-(β-氨乙基)-γ-氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷为偶联剂,建立了一种制备3,5-二硝基苯甲酰基键合硅胶固定相(DNB)的新方法。采用元素分析、红外光谱和热分析表征了该固定相的结构。根据元素分析碳含量结果,计算出DNB表面配体浓度为2.08 μmol/m2。以芳烃(PAHs)、酚类、芳胺类、硝基苯酚异构体和磺胺类化合物作溶质探针,较系统地研究了该固定相的色谱性能。研究表明,所制备的固定相除了具有弱的疏水性外,还能与溶质发生电荷转移、静电、氢键和偶极-偶极等作用,从而提高对溶质的分离选择性。同时,由于间隔基对硅醇羟基的屏蔽作用,适用于含氮的碱性化合物的分离。     

Improvement of the chromatographic separation performance of an imidazolium ionic liquid functionalized silica column by in situ anion‐exchange with dodecyl sulfonate and dodecylbenzene sulfonate anions

The anionic part of ionic liquids can provide additional interactions during chromatographic separations. In this work, the chromatographic separation performance of a silica column functionalized with 1‐propyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid was improved by in situ anion‐exchange from chloride anions to dodecyl sulfonate anions and dodecylbenzene sulfonate anions. The separation performances of these ionic liquid functionalized phases were investigated and compared with each other using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, parabens, and phenols as model compounds. Results indicated that the new columns presented a better chromatographic separation than the original one. This was ascribed retention mechanism from organic anions. The introduction of dodecyl sulfonate anions increased the hydrophobicity of stationary phase. Furthermore, the phenyl groups of dodecylbenzene sulfonate anions could provide an enhanced selectivity to aromatic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by π–π interactions. Analysis repeatability of the new columns was satisfactory (RSD of retention time, 0.10–0.40%; RSD of peak area, 0.66–0.84%).     

Comparison of retention of aromatic hydrocarbons with polar groups in binary reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography systems

The retention of aromatic hydrocarbons with polar groups has been correlated as log k1 versus log k2 for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography systems with different binary aqueous mobile phases containing methanol, acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran as modifiers. Distinct changes in separation selectivity have been observed between tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile or methanol systems. Methanol and acetonitrile systems show lower diversity of separation selectivity. The changes in retention and selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons with various polar groups between any two chromatographic systems with binary aqueous eluents (tetrahydrofuran vs. acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran vs. methanol and methanol vs. acetonitrile) have been interpreted in terms of molecular interactions of the solute with especially one component of the stationary phase region, i.e. extracted modifier, and stationary phase ordering. The ordering of the stationary phase region caused by modifier type influences the chromatographic selectivity of solutes with different molecular shape.     

Use of Chemically Bonded β‐Cyclodextrin Silica Stationary Phase for Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Structural Isomers

The retention behavior of five disubstituted benzene derivatives and two naphthalene derivatives is examined by using a chemically bonded β‐cyclodextrin silica stationary phase with the moiety containing the s‐triazine. The chromatographic results of five disubstituted benzene derivatives and two naphthalene derivatives show that effective separation is achieved on this stationary phase by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The results of the present investigation indicate that the formation of inclusion complexes plays a dominant role in the separation mechanism. However, the selectivity can be significantly enhanced by the n‐n interactions between the s‐triazine ring of the chemically bonded β‐cyclodextrin silica stationary phase and the aromatic ring of solutes. For example, the effective separation of the o‐, m‐, and p‐toluidine isomers on this stationary phase with the moiety containing the s‐triazine ring was better than on that of some β‐cyclodextrin bonded stationary phases without the moiety containing s‐triazine ring.     

硅藻土载负葫芦[7]脲气相色谱固定相的制备及其性能评价

在酸性条件下,将自制的葫芦[7]脲均匀地涂覆到102白色硅藻土担体上,制得葫芦[7]脲气相色谱固定相。 采用红外光谱、质谱、元素分析和热重分析表征了葫芦[7]脲在载体表面的结构。 利用相关探针测定了新固定相的麦氏常数,表征了其基本色谱性能。 考察了葫芦[7]脲气相色谱固定相填充柱对芳香烃、卤代烃、醇、酮、酯及硅氧烷的分离能力。 结果表明,葫芦[7]脲固定相热稳定性高,柱色谱性能稳定,对较广泛的化合物尤其对高沸点的酯类及硅氧烷类化合物显示出良好的色谱分离能力(7 min内分离),作为气相色谱固定相有较好的应用前景。 初步讨论了葫芦[7]脲固定相对上述化合物的分离机理。     

姜黄素键合硅胶固定相的制备、表征及色谱性能

通过γ-［(2,3)-环氧丙氧］丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-560)偶联剂将具有抗菌功能的植物有效成分姜黄素键合到硅胶上,制备了姜黄素液相色谱键合硅胶固定相(CCSP)。采用元素分析、红外光谱和热分析对该固定相结构进行了表征。以甲醇和水为二元流动相,不同的中性、酸性和碱性化合物为溶质探针,并用ODS柱作参比,对固定相的色谱性能及保留机理进行了研究。研究结果表明,姜黄素键合固定相不仅具有良好的反相色谱性能,同时由于配体结构中所含有的基团形成了含芳环的共轭体系,从而引入了n-π和π-π作用位点,所含的羟基和β-二羰基与溶质之间存在偶极-偶极和氢键作用,与ODS相比,该固定相在极性化合物分离中占优势,且分析速度较快。     

1-萘甲膦酸改性氧化锆固定相分离芳胺类化合物的色谱性能研究

研究了一些芳胺类化合物在1-萘甲膦酸改性氧化锆固定相上的色谱行为。分别考察了流动相中甲醇含量、缓冲液pH值和离子强度等对芳胺类化合物色谱保留的影响,并对这类化合物在该固定相上的保留机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明,芳胺类化合物在该固定相上表现出反相和阳离子交换的混合保留模式。以pH 10.1的Tris-甲醇(60/40,V/V)溶液为流动相,在1-萘甲膦酸改性氧化锆固定相上成功分离了间苯二胺、邻甲苯胺、N-甲苯胺、对硝基苯胺、邻硝基苯胺和α-甲萘胺6种芳胺类化合物。     

Controllable preparation of a hydrophilic/ion‐exchange mixed‐mode stationary phase by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using a mixture of two functional monomers

Mixed‐mode chromatographic stationary phases require functionalization with at least two functional groups to yield multiple interactions with analytes. Departing from reported methods, a mixture of two different monomers, glycidyl methacrylate and 2‐dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, was grafted onto the surface of silica by a one‐step surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization to prepare a novel hydrophilic interaction/anion‐exchange mixed‐mode chromatographic stationary phase. The grafted amounts of functional groups were controlled via varying the ratio of monomers in the polymerization system. The influences of water content, salt concentration and pH in the mobile phase were investigated to illustrate the mixed interaction between the stationary phase and analytes. The retention of various solutes on three columns, especially acidic and basic solutes, showed an obvious dependence on the ratio of the two monomers in the polymerization system. The results indicated that the strategy proposed in this work was beneficial to develop various types of mixed‐mode chromatographic stationary phases with adjustable selectivity to meet the needs of complex samples. Finally, the column was successfully employed in the isolation of melamine in liquid milk.     

Investigations on the chromatographic behavior of hybrid reversed-phase materials containing electron donor-acceptor systems. II. Contribution of pi-pi aromatic interactions

The chromatographic behavior of three naphthalimide-type stationary phases were elucidated in terms of hydrophobic, silanophilic and pi-pi interaction properties, employing besides common chromatographic column test methods from Engelhardt and Tanaka, also new test mixtures of geometrical and functional aromatic isomers. It was found that the presence of electron donor/acceptor moieties within a reversed phase system did not only increase the overall retention times for aromatic solutes, but also lead to an enhanced shape selectivity of the hybrid stationary phase. In this context, shape discrimination is primarily based on the number of accessible pi-electrons for pi-pi interaction with the embedded electron deficient ligand moieties. The most outstanding results were obtained for the 1,4,5,8-naphthalenediimidic selector with its horizontal arrangement on the silica surface, which enables a direct face-to-face pi-pi interaction with aromatic solutes, with only little hydrophobic contribution.     

Preparation and Characterization of a New Quercetin‐bonded Stationary Phase for High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A quercetin‐bonded silica gel stationary phase (QUSP) containing natural flavonoid ligand was first prepared via γ‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH‐560) as a coupling reagent for high‐performance liquid chromatography. Its chemical structure was characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal thermogravimetry and ¹³C cross polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS NMR). The chromatographic property of QUSP was systematically evaluated by using neutral, basic and acidic aromatic compounds as probes. In order to clarify its retention mechanism, a comparative study of QUSP with conventional octadecylsilyl‐bonded stationary phase (ODS) was also carried out under the same conditions. The results showed that the new quercetin‐bonded phase exhibited an excellent reversed‐phase chromatographic property with relatively weak hydrophobicity. However, it has an advantage over ODS in the fast separation of polar aromatic compounds because the quercetin ligand could provide various sites besides hydrophobicity, such as hydrogen bonding, dipole‐dipole, π‐π staking and charge transfer interactions. QUSP was performed in the baseline separations of ionized polar basic or acidic compounds, including pyridines, anilines, pyrimidines, purines and phenols with symmetric peak shape in common mobile phases without buffer salt within relatively short time. The natural ligands from herbs are readily available and contain a variety of active sites, which facilitate the exploration of industrial chromatographic separation materials for green products.     

Synthesis and characterization of new organometallic complexes bonded stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography

Summary The preparation, characterization and potential liquid chromatographic applications of various organometallic iron complexes silica stationary phases are presented. These new supports are synthesized by covalently linking ferrocene, as well as some of its cationic derivatives, to appropriately derivatized silica support matrices. These columns exhibit moderate to high selectivity towards the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A charge transfer retention mechanism has been proposed. A comparison with a reference stationary phase, 3,5-dinitrobenzamide (DNB), to quantify the acceptor power of the new stationary bonded phases, is also reported. Finally, the effect of varying the derivatives of the bonded metallocene on PAHs retention is discussed.     

稠环芳烃在烷基膦酸改性锆镁复合氧化物固定相上的反相液相色谱保留行为

 以稠环芳烃为探针,考察了烷基膦酸改性锆镁复合氧化物材料的反相色谱性能。研究了稠环芳烃类化合物的结构与其保留值的关系,比较了烷基膦酸改性锆镁复合氧化物固定相和十八烷基键合硅胶ZorbaxODS对稠环芳烃异构体的选择性,并对可能的保留机理进行了讨论。以甲醇-水(体积比为75∶25)为流动相,在烷基膦酸改性锆镁复合氧化物固定相上分离了8种稠环芳烃类化合物。     

Retention behavior of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on metalloprotoporphyrin-silica stationary phases

The retention behavior of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (LPAHs) (> or = 7 rings) on newly developed metalloplotoporphyrin (MProP)-silica stationary phases is examined and the results are compared to previously reported data for retention of the same solutes on commercially available phases. HPLC columns packed with FeProP-silica are shown to exhibit unique shape selectivity for LPAH retention, with the planar LPAHs always retained much longer than corresponding non-planar solutes. Solute planarity, length to breadth ratio (L/B value), and number of carbon atoms within the LPAHs are all demonstrated to contribute to the retention sequence observed. Further, the retention of LPAH solutes on FeProP-silica phases is shown to be more predictable than on other reversed-phase columns, with the elution sequence constant regardless of the mobile phase composition. Due to the extremely high planar selectivity of FeProP-silicas with respect to LPAH retention, it is envisioned that columns packed with these phases could be used in conjunction with existing commercial columns to devise Inethods for more efficient separation of complex mixtures of LPAHs in environmental and other samples.     

Retention behavior of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on metalloprotoporphyrin-silica stationary phases

The retention behavior of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (LPAHs) (≥ 7 rings) on newly developed metalloprotoporphyrin (MProP)-silica stationary phases is examined and the results are compared to previously reported data for retention of the same solutes on commercially available phases. HPLC columns packed with FeProP-silica are shown to exhibit unique shape selectivity for LPAH retention, with the planar LPAHs always retained much longer than corresponding non-planar solutes. Solute planarity, length to breadth ratio (L/B value), and number of carbon atoms within the LPAHs are all demonstrated to contribute to the retention sequence observed. Further, the retention of LPAH solutes on FeProP-silica phases is shown to be more predictable than on other reversed-phase columns, with the elution sequence constant regardless of the mobile phase composition. Due to the extremely high planar selectivity of FeProP-silicas with respect to LPAH retention, it is envisioned that columns packed with these phases could be used in conjunction with existing commercial columns to devise methods for more efficient separation of complex mixtures of LPAHs in environmental and other samples.     

Preparation and comparison of three zwitterionic stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography

Surface‐bonded zwitterionic stationary phases have shown highlighted performances in separation of polar and hydrophilic compounds under hydrophilic interaction chromatography mode. So, it would be helpful to evaluate the characteristics of zwitterionic stationary phases with different arranged charged groups. The present work involved the preparation and comparison of three zwitterionic stationary phases. An imidazolium ionic liquid was designed and synthesized, and the cationic and anionic moieties respectively possessed positively charged imidazolium ring and negatively charged sulfonic groups. Then, the prepared ionic liquid, phosphorylcholine and an imidazolium‐based zwitterionic selector were bonded on the surface of silica to obtain three zwitterionic stationary phases. The selectivity properties were characterized and compared through the relative retention of selected solute pairs, and different kinds of hydrophilic solutes mixtures were used to evaluate the chromatographic performances. Moreover, the zwitterionic stationary phases were further characterized by the modified linear solvation energy relationship model to probe the multiple interactions. All the results indicated that the types and arrangement of charged groups in zwitterionic stationary phases mainly affect the retention and separation of ionic or ionizable compounds, and for interaction characteristics the contribution from n and π electrons and electrostatic interactions displayed certain differences.     

Behavior of basic compounds in ion-exchange capillary electrochromatography with low-pH carrier electrolytes

This work describes the separation of basic aromatic compounds by capillary electrochromatography employing acidic carrier electrolytes and bare silica as well as strong cation-exchange stationary phases. A mixed-mode separation mechanism was involved, comprising chromatographic interactions (adsorption, ion-exchange) as well as electrophoretic migration. The influence of ion-exchange on the retention/migration of the solutes could be manipulated according to procedures commonly employed in ion chromatography. These include variations of the eluting strength and/or the concentration of the competing ion present in the background electrolyte. Using this approach, separation times could be shortened and changes in selectivity could be achieved for a number of analytes.