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1.
Opportunistic fungal infections are common in immunocompromised cancer patients, especially patients undergoing chemotherapy. Because antitumor agents are possible to combine with antifungal agents in clinical, it is necessary to study drug–drug interaction between antitumor agents and antifungal agents. The aim of the study was to explore a method for the simultaneous determination of voriconazole and docetaxel in plasma and investigate pharmacokinetic interaction of voriconazole and docetaxel in rats. A precise and reliable method using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was established for the simultaneous measure of docetaxel and voriconazole in rat plasma after liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic interaction study of docetaxel and voriconazole in rats after single or combined administration. We found that the AUC of each drug after coadministration increased compared with that after the single administration, which might be caused by interaction at the absorption stage or the competitive inhibition on the metabolic enzymes. This established method can be utilized to study the detailed mechanism of the drug–drug interaction and guide rational drug use in the clinic.  相似文献   

2.
A sensitive liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of ramelteon and its active metabolite M‐II in human plasma. After extraction from 200 μL of plasma by protein precipitation, the analytes and internal standard (IS) diazepam were separated on a Hedera ODS‐2 (5 μm, 150 × 2.1 mm) column with a mobile phase consisted of methanol–0.1% formic acid in 10 mm ammonium acetate solution (85:15, v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Mass spectrometric detection was operated in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.0500–30.0 ng/mL for ramelteon and 1.00–250 ng/mL for M‐II, respectively. This method was successfully applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers after a single oral administration of ramelteon. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the time to the Cmax and the elimination half‐life for ramelteon were 4.50 ± 4.64ng/mL, 0.8 ± 0.4h and 1.0 ± 0.9 h, respectively, and for M‐II were 136 ± 36 ng/mL, 1.1 ± 0.5 h, 2.1 ± 0.4 h, respectively.  相似文献   

3.
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was validated for simultaneous quantification of evodiamine and its metabolites 10‐hydroxyevodiamine (M1), 18‐hydroxyevodiamine (M2), 10‐hydroxyevodiamine‐glucuronide (M3) and 18‐hydroxy‐ evodiamine‐glucuronide (M4) in rat plasma for the first time. The analytes were extracted with acetonitrile and separated on a C18 column within 3 min. The detection was achieved in positive selected reaction monitoring mode with precursor‐to‐product transitions at m/z 304.1 → 161.1 for evodiamine, m/z 320.1 → 134.1 for M1, m/z 320.1 → 150.1 for M2, m/z 496.2 → 134.1 for M3, m/z 496.2 → 171.1 for M4 and m/z 349.2 → 305.1 for camptothecin (internal standard). The linearity was evident over the tested concentration ranges with correlation coefficients >0.9991. The lower limits of quantification for evodiamine, M1, M2, M3 and M4 were 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.25 ng mL−1, respectively. Extraction recoveries and matrix effects of the analytes were within the ranges of 84.51–97.21 and 90.13–103.30%, respectively. The accuracy (relative error) ranged from −8.14 to 7.23% while the intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (relative standard deviation) were < 9.31%. The validated assay was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic study of evodiamine, M1, M2, M3 and M4 in rat. The current study will be helpful in understanding the in vivo disposition of evodiamine.  相似文献   

4.
A rapid, sensitive and reproducible LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated to determine iguratimod in human plasma. Sample preparation was achieved by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was operated on an Ultimate® XB‐C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 3.5 μm, Welch) with a flow rate of 0.400 mL/min, using a gradient elution with acetonitrile and water which contained 2 mm ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. The detection was performed on a Triple Quad™ 5500 mass spectrometer coupled with an electrospray ionization interface under positive‐ion multiple reaction monitoring mode with the transition ion pairs of m/z 375.2 → 347.1 for iguratimod and m/z 244.3 → 185.0 for agomelatine (the internal standard), respectively. The method was linear over the range of 5.00–1500 ng/mL with correlation coefficients ≥0.9978. The accuracy and precision of intra‐ and inter‐day, dilution accuracy, recovery and stability of the method were all within the acceptable limits and no matrix effect or carryover was observed. As a result, the main pharmacokinetic parameters of iguratimod were as follows: Cmax, 1074 ± 373 ng/mL; AUC0–72, 13591 ± 4557 ng h/mL; AUC0–∞, 13,712 ± 4613 ng h/mL; Tmax, 3.29 ± 1.23 h; and t1/2, 8.89 ± 1.23 h.  相似文献   

5.
Triptolide is one of the main active ingredients of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. In this study, a sensitive LC–MS/MS method was established and validated to determine the concentration of triptolide in rat plasma. Triptolide and an internal standard [(5R)‐5‐hydroxytriptolide] were extracted from 100 μL of rat plasma with acetonitrile, and the dried residue was then reconstituted and reacted with benzylamine to produce benzylamine triptolide and benzylamine (5R)‐5‐hydroxytriptolide. Derivatization increased the sensitivity of triptolide detection by ~100‐fold. Quantification was performed using a QTRAP 5500 tandem mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode with an ion transition m/z 468.5 → 192.0 for benzylamine triptolide and m/z 484.3 → 192.1 for benzylamine (5R)‐5‐hydroxytriptolide. Good linearity was observed in the range of 0.030–100 ng/mL with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.030 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision was <6.5%, and the accuracy ranged from ?11.7 to ?4.4%. The recovery remained consistent and was reproducible at different concentrations. This method was successfully applied to the study of triptolide drug–drug interactions in Sprague–Dawley rats. With the use of itraconazole (40 mg/kg, p.o.) as a CYP3A inhibitor, the plasma exposure of triptolide in rats was increased by 36%.  相似文献   

6.
A liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of tunicamycin in rat plasma as per regulatory guideline. Chromatography of tunicamycin and the IS in the processed plasma samples was achieved on an X‐Terra phenyl column using a binary gradient (mobile phase A, acetonitrile and mobile phase B, 5 mm ammonium formate) elution at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. LC–MS/MS was operated under the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the electrospray ionization technique in positive ion mode and the transitions of m/z 817.18 → 596.10, 831.43 → 610.10, 845.29 → 624.10, 859.23 → 638.10 and 309.24 → 163.20 were used to quantitate homologs A–D and the IS, respectively. The total chromatographic run time was 4.5 min. The correlation coefficient (r2) was >0.99 for all homologs with accuracy 90.7–107.4% and precision 0.74–15.1%. The recovery of homologs was 78.6–90.2%. No carryover was observed and the matrix effect was minimal. Tunicamycin four homologs were found to be stable on the bench‐top for 6 h, for up to three freeze–thaw cycles, in the injector for 24 h and for 1 month at ?80 ° C. The applicability of the validated method has been demonstrated in a rat pharmacokinetic study.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this study was to develop an LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of 20(S) protopanaxadiol (PPD) and its three metabolites, PPD‐glucuronide (M1), (20S,24S)‐epoxy‐dammarane‐3,12,25‐triol (M2) and (20S,24R)‐epoxydammarane‐3,12,25‐triol (M3), in rat plasma. Precipitation with acetonitrile was employed for sample preparation and chromatographic separations were achieved on a C18 column. The sample was detected using triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with selected reaction monitoring mode. The monitored precursor‐to‐product ion transitions were m/z 459.4 → 375.3 for PPD, m/z 635.4 → 113.0 for M1, m/z 477.4 → 441.4 for M2 and M3 and m/z 475.4 → 391.3 for IS. The developed assay was validated according to the guidelines of the US Food and Drug Administration. The calibration curves showed good linearity over the tested concentration ranges (r > 0.9993), with the LLOQ being 1 ng/mL for all analytes. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD) were < 9.51% while the accuracy (RE) ranged from −8.91 to 12.84%. The extraction recovery was >80% and no obvious matrix effect was detected. The analytes were stable in rat plasma with the RE ranging from −12.34 to 9.77%. The validated assay has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of PPD as well as its metabolites in rat plasma. According to the pharmacokinetic parameters, the in vivo exposures of M1, M2 and M3 were 11.91, 47.95 and 22.62% of that of PPD, respectively.  相似文献   

8.
Genipin (GP), an active metabolite of geniposide (GE), exhibits more potent pharmacological effects than its parent compound. In this paper, a sensitive LC‐MS/MS method was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous determination of GE and GP in rat plasma. We found that GP degraded rapidly in rat plasma at room temperature as a result of irreversible binding with the endogenous nucleophiles in plasma. GP was stable when the sample's pH was ≤4.0. The degradation of GP in rat plasma was well prevented by immediate addition of 5% glacial acetic acid to the freshly collected plasma. The detection was performed on a tandem mass spectrometer coupled with electrospray ionization source in negative mode. Quantification was conducted by multiple reaction monitoring of the transitions [M + CH3COO] m/z 447.3 → 225.3 for GE and [M − H] m/z 225.2 → 123.1 for GP. The method exhibited high sensitivity (LLOQ 1 ng/mL for GE and 0.2 ng/mL for GP) by selecting the acetate adduct ions as the precursor ions for GE. The robust developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after oral administration of GE.  相似文献   

9.
Hinokiflavone has drawn a lot of attention for its multiple biological activities. In this study, a sensitive and selective method for determination of hinokiflavone in rat plasma was developed for the first time, using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Amentoflavone was used as an internal standard. Separation was achieved on a Hypersil Gold C18 column with isocratic elution using methanol–water (65:35, v /v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the negative electrospray mode with selected reaction monitoring was used to detect the transitions of m/z 537 → 284 for hinokiflavone and m/z 537 → 375 for IS. The LOQ was 0.9 ng/mL with a linear range of 0.9–1000 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day accuracy (RE%) ranged from −3.75 to 6.91% and from −9.20 to 2.51% and the intra‐ and inter‐day precision (RSD) was between 0.32–14.11 and 2.85–10.04%. The validated assay was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of hinokiflavone in rats. The half‐life of drug elimination at the terminal phase was 6.10 ± 1.86 h, and the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time zero to the time of last measurable concentration and to infinity values obtained were 2394.42 ± 466.86 and 2541.93 ± 529.85 h ng/mL, respectively.  相似文献   

10.
A simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (LC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of ethyl gallate, a pharmacologically active constituent isolated from Lagerstroemia speciosa (Linn.) Pers. This method was used to examine the pharmacokinetics of ethyl gallate and its major metabolite gallic acid in rat plasma using propyl gallate as an internal standard. After precipitation of the plasma proteins with acetonitrile, the analytes were separated on a Zorbax SB‐C18 column (3.5 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm) with an isocratic mobile phase consisted of methanol–acetonitrile–10 mM ammonium acetate (10 : 25 : 65, v/v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The Agilent G6410A triple quadrupole LC/MS system was operated under the multiple‐reaction monitoring mode using the electrospray ionization technique in negative mode. The lower limits of quantification of gallic acid and ethyl gallate of the method were 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL. The intra‐day and inter‐day accuracy and precision of the assay were less than 8.0%. This method has been applied successfully to a pharmacokinetic study involving the intragastric administration of ethyl gallate to rats. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

11.
Cabozantinib (CBZ) is used for the treatment of progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. Its major oxidative metabolite is cabozantinib N‐oxide (CBN), which contains a structural alert associated with mutagenicity, yet the pharmacokinetics studies lack the simultaneous investigation of CBN and dose proportionality. In the current study a simple LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation and pharmacokinetic investigation of CBZ and CBN in rat plasma. The analytes were separated on a Waters Atlantics C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 3 μm). The mass spectrometry analysis was conducted in positive ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring. Good linearity was observed over the concentration ranges of 0.500–5000 ng/mL for CBZ and 0.525–2100 ng/mL for CBN. The extraction recoveries were constant and the intra‐ and inter‐batch precision and accuracy were acceptable for the analysis of biological samples. The method was successfully applied for the simultaneous estimation of CBZ and CBN in a pharmacokinetic study in Sprague–Dawley rats. After oral administration of CBZ (1, 5 and 12.6 mg/kg), although CBZ showed dose proportionality, the metabolite CBN showed obvious nonlinear elimination pharmacokinetics with greater than dose‐proportional increases in exposure.  相似文献   

12.
A sensitive and reliable LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of the major components of Huangqi–Honghua extact in rat plasma, including hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), astragaloside IV (ASIV), calycosin‐7‐O‐β‐d ‐glucoside (CAG), calycosin, calycosin‐3′‐O‐glucuronide (C‐3′‐G) and calycosin‐3′‐O‐sulfate (C‐3′‐S). After extraction by protein precipitation with acetonitrile and methanol from plasma, the analytes were separated on a Hypersil BDS C18 column by gradient elution with acetonitrile and 5 mM ammonium acetate. The detection was carried out on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source switched between negative and positive modes. HSYA was monitored in negative ionization mode from 0 to 4.9 min, and ASIV, CAG, calycosin, C‐3′‐G and C‐3′‐S were determined in positive ionization mode from 4.9 to 10 min. The lower limits of quantification of the analytes were 6.25 ng/mL for HSYA, 0.781 ng/mL for CAG and 1.56 ng/mL for ASIV and calycosin. The intra‐ and inter‐assay precision (RSD) values were within 13.43%, and accuracy (RE) ranged from ?8.75 to 9.92%. The validated method was then applied to the pharmacokinetic study of HSYA, ASIV, CAG, calycosin, C‐3′‐G and C‐3′‐S in rat after an oral administration of Huangqi–Honghua extract.  相似文献   

13.
A simple LC–MS/MS method facilitated by salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) was applied to simultaneously investigate the pharmacokinetics of trans‐ resveratrol (Res) and its major glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in rat plasma. Acetonitrile–methanol (80:20, v /v) and ammonium acetate (10 mol L−1) were used as extractant and salting‐out reagent to locate the target analytes in the supernatant after the aqueous and organic phase stratification, then the analytes were determined via gradient elution by LC–MS/MS in negative mode in a single run. The analytical method was validated with good selectivity, acceptable accuracy (>85%) and low variation of precision (<15%). SALLE showed better extraction efficiency of target glucuronide and sulfate conjugates (>80%). The method was successfully applied to determine Res and its four conjugated metabolites in rat after Res administration (intragastric, 50 mg kg−1; intravenous, 10 mg kg−1). The systemic exposures to Res conjugates were much higher than those to Res (AUC0–t , i.v., 7.43 μm h; p.o., 8.31 μm h); Res‐3‐O‐β ‐d ‐glucuronide was the major metabolite (AUC0–t , i.v., 66.1 μm h; p.o., 333.4 μm h). The bioavailability of Res was estimated to be ~22.4%. The reproducible SALLE method simplified the sample preparation, drastically improved the accuracy of the concomitant assay and gave full consideration of extraction recovery to each target analyte in bio‐samples.  相似文献   

14.
A simple and reliable liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of saikosaponin A, saikosaponin B1, saikosaponin C, saikosaponin D and saikosaponin F in rat plasma using glycyrrhetinic acid as an internal standard (IS). The separation was operated on a Waters BEH C18 column. The mobile phases of gradient elution consisted of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid (B). The mass spectrometric detection was accomplished in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The five saponins displayed good linearity (r2 > 0.9996). The lower limits of quantitation of saikosaponin A, saikosaponin B1, saikosaponin C, saikosaponin D and saikosaponin F were determined to be 2.9, 2.3, 3.5, 2.9 and 3.1 ng/mL, respectively. Moreover, the intra‐ and inter‐day precisions of the five saponins showed an RSD within 2.96%, whereas the accuracy (RE) ranged from ?2.28 to 2.78%. Finally, the developed method was fully validated and applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of the five bioactive saponins in rats following oral administration of crude and vinegar‐processed Bupleurum scorzonerifolium.  相似文献   

15.
Astragali Radix (AR) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for healing the cardiovascular, liver and immune systems. Recently, superfine pulverizing technology has been applied to developing novel formulations to improve bioavailability of the active constituents in herbs, such as ultrafine granular powder of AR. In this study, a universal and sensitive quantitative method based on LC–MS/MS was employed for determining formononetin, the main flavonoid in AR, in human plasma for comparative pharmacokinetics of three oral formulations of AR. Formononetin and IS (quercetin) were extracted by ethyl acetate from human plasma and were separated on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid. Positive‐ion electrospray‐ionization mode was applied in mass spectrometric detection. The quantitative method was validated with regards to selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision, matrix effect, extraction recovery and stability, and was applied to comparing the pharmacokinetics of ultrafine granular powder (UGP), ultrafine powder (UP) and traditional decoction pieces (TDP) of AR after oral administration. The peak concentration and areas under the concentration–time curve of formononetin in UGP and UP were significantly higher than those of TDP. UGP and UP could significantly improve the bioavailability of AR in human compared with TDP after oral administration.  相似文献   

16.
17.
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of two baccharane glycosides (hosenkoside A and hosenkoside K) of total saponins of Semen Impatientis in rat plasma using mogroside V as the internal standard (IS). The analytes were separated using a C18 RP Agilent XDB column (1.8 μm, 50 × 2.1 mm i.d.) and detection of the compounds was done using a TSQ Quantum triple quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled with a negative electrospray ionization source under selection reaction monitoring mode. According to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines, the established method was fully validated and the results were proved within acceptable limits. The lower limits of quantification of both analytes were 5 ng/mL. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of orally administered the total saponins of Semen Impatientis in rats.  相似文献   

18.
A simple and reliable LC–MS/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of 12 components from acetylkitasamycin and kitasamycin in swine plasma. The analytes were separated on a Shim‐pack VP‐ODS column with a 25 min gradient elution using 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Identification and quantification were accomplished by electrospray ionization) in positive mode using multiple reaction monitoring. The limits of quantitation of acetylkitasamycin A1A3, A13 and kitasamycin A3, A13 were 3 μg/L, and that of the other eight components was 5 μg/L. The mean recoveries of kitasamycin and acetylkitasamycin ranged from 85.3 to 103.5%. The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in swine after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration of acetylkitasamycin. The result showed that the plasma concentrations of acetylkitsamycin components were much higher than that of kitasamycin in swine after i.v. and p.o., in which acetylkitsamycin A4A5 was the highest component at each time point.  相似文献   

19.
A single LC–MS/MS assay has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of metformin and dapagliflozin in human plasma using ion‐pair solid‐phase extraction. Chromatographic separation of the analytes and their internal standards was carried out on a reversed‐phase ACE 5CN (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using acetonitrile–15 mm ammonium acetate, pH 4.5 (70:30, v/v) as the mobile phase. To achieve higher sensitivity and selectivity for the analytes, mass spectrometric analysis was performed using a polarity switching approach. Ion transitions studied using multiple reaction monitoring mode were m/z 130.1 [M + H]+/60.1 for metformin and m/z 467.1 [M + CH3COO]?/329.1 for dapagliflozin in the positive and negative modes, respectively. The linear calibration range of the assay was established from 1.00 to 2000 ng/mL for metformin and from 0.10 to 200 ng/mL for dapagliflozin to achieve a better assessment of the pharmacokinetics of the drugs. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation for the analytes were 0.39 and 1.0 ng/mL for metformin and 0.03 and 0.1 ng/mL for dapagliflozin, respectively. There was no interference of plasma matrix obtained from different sources, including hemolyzed and lipemic plasma. The method was successfully applied to study the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of metformin and dapagliflozin in healthy subjects.  相似文献   

20.
A sensitive, selective and rapid LC–ESI–MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification of copanlisib in mouse plasma using enasidenib as an internal standard (IS) as per regulatory guideline. Copanlisib and the IS were extracted from mouse plasma using ethyl acetate as an extraction solvent and chromatographed using an isocratic mobile phase (0.2% formic acid–acetonitrile; 25:75, v/v) on a HyPURITY C18 column. Copanlisib and the IS eluted at ~0.95 and 2.00 min, respectively. The MS/MS ion transitions monitored were m/z 481.1 → 360.1 and m/z 474.0 → 456.0 for copanlisib and the IS, respectively. The calibration range was 3.59–3588 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐batch accuracy and precision (RE and RSD) across quality controls met the acceptance criteria. Stability studies showed that copanlisib was stable in mouse plasma for one month. This novel method has been applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice.  相似文献   

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