过氧化物复合引发剂分解动力学模型及应用

过氧化物分解动力学是控制自由基聚合反应的重要因素 .单一的过氧化物在某一温度下只有固定的分解速率常数 ,而聚合反应往往需要在较宽的温度范围调节聚合反应速度和聚合物质量 .单一引发剂无法满足要求 ,工业上常常使用多种 (高、中、低活性 )引发剂复合 [1,2 ] .过氧化物引发剂分解速率常数测定方法主要有碘量法 [3] 和示差扫描量热法 (DSC) [4 ] 两种 .单一引发剂分解动力学基本符合Arrhenius模型 ,有时也会出现诱导分解现象 [5] . VC悬浮聚合单一引发剂用量已有理论估算 [6] ,但多元复合引发剂用量未见研究 ,史悠彰 [7] 曾提出用“折…     

没食子酸铋锆的制备、表征及其燃烧催化作用

以没食子酸、硝酸铋和硝酸氧锆为原料, 首次合成出了双金属有机盐——没食子酸铋锆, 采用有机元素分析、X射线荧光(XRF)光谱和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱对其进行了表征. 在程序升温条件下, 利用热重(TG)分析、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、固相原位反应池/FTIR 联用技术, 研究了没食子酸铋锆的热行为和热分解机理,描述了没食子酸铋锆的热分解过程, 分析得出其最终分解产物为Bi₂O₃、ZrO₂和C. 利用螺压工艺制备了含没食子酸铋锆的推进剂样品, 研究了没食子酸铋锆对双基(DB)推进剂燃烧性能的影响, 分析了其燃烧催化作用. 结果表明, 没食子酸铋锆对双基推进剂的燃烧具有良好的催化作用, 是一种高效的燃烧催化剂; 没食子酸铋锆热分解的最终产物是催化燃烧的主要物质, 锆和碳则起辅助催化的作用.     

反应性物质热危险性评估研究进展

综述了反应性物质热危险性评估的理论方法和实验方法,讨论了反应性物质热分解和热失控危险性的评估策略,并以有机过氧化物为例简述了相关评估策略在反应性物质热危险性评估方面的应用.     

有机过氧化物的热自燃性小药量评价法

有机过氧化物的热自燃性小药量评价法;有机过氧化物;热自燃危险性;自加速分解温度;微量量热仪     

辣根过氧化物酶在分析化学中的应用

辣根过氧化物酶是一种重要的分析化学试剂,对过氧化氢底物特异性强。广泛用于临床化学、环境化学和食品工业等领域。本文评述了近十年来辣根过氧化物酶在分析化学中的应用进展。包括光度法、荧光法、化学发光法、电化学传感器和光导纤维传感器法测定过氛氢及相关物质,及辣根过氧化物酶在其他无机、有机及生物物质分析中的应用。引用参考文献６０篇。     

乙烷光化学反应体系中有机过氧化物的产生

采用长光路Fourier红外光谱(FT-IR)及高压液相色谱(HPLC)技术对氯原子引发的乙烷光化学反应体系中生成的有机过氧化物进行了研究,证实反应产物中有乙基过氧化氢(CH₃CH₂OOH,EHP)和过氧乙酸(CH₃C(O)OOH,PAA).此外,还发现甲基过氧化氢(CH₃OOH, MHP)、羟甲基过氧化氢(HOCH₂OOH,HMHP)及另外两种未知有机过氧化物.EHP和MHP是这一体系产生的两种主要的有机过氧化物.HMHP的检出表明乙烷光化学氧化过程中可能有Criegee中间体·CH₂OO·产生.模拟实验显示乙烷的光化学氧化可能是大气对流层有机过氧化物的重要来源.     

差示扫描量热法测量固体物质的热容

物质的热容通常采用精密量热法测量,但这种方法技术要求高、耗费时间多,往往不易为初学者所掌握。差示扫描量热法(Differential Scanning Calorimetry简称DSC)测量固体物质的热容快速而简便,在测量精度要求不太高时,这是一种值得推广的方法。差示扫描量热法是一种以差热分析法(DTA)为基础,并作了改进的热分析方法。其主     

在线测量电池充放电过程热功率的量热计

由于锂离子电池安全问题的严重性,它的热性质一直受到很大重视.对电池的热性质表征,传统方法主要包括单组分的热重(TG)、示差扫描(DSC)、加速量热法(ARC)等测量.由于体积较大,对于整池的热物性研究主要依赖于加速量热仪或充电/放电过程的温度检测.     

性格迥异的有机氧化剂——环状过氧化物

环状过氧化物是一类环内含有过氧键结构单元的有机过氧化物。时至今日，性质独特、结构多样的环状过氧化物已经在许多领域发挥着不可替代的作用。本文以环状过氧化物在医疗健康、化学发光、有机合成领域的应用为例，介绍其物理性质、化学性质以及反应机制，以期让读者对于这类有机过氧化物有更多的认知和理解。     

简易示差扫描量热计的研制

<正> 示差扫描量热计(DSC)是在示差热分析仪(DTA)基础上发展起来的新型热分析仪,它在高分子方面已取得广泛应用.我们自1975年起研制了适合有机、高分子应用的DSC,取得一些经验,简介如后. 图1是DSC的结构示意图.DSC独有的单元是量热部.它由一对小加热器组成的试料部(量热部Ⅰ)和由热量补偿回路等组成的热量补偿部(量热部Ⅱ)构成.我们研制以此单元为主,其它部分均以商品仪器配用.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。