饮用水中9种卤乙酸的超高效液相色谱法测定

建立了固相萃取/超高效液相色谱(SPE/UPLC)测定饮用水中9种痕量卤乙酸(HAAs)的分析方法.对固相萃取和液相色谱等分析条件进行了优化,选择Lichrolut EN固相萃取小柱富集饮用水中的HAAs,三乙胺-磷酸缓冲液和甲醇作为UPLC的流动相.在优化的分析条件下,9种卤乙酸在6min内实现基线分离,所有目标物在一定质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.995 7～0.9999;一氯乙酸(MCAA)的检出限为10.85μg/L,其它8种化合物的检出限为0.25～0.70μg/L;除MCAA外,其它目标物在低、中、高3种加标水平的回收率为60%～106%.方法的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为2.0%～5.7%.将此方法应用于我国北方某城市自来水中卤乙酸的测定,5种HAAs被检出.方法灵敏度高、简便快捷,可用于生活饮用水中痕量卤乙酸的测定.     

大体积直接进样离子色谱法测定饮用水中 9种卤代乙酸和6种阴离子

建立了一种采用大体积直接进样离子色谱测定饮用水中9种卤代乙酸和6种阴离子的新方法。采用高容量的IonPac AS9HC阴离子色谱柱,在进样量为500 μL时,以28 mmol/L Na2CO3为淋洗液,采用流速梯度洗脱,可在35 min内同时测定上述15种被测物。对9种卤代乙酸的检测限为1.91-49.98 μg/L,其中对二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸的检测限分别为4.62和5.11 μg/L。应用该方法对北京市9个自来水厂的源水及出厂水中的卤代乙酸进行了测定。结果表明,所测水样中仅含有二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸,其他卤代     

离子色谱法测定饮用水中的5种卤代乙酸

利用IonPac AS19大容量阴离子交换色谱柱对水中的一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、一溴乙酸、二溴乙酸5种卤代乙酸(HAAs)进行了分离,优化了分离条件.通过控制分离温度实现了二氯乙酸(DCAA)与NO2-的分离;通过梯度洗脱使三氯乙酸(TCAA)与SO42-得到较好、较快的分离;通过中和脱气法解决了在大量CO32-(HCO3-)存在时对实验的干扰.DCAA、TCAA的检出限(以3倍信噪比计)分别达到了2.50 μg/L和3.75 μg/L.5种HAAs在10.0～2 000.0 μg/L线性范围内线性相关系数在0.999以上.     

固相萃取-离子色谱法测定地下水中痕量高氯酸根离子

建立了测定地下水中痕量高氯酸根（ClO~4）的固相萃取-离子色谱(SPE-IC)分析方法。0.7 L水样经预处理降低主要干扰离子Cl~、CO2~3和SO2~4的干扰后,使用Cleanert PWAX弱阴离子交换固相萃取小柱对地下水中痕量(μg/L级)的ClO~4进行富集,用6 mL 1%NaOH溶液洗脱,富集液经0.45 μm水膜过滤后,用IonPac AS20阴离子分离柱、50 μL进样环、40 mmol/L KOH溶液淋洗、抑制电导检测分离分析。结果表明,地下水样品中ClO~4的方法检出限和测定下限分别为0.15 μg/L和0.60 μg/L,进样质量浓度在1～15 μg/L范围内有很好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.9992,回收率为99.7%～100.5%;该方法经济有效,可用于地下水中痕量ClO~4的检测。利用该方法测定了哈尔滨周边部分地区地下水中ClO~4浓度,检测结果与离子色谱-质谱联用法的检测结果的相对误差为1.85%～9.24%。     

反相固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱仪同时测定污水中9种卤乙酸的方法研究

使用反相固相萃取预处理与超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱仪(RSPE UPLC-MS/MS)联用建立了同时测定污水中9种卤乙酸(HAAs)的分析方法。研究表明:ENVI-C18固相萃取小柱能有效去除污水样品中有机基质的干扰,样品pH值调至2.5能有效消除无机离子对HAAs离子化的影响;采用HSST3(2.1 mm×100 mm)色谱柱,以甲醇和0.000 5%甲酸为流动相,可在15.0 min内将9种HAAs分离且效果良好。采用优化后的程序建立标准曲线,9种HAAs的线性范围为0.5~100μg/L,相关系数(r2)为0.999 7~0.999 9,检出限和定量下限分别为0.02~0.26μg/L和0.05~0.86μg/L,日内和日间相对标准偏差分别为1.4%~10.0%和1.7%~10.0%。3个污水处理厂出水在2.5μg/L和10μg/L的加标浓度水平下,回收率为85.2%~107.8%。该方法能够满足污水处理厂出水中9种HAAs的检测要求。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定饮用水中的卤乙酸

参照美国EPA Method 552.3方法中的液-液微萃取、酸化甲醇衍生化技术,以高纯水代替甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）做溶剂配制标准贮备液,采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术对饮用水中的卤乙酸(HAAs)进行测定。结果表明:在所确立的检测条件下,样品分析时间短,内标、HAAs组分峰在谱图上能够得到很好的分离。低、中、高3个浓度水平的加标水样的HAAs回收率为82%~103%。该方法的检测限:二氯乙酸为0.72 μg/L、三氯乙酸为0.44 μg/L。用水做溶剂配制的标准贮备液在4 ℃条件下贮存时,贮存时间为2个月。     

液-液萃取衍生气相色谱法测定饮用水中卤乙酸

建立了测定饮用水中5种卤乙酸的检测方法。水样经硫酸酸化、叔丁基甲醚萃取、硫酸-甲醇衍生化后,用气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定。5种卤乙酸平均加标回收率为74.5%~104.0%,相对标准偏差为3.1%~11.0%(n=6),最低检出限为0.3~15.3μg/L。该法适用于饮用水中卤乙酸的测定。     

氧化银沉淀消除基体中氯离子干扰的离子色谱法测定饮用水中氯代乙酸

建立了一种用氧化银作沉淀剂消除饮用水基体中大量氯离子干扰,以氢氧化钡作沉淀剂消除基体中大量硫酸根离子干扰;采用大体积进样的离子色谱法测定饮用水中氯代乙酸的新方法.此法不但能去除基体中大量氯离子、硫酸根离子,且不引入任何新的干扰.采用中高容量、疏水性较强的IonPac AS14HC 阴离子色谱柱, 使一氯乙酸和氯离子得到很好地分离.在进样量为500 μL 时, 用NaOH溶液作为淋洗液,采用梯度洗脱,可在40 min 内同时测定3种卤代乙酸.一氯乙酸检出限为3.7 μg/L;二氯乙酸检出限为3.6 μg/L;三氯乙酸检出限为35.4 μg/L.3种氯代乙酸的加标回收率均在91.5%～102%之间.     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定饮用水中13种卤代苯醌类消毒副产物

卤代苯醌作为一类新检出的消毒副产物,在饮用水中检出率高但含量较低。为准确、高效、高通量分析饮用水中的卤代苯醌,本文基于固相萃取前处理和超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱,建立了同时检测饮用水中13种卤代苯醌(6种氯代苯醌、6种溴代苯醌、1种碘代苯醌)的方法。在1 L水样中加入2.5 mL甲酸混匀,取500 mL水样经Plexa固相萃取柱(200 mg/6 mL)富集浓缩后,进行超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱检测。以HSS T₃色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8μm)分离,甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾负离子模式电离、多反应监测模式检测,基质匹配外标法定量。以饮用水为基质考察方法的精密度和准确度,结果表明,13种卤代苯醌在各自的线性范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0.999,方法检出限(MDL,S/N=3)和方法定量限(MQL,S/N=10)分别为0.2～10.0 ng/L和0.6～33.0 ng/L。不同加标水平(10、20、50 ng/L)下13种卤代苯醌的回收率为56%～88%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)均≤9...     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定饮用水源水中24种VOCs

建立了同时测定饮用水源水中24种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法.用75 μm CarboxenTM-Polydimethylsiloxane(CAR-PDMS)固相微萃取柱顶空萃取水样中的VOCs,VOCs用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测,采用内标法定量.对萃取柱涂层、样品盐度、萃取温度和萃取时间等样品前处理条件进行了优化,VOCs的检出限在0.03～0.31 μg/L之间,线性相关系数r＞0.996(二氯甲烷和三氯甲烷除外).对饮用水源水实际水样0.50μg/L和1.00 μg/L两个加标浓度水平的回收率进行了测定,三氯甲烷回收率均值分别为104％和142％,其余VOCs回收率分别为90.0％～120％和88.0％～110％,除二氯甲烷和三氯甲烷外,其余VOCs测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于15.0％(n=6).该方法适用于饮用水源水中挥发性有机物的监测分析.     

Determination of haloacetic acids in water by ion chromatography--method development.

The microextraction/ion chromatographic (IC) method developed in this study involves extraction of 9 haloacetic acids (HAAs) from aqueous samples (acidified with sulfuric acid to a pH of < 0.5 and amended with copper sulfate pentahydrate and sodium sulfate) with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), back extraction into reagent water, and analysis by IC with conductivity detection. The separation column consists of an Ion Pac AG-11 (2 mm id x 50 mm length) guard column and an Ion Pac AS-11 (2 mm id x 250 mm length) analytical column, and the concentration column is a 4 mm id x 35 mm length Dionex TAC-LP column. Use of the 2 mm id Dionex AS-11 column improved detection limits especially for trichloracetic acid (TCAA), bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA), dibromochloroacetic acid (DBCAA), and tribromoacetic acid (TBAA). The peak interfering with BCAA elutes at the same retention time as nitrate; however, we have not confirmed the presence of nitrate. Stability studies indicate that HAAs are stable in water for at least 8 days when preserved with ammonium chloride at 100 mg/L and stored at 4 degrees C in the dark. At day 30, recoveries were still high (e.g., 92.1-106%) for dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), BCAA, dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), BDCAA, and DBCAA. However, recoveries of monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), monobromoacetic acid (MBAA), and TBAA were only 54.6, 56.8, and 66.8%, respectively. Stability studies of HAAs in H2SO4-saturated MTBE indicate that all compounds except TBAA are stable for 48 h when stored at 4 degrees C in the dark. TBAA recoveries dropped to 47.1% after 6 h of storage and no TBAA was detected after 48 h of storage. The method described here is only preliminary and was tested in only one laboratory. Additional research is needed to improve method performance.     

Rapid Determination of HAAs Formation Potential of the Reaction of Humic Acid with Chlorine or Chlorine Dioxide

On the basis of gas chromatography(GC) coupled with a short capillary column and an electron capture detector(ECD), a simple and rapid method for the determination of five haloacetic acids(HAAs) in drinking water was developed by the optimization of derivation conditions and the modification of gas chromatographic program. HAAs formation potential(HAAFP) of the reaction of humic acid with chlorine was determined via this method. The major advantages of the method are the simplicity of chromatographic temperature program and the short run time of GC. Dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) and Trichloroacetic acid(TCAA), which were detected in the determination of HAAFP, were rapidly formed in the first 72 h of the reaction of humic acid with chlorine. HAAFP of the reaction of humic acid with chlorine increased with the increase in the concentrations of humic acid and chlorine. The average HAAFP of the reaction of humic acid with chlorine was 39.9 μg/mg TOC under the experimental conditions. When the concentration of humic acid was 4 mg/L, the concentration of HAAs, which were produced in the reaction of humic acid with chorine, may exceed MCL of 60 μg/L HAAs as the water quality standards for urban water supply of China and the first stage of US EPA disinfection/disinfection by-products(D/DBP) rule; when the concentration of humic acid was 2 mg/L, the concentration of HAAs may exceed MCL of 30 μg/L HAAs for the second stage of US EPA D/DBP rule. When humic acid was reacted with chlorine dioxide, only DCAA was detected with a maximum concentration of 3.3 μg/L at a humic acid content of 6 mg/L. It was demonstrated that the substitution of chlorine dioxide for chorine may entirely or partly control the formation of HAAs and effectively reduce the health risk associated with disinfected drinking water.     

Pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection for on-line enrichment in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: a sensitive method for measurement of ten haloacetic acids in drinking water

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are by-products of the chlorination of drinking water containing natural organic matter and bromide. A simple and sensitive method has been developed for determination of ten HAAs in drinking water. The pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection (PAEKI), an on-line enrichment technique, was employed to introduce the sample into a capillary electrophoresis (CE)–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry system (ESI-MS/MS). HAAs were monitored in selected reaction monitoring mode. With 3 min of PAEKI time, the ten major HAAs (HAA10) in drinking water were enriched up to 20,000-fold into the capillary without compromising resolution. A simple solid phase clean-up method has been developed to eliminate the influence of ionic matrices from drinking water on PAEKI. Under conditions optimized for mass spectrometry, PAEKI and capillary electrophoresis, detection limits defined as three times ratio of signal to noise have been achieved in a range of 0.013–0.12 μg L⁻¹ for ten HAAs in water sample. The overall recoveries for all ten HAAs in drinking water samples were between 76 and 125%. Six HAAs including monochloro- (MCAA), dichloro- (DCAA), trichloro- (TCAA), monobromo- (MBAA), bromochloro- (BCAA), and bromodichloroacetic acids (BDCAA) were found in tap water samples collected.     

Improved gas chromatography methods for micro-volume analysis of haloacetic acids in water and biological matrices

A fast headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography method for micro-volume (0.1 mL) samples was optimized for the analysis of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in aqueous and biological samples. It includes liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME), derivatization of the acids to their methyl esters using sulfuric acid and methanol after evaporation, followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and electron capture detection (SPME-GC-ECD). The derivatization procedure was optimized to achieve maximum sensitivity using the following conditions: esterification for 20 min at 80 degrees C in 10 microL methanol, 10 microL sulfuric acid and 0.1 g anhydrous sodium sulfate. Multi-point standard addition method was used to determine the effect of the sample matrix by comparing with internal standard method. It was shown that the effect of the matrix for urine and blood samples in this method is insignificant. The method detection limits are in the range of 1 microg L(-1) for most of the HAAs, except for monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) (3 microg L(-1)) and for monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) (16 microg L(-1)). The optimized procedure was applied to the analysis of HAAs in water, urine and blood samples. All nine HAAs can be separated in < 13 min for biological samples and < 7 min for drinking water samples, with total sample preparation and analysis time < 50 min. Analytical uncertainty can increase dramatically as the sample volume decreases; however, similar precision was observed with our method using 0.1 mL samples as with a standard method using 40 mL samples.     

Determination of trace levels of haloacetic acids and perchlorate in drinking water by ion chromatography with direct injection

Disinfection by products of haloacetic acids and perchlorate pose significant health risks, even at low microg/l levels in drinking water. A new method for the simultaneous determination of nine haloacetic acids (HAAs) and perchlorate as well as some common anions in one run with ion chromatography was developed. The HAAs tested included mono-, di-, trichloroacetic acids, mono, di-, tribromoacetic acids, bromochloroacetic acid, dibromochloroacetic acid, and bromodichloroacetic acid. Two high-capacity anion-exchange columns, a carbonate-selective column and a hydroxide-selective hydrophilic one, were used for the investigation. With the carbonate-selective column, the nine HAAs as well as fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate could be well separated and determined in one run. With the very hydrophilic column and a gradient elution of sodium hydroxide, methanol and deionized water, the nine HAAs, fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate as well as perchlorate could be simultaneously determined in one run within 34 min. The detection limits for HAAs were between 1.11 and 9.32 microg/l. For perchlorate, it was 0.60 microg/l.     

High performance ion chromatography of haloacetic acids on macrocyclic cryptand anion exchanger

A new high performance ion chromatographic method has been developed for the separation of the nine chlorinated-brominated haloacetic acids (HAAs) that are the disinfection by-products of chlorination of drinking water, using a macrocycle-based adjustable-capacity anion-exchange separator column (IonPac Cryptand A1). A gradient method based on theoretical and experimental considerations has been optimized in which 10 mM NaOH-LiOH step gradient was performed at the third minute of the analysis. The optimized method allowed us to separate the nine HAAs and seven possibly interfering inorganic anions in less than 25 min with acceptable resolution. The minimum concentrations detectable for HAAs were between 8.0 (MBA) and 210 (TBA) microg L(-1), with linearity included between 0.9947 (TBA) and 0.9998 (MBA). To increase sensitivity, a 25-fold preconcentration step on a reversed phase substrate (LiChrolut EN) has been coupled. Application of this method to the analysis of haloacetic acids in real tap water samples is illustrated.     

臭氧化对水厂水中消毒副产物生成势的影响

以某饮用水厂沿程工艺出水为研究对象,研究了臭氧化预处理对水体中消毒副产物(DBPs)氯化生成势的影响。结果表明,水厂生物处理单元产生的胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)等生物源有机物是非常有效的DBPs前体物,但其更易于氯化生成三卤甲烷(THMs)而非卤乙酸(HAAs)。水厂水中存在的THMs前体物主要是各类大分子量有机物,并且臭氧工艺对其有较好的氧化去除效果。水厂水中经臭氧氧化产生的小分子量有机物可能是更为有效的一氯乙酸(MCAA)和一溴乙酸(MBAA)前体物。此外,当水体中三氯乙酸(TCAA)前体物浓度较高时,臭氧工艺对TCAA生成势具有很好的去除效果。