Formation and droplet size of EHD drippings induced by superimposing an electric pulse to background voltage

The effect of electric voltages on droplet size was investigated. Results show that both background voltage and amplitude of electric pulse could affect the process of droplet formation and droplet size while the width of pulsed voltage had a slight effect on droplet size. Pulsed voltages introduced a tangential electric stress that led to relatively greater droplet formation while greater background voltage was associated with smaller droplets. Due to different components of the normal and tangential electric stress three dripping modes were created. Based on above observations, a simplified discussion is presented on the relationships between droplet size and above parameters.     

On the stability of electrohydrodynamic spraying in the cone-jet mode

The effect of pulsed voltages on electrohydrodynamic spraying in the cone-jet mode was investigated and a middle-limit voltage was noted. Results show that both the amplitude and the width of the pulsed voltage could affect the behaviour of the spraying. The cone-jet was a stable spraying mode, and the spraying of liquids in the cone-jet mode could be modulated by the pulsed voltage.     

On the meniscus deformation when the pulsed voltage is applied

Effect of the pulsed voltage on the meniscus deformation was investigated. Results show that both the pulsed voltage and its width as well as the bias voltage affected the behaviour of spraying. There appeared three spraying modes, e.g. dripping, pulsating jet and cone-jet. Cone-jet has been created by applying a pulsed voltage of 1.5 kV to a bias voltage of 5.0 kV for 300 ms.     

Current-voltage characteristic of electrospray processes in microfluidics

We use a glass-based microfluidic device to study the electric current behavior of an electrospray process in the presence of a coflowing liquid. The current shows strong voltage dependence and weak flow rate dependence, in stark contrast to classical electrospray. By considering that the current is dominated by convection near the apex of the conical meniscus and driven by tangential electric stresses, we quantitatively capture the voltage and flow rate dependence of the current. Our results elucidate the influence of external field strength and open the way to achieve robust electric control of the current and of the drop size in microfluidics.     

Semi-analytical study of meniscus oscillation in an electrospray under AC voltage

In this paper, the oscillation of the meniscus in an electrospray with AC voltage is semi-analytically investigated. The electric field is achieved using the charge simulation method and the mutual interaction between the electric field and hydrodynamics is iteratively explored to investigate the oscillation. After determining the static meniscus shape on a nozzle, the meniscus oscillation is simulated under sinusoidal AC voltage. The semi-analytic simulation can offer the oscillating meniscus shapes and contours of the electric field outside the meniscus according to the applied frequency. Furthermore, the velocity profile of the liquid inside the meniscus is achieved.     

加压去离子水短脉冲击穿特性的初步研究

 液体的介质气泡击穿理论作为研究基础，开展了两种短脉冲下高压强水介质开关的击穿实验，获得了水介质击穿场强及耐压时间与水中压强关系的数据，通过分析比较得出：在脉宽300 ns和1 μs两种脉冲电压作用下，当水中压强逐渐提高时水介质击穿电压和耐压时间均呈上升趋势，压强越高趋势越明显，而且作用脉冲越宽水中压强对于水介质击穿特性的影响越显著。     

Volume-Charged Cones on a Liquid Interface in an Electric Field

In this study, we explore a novel type of slender conical liquid meniscus arisen in high electric field, which carries surface charge and net bulk charge of opposite sign. Stability of such dissipative structure is ensured by the balance between capillary and electrostatic forces and competition between the surface and bulk electric currents. The bulk charge is governed by the applied voltage being generated by the electric field of the cone due to dissociation/associations reactions at its apex. The effect of the physical parameters of the liquid on the microcone structure is elucidated. It is shown that the cone angle cannot exceed a critical value, which is a function of dielectric permittivity of the liquid. The electric current through the cone is found to be proportional to the square of the applied voltage. The obtained results can be applied for analysis of atomization processes of various liquids.     

Finite element simulation and analytical analysis for nano field emission sources that terminate with a single atom: A new perspective on nanotips

Nanotips are highly demanded for various applications in nanotechnology. For instance, nanotips with a single atom end can be used as a source of self collimated electron or ion beams. Such tips are usually characterized in the field ion microscope (FIM) or the field emission microscope (FEM), where only a top view can be captured and analyzed. We have noticed that single atom tips fabricated by different methods produce electrons in FEM mode, or ions in FIM mode, at a wide range of applied voltages for the respective mode. In this work we present numerical and analytical analyses to the distribution of the electric field in the vicinity of the nanotip apex that holds the topmost single atom. We demonstrate that although the electric field is relatively enhanced by the nano protrusion it is still significantly dominated by the tip base. The analyses explicitly show that nanotips with broad bases produce even less field than some modest tips, at the same applied voltage. This pronounced effect of the tip base accounts for the relatively high voltages needed at the imaging threshold field. The results reveal that single atom tips are not necessarily sharp at a mesoscopic scale and the tip sharpness has to be determined from the combination of the nanotip apex (FIM or FEM) image and the applied voltage.     

Improving the resolution and the uniformity of AFM tip induced oxide patterns with pulsed voltages

Oxide line patterns were fabricated on the surface of titanium (Ti) film using atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip induced local oxidation technique. The growth behavior of the oxide under static voltages was studied. It was found the lateral growth of the oxide experienced two stages and the growth rate at the initial stage was very high. Pulsed voltages were employed and their effects on the controlling of the oxidation dynamics were examined. The results indicated that the high lateral and vertical growth rates of oxide at the initial stage could be suppressed with pulsed voltages. A minimum line width of 8 nm and highly uniform patterns were obtained with optimized voltage pulses. These results indicated that applying pulsed voltage is an effective method for improving both the resolution and the uniformity of the fabricated structures with scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tip induced local oxidation technique.     

ZnS…Cu电致发光电压传感器及其温度漂移补偿

利用ZnS…Cu电致发光粉末与环氧树脂胶混合,设计制作了一种梯形电极结构的电压传感单元,实现了电致发光电压传感器输出信号的温度漂移补偿。电致发光电压传感信号通过2根塑料光纤传输到2个硅光电探测器,并选择其开路电压作为传感器的输出信号。在同一外加电压条件下,梯形电极区域内的电场分布是不均匀的,因而不同场点的发光亮度不同。通过测量梯形电极区域内2个不同发光点的发光强度随外加电压的变化,并对两路输出电压传感信号进行数据拟合与计算,可获知被测电压的有效值,并可实现对输出信号温度漂移的补偿。在-40~60℃范围内,采用上述温度漂移补偿方法测量了有效值在0.7~1.5 k V范围内的工频电压,传感器输出信号的非线性误差低于1.6%,验证了该温度漂移补偿方法的有效性。     

不同微槽结构绝缘子真空沿面闪络特性

针对单极性脉冲电压下不同微槽结构绝缘子真空沿面闪络特性开展实验研究。根据二次电子运动特性,设计了多种微槽宽度,对比了微槽结构和平面结构的绝缘子耐压特性差异。槽宽为1mm的微槽样品耐压水平与平面结构样品耐压水平相当,槽宽小于1mm的样品组耐压水平均高于平面结构样品,最高电压提高倍数约为1.4,说明一定尺寸范围内的微槽设计将提高绝缘子真空耐压水平。通过电场强度计算分析微槽结构对二次电子运动的影响过程可知,较大的微槽宽度可使电子限制在槽内运动,较小的微槽宽度将抑制初始电子的发展,最终二者都能达到抑制闪络的目的。通过显微镜观测各组样品表面特征,材料表面微观缺陷将可能降低材料耐压水平。     

电荷耦合效应对高耐压沟槽栅极超势垒整流器击穿电压的影响

通过沟槽结构和可调节的电子势垒,沟槽栅极超势垒整流器可以更为有效地实现通态压降和反向漏电流之间的良好折衷.在高压应用时,电荷耦合效应对于提高该器件的反向承压能力起到了关键作用.本文通过理论模型与器件模拟结果,分析了沟槽深度、栅氧厚度和台面宽度等关键参数对电荷耦合作用下二维电场分布的影响,归纳出了提高该器件击穿电压的思路与方法,为器件设计提供了有意义的指导.在此基础上,提出了阶梯栅氧结构,该结构在维持几乎相同击穿电压的同时,使正向导通压降降低51.49%.     

Improvement of turn-on time of liquid-crystal phase retarder by using an additional control voltage

We investigate theoretically and experimentally the process of turn-on time control of a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) based phase retarder by means of an additional control voltage. We propose a theoretical model of reorientation of NLC molecules in crossed electric fields (conventional transverse field and additional longitudinal field). The dynamics of reorientation of NLC molecules is considered depending on the ratio of amplitudes of control voltages. We show the possibility to reduce the turn-on time in NLC-based phase-retarder management by means of two control voltages.     

全固态高重频高压脉冲电源

设计了一款全固态高重频高压脉冲电源,主电路采用以IGBT为主开关的半桥式固态Marx电路,驱动电路采用磁芯隔离带负压偏置的同步驱动方案,并由FPGA提供充放电控制信号和故障诊断、保护。该方案既可实现对多级电容的低阻抗的快速并联充电控制,又可实现截尾功能以加快脉冲后沿获得方波脉冲,且可实现百μs以上的宽脉冲输出,可用来产生高压脉冲电场。此外,该电源还可在突发模式下输出脉冲个数和频率均可调的多个高频脉冲系列。实验表明,该输出电压幅值可高达40 kV,输出峰值电流可达100 A,重频可达30 kHz,上升沿和下降沿均低于100 ns,突发模式下重频可高达200 kHz。所设计的脉冲电源输出参数连续可调,且体积小巧。     

快放电直线型变压器驱动源磁芯脉冲损耗特性

建立了快脉冲磁芯损耗特性测试平台,对比研究了50 m的DG6硅钢和25 m的2605TCA非晶两种材料磁芯损耗特性;采用一种新的特征参量(磁芯单位面积上激磁电压陡度)来规范磁芯的激磁电压条件,使得实验结果与快放电直线型变压器驱动源实际工作条件下磁芯性能具有可比性;通过测量初级漏电流及次级开路电压,获得了相同激磁条件下两种磁芯等效损耗电阻的大小,50 m 的DG6硅钢磁芯损耗约为25 m的2605TCA非晶磁芯损耗的4倍;计算了两种材料磁芯总损耗中涡流损耗所占的比例,50 m的DG6硅钢磁芯涡流损耗占总损耗的75%,25 m的2605TCA非晶磁芯涡流损耗占总损耗的28%。     

正负双极性直流高压充电电源设计北大核心CSCD

高压脉冲电容器是脉冲功率系统中应用较广的储能器件。根据大容量能库型脉冲装置对充电电源的技术要求,研制了一种输出电压±0.5~±10 kV可调、最大平均功率约3 kW、双极性一体化直流高压充电电源。设计上采用控制电路与正负双极性直流高压输出主电路一体化方式,通过隔离、屏蔽和保护措施,解决了目前双极性直流高压充电电源存在的正负极性电压不平衡、采样控制信号与高压地未隔离问题,减小了电源体积,提高了电源的鲁棒性、可靠性和电磁干扰能力。100多台充电电源在18.3 MJ脉冲装置中同时运行,在复杂电磁干扰环境下可靠稳定工作。     

纳秒脉冲电压同轴电场下有机玻璃和尼龙的闪络特性

 利用基于SOS的SPG200高压脉冲功率装置研究了有机玻璃(PMMA)和尼龙1010在变压器油中的闪络特性。研究结果表明：闪络电压随内电极直径增加近似指数增加，随闪络距离延长近似线性增加，相应的击穿时延也近似线性增加。受实验条件的影响，有机玻璃和尼龙1010的闪络性能略有差异。同轴径向电场降落集中在内电极表面附近一定径向距离内，同轴电场下的闪络电压主要由内电极表面电场与径向电场分布的均匀程度决定。增加内电极直径和延长闪络距离都可以提高闪络电压，而增加内电极直径的效果更显著。     

Extraordinary surface voltage effect in the invisibility cloak with an active device inside

The electromagnetic field solution for a spherical invisibility cloak with an active device inside is established. Extraordinary electric and magnetic surface voltages are induced at the inner boundary of a spherical cloak, which prevent electromagnetic waves from going out. The phase and handness of polarized waves obliquely incident on such boundaries are kept in the reflected waves. The surface voltages due to an electric dipole inside the concealed region are found equal to the auxiliary scalar potentials at the inner boundary, which consequently gain physical counterparts in this case.     

基于光导开关及层叠Blumlein线的纳秒脉冲源

设计了一台层叠Blumlein线型脉冲功率源。该脉冲源以平板型Blumlein线为储能器件,使用4个GaAs光导开关作为脉冲形成开关,通过4级Blumlein线层叠结构以获得更高输出电压。分别使用10 mm及3 mm间隙光导开关进行实验,比较了PSpice电路仿真与实验结果。实验测试显示,10 mm开关充电23.5 kV时上升沿较大,可能的原因是偏置电场较低时开关导通时间较长。测试了不同工作电压下功率源的输出电压,结果显示:在10 mm间隙开关条件下,充电23.5 kV时,负载上得到了53 kV的高压脉冲输出;3 mm开关充电13.9 kV时输出电压39.4 kV,输出效率70%。实验结果表明, 随着工作场强的提高,电压输出效率呈现先下降后上升最终趋于饱和的趋势。     

40路可扩展高压脉冲触发器

直线变压驱动源(LTD)代表一种新型电路拓扑结构,将储能电容分解为容量很小的单元,能够直接输出快脉冲,而且降低了基本器件所承受的电压和导通的能量,为重频长寿命的大型驱动器研制开辟了道路,因而成为下一代大型Z箍缩聚变能源驱动器的主流技术。LTD的设计思想是一种矛盾转移,将难点从极高电压极高电流的闭合开关转移到大阵列开关的同步触发,因此,触发技术成为研制大型LTD型驱动器的重点。提出了一种可扩展的触发技术,以小型Marx发生器作为初级储能源,利用水介质脉冲形成线作为脉冲形成单元,激光触发气体开关作为输出开关,通过高压电缆匹配输出高压脉冲。给出了输出40路高压脉冲的触发器单元的设计和初步实验结果,Marx充电±60 kV时,触发器单元在75 Ω匹配电阻负载输出电压峰值为106 kV,上升时间约27 ns(10%~90%),半高宽约110 ns。作为输出开关的四个激光触发气体开关在~70%工作系数、激光总能量55 mJ的条件下,导通时间差异小于3 ns。