On the meniscus deformation when the pulsed voltage is applied

Effect of the pulsed voltage on the meniscus deformation was investigated. Results show that both the pulsed voltage and its width as well as the bias voltage affected the behaviour of spraying. There appeared three spraying modes, e.g. dripping, pulsating jet and cone-jet. Cone-jet has been created by applying a pulsed voltage of 1.5 kV to a bias voltage of 5.0 kV for 300 ms.     

EHD sprayings induced by the pulsed voltage superimposed to a bias voltage

Effects of pulsed voltage superimposed on dc bias voltage and meniscus height on electrohydrodynamic (EHD) spraying were investigated. Results show that greater pulsed voltages were associated with jet formation while a dripping mode was apt to appear with a lower pulsed voltage. This is because that with increasing pulsed voltages the energy gain per unit area of the liquid and the tangential electric stress at the meniscus lateral were increased more quickly than the normal electric stress at the apex of the meniscus. Additionally, the increment of meniscus height led to an unchanged tangential electric stress at the meniscus lateral, but a more quickly increased energy gain per unit area of the liquid than the normal electric stress at the apex of the meniscus. For the same pulsed voltage, spraying in Dripping I mode was produced from menisci of smaller heights due to the intensive normal electric stress. A much greater meniscus height, on the other hand, led to spraying in Dripping II mode when the pulsed voltage was insufficiently great. These various modes were determined by contributions of the tangential electric stress, the normal electric stress and the meniscus height.     

Deposition of colloidal gold nanoparticles by fully pulsed-voltage-controlled electrohydrodynamic atomisation

Pulsed electrohydrodynamic atomisation (EHDA) of aqueous 10 nm gold colloid in a full voltage-controlled form was investigated. By using 4 µm and 20 μm nozzles, electrified fluid jet was emitted and Au nanoparticles in the jet were deposited onto a silicon substrate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that different morphology of the artifact was formed by using different voltages pulses. Particularly, island-liked artifact down to 10 μm can be produced regularly in the case of cone-jet mode by low voltage pulse. Our results demonstrate pulsed EHDA is a promising approach in creating micro-patterns of colloid-based nanomaterials.     

Properties of droplet formation made by cone jet using a novel capillary with an external electrode

A capillary with an external electrode for cone-jet mode of electrospray has been developed to spot a droplet accurately on a substrate surface. The external electrode is made by gold deposition around tip of a glass capillary. The electrospray was made by applying a positive pulsed dc voltage to the solution in the capillary. Using a positive bias voltage to the external electrode, the meniscus of the solution at the tip deformed to be more sharp, and center of the meniscus was prolonged. This deformation stabilized the trajectory of the jet from the Taylor cone at the tip. From the experimental result, accuracy of positioning of the droplet having 0.3 pL volume was improved with the standard deviation of 1.1 μm, from that of 2.5 μm for conventional capillary without the external electrode.     

Electrohydrodynamic cone-jet bridges: Stability diagram and operating modes

An electrohydrodynamic cone-jet bridge is formed when two opposing Taylor cones are bridged by a liquid jet. We used high-speed video imaging to systematically investigate the operating regimes of the cone-jet bridge established between a nozzle and a liquid pool that were closely separated. There was a stability island for the cone-jet bridge in the voltage-flow rate operating diagram, and the stable bridge could only be formed above a minimum flow rate and at an intermediate range of voltages. In the vicinity of the stability island, the cone-jet bridge broke up via a thinning or beading mode.     

Electrostatic spraying of membrane electrode for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

In order to improve the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the optimization of electrostatic spraying of membrane electrode was conducted. The influence of the spraying voltage on morphology, elemental composition of catalyst layer, and performance of the PEMFC were investigated. The results show that increasing spraying voltage could reduce agglomeration of the carbon-supported platinum particles, leading to more uniform pore distribution. High voltage did not accelerate oxidation of platinum catalyst. A high electrochemical active surface area of 26.18 m²/g_pt was obtained when the platinum-carbon catalyst layer was deposited in cone jet mode. With further increasing spraying voltage, the total ohmic resistance and catalytic activity were changed slightly, whereas the charge transfer resistance was increased. Using the optimized electrostatic spraying parameters (injection rate = 100 μL min⁻¹, spraying voltage = 8.5 kV, and working distance = 12 mm), a peak power density of 1.408 W cm⁻² was obtained with an output voltage of 0.451 V.     

Effect of viscosity of silver nanoparticle suspension on conductive line patterned by electrohydrodynamic jet printing

The generation of a fine pattern of metallic materials from suspensions is gaining interest because it is the key to the fabrication of displays and printed circuit boards. We tested the patterns formed by two silver nanoparticle suspensions of different viscosities using electrohydrodynamic jet printing (EHDP) in the cone-jet mode. In order to produce a higher viscous suspension, we suspended silver nanoparticles with a diameter of 10 nm in DI water to which polyvinyl alcohol was added. The pattern width of the higher viscous suspension at the onset voltage of the cone-jet mode was thinner than that of the inviscid suspension. In the case of the higher viscous suspension, the sheet resistance dropped significantly (about 95%) after the thermal curing process at 200 °C for one hour. The average sheet resistance after the thermal curing process was , which is twice that of bulk silver. PACS 47.65.-d; 83.80.Hj; 66.20.+d; 47.54.-r     

Compact polymer multi-nozzles electrospray device with integrated microfluidic feeding system

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) atomization consists in using an electric field for spraying a liquid flowing through a capillary. The applications are: mass spectrometry, colloid thrusters and more recently medicine nebulization processes. EHD atomization provides the ability to control the generated droplets size by adjusting electrospray parameters. It is however essential to manufacture the emitters into arrays because flow through a stable cone-jet mode electrospray can only be maintained at low flow rate and most applications require a high throughput. We propose a new design of a multiple electrospray system involving an innovative nozzle shape and flow restrictor system. Nozzles and microfluidic restrictor system are manufactured on the same polycarbonate sheet using the excimer laser technology and thus allowing a high compactness of this system.     

The atomization current and droplet size of ethanol in two different small-scale electro-spraying systems

An experimental study on electro-spraying from small-scale combustors is carried out using liquid ethanol as fuel. Two systems of electro-spraying are employed in the present study; one is a nozzle system (without a ring electrode) and the other is a nozzle-ring system (with a ring electrode). The photos of electro-spraying at the cone-jet mode are taken by a digital camera. The voltage drop across the resistance in the loop is measured by a data acquisition instrument, and the atomization current is calculated according to Ohm's Law. The size and velocity of electro-spraying droplets are measured by a Phase Doppler Anemometer. A non-dimensional analysis on atomization current is completed to explain the electro-spraying phenomena of liquid at the stable cone-jet mode. The results show that, the lower atomization current and droplet velocity corresponds to smaller size of droplet. Based on the results of non-dimensional analysis, it is found that the dimensionless atomization current in both the nozzle system and nozzle-ring system obeys the scaling law as square root of the dimensionless flow rate. The charge density is of a −1.5 power dependence on droplet diameter. Both of the nozzle and the nozzle-ring systems show a good agreement with Rayleigh instability.     

Decoloration of azo dye by a multi-needle-to-plate high-voltage pulsed corona discharge system in water

The decoloration efficiency of azo dye (Acid Orange 7, AO7) using a multi-needle-to-plate high-voltage pulsed corona discharge system was investigated in this paper. The effect of several parameters, including peak pulse voltage and pulse frequency of the discharge system, initial pH and electrical conductivity of the dye solution, mode of needle electrode distribution and gas flow rate on the decoloration rate of the dye wastewater was reviewed. The results obtained show that the pulsed discharge system with a multi-needle-to-plate electrode could dispose azo dye wastewater efficiently. The decoloration rate increased with an increase in applied peak pulse voltage and pulse frequency. Decoloration was more efficient in the acidic solution, and the decoloration rate displayed no marked change under solutions of differing electrical conductivity. For the case in which we example the effect of gas flow rate on the decoloration efficiency of Acid Orange solution, we found that better decoloration efficiency occurred using the seven-needle-to-plate discharge system, which had more discharge anodes.     

A sampling cathode activity test for gridded TWT's

A method of obtaining high current density from a small fraction of the total emitting area was developed. This was done by using a low positive DC voltage on the control grid of the TWT in conjunction with a negative (suppressing) voltage on the anode. Current density that was a significant fraction of that for pulsed anode operation was obtained and the grid dissipation was so low that the pulsed operation was avoidable. Underheating (slump) curves taken by varying cathode temperature in this mode were found to correlate well with pulsed anode results, and accurately to predict cathode activity under normal operating conditions.     

高功率紧凑型重频快Marx脉冲驱动源

基于快Marx发生器技术路线,研制了一套具有高功率密度的低阻抗紧凑型重频脉冲驱动源。采用18级Marx发生器电路结构,每级由1只60 nF/100 kV脉冲电容器、1个气体开关及隔离电感构成,每两级构成一个模块,整体采用SF6气体绝缘,储能密度达到25.7 kJ/m3;采取开放式气体开关,其中两级为触发开关,其余为过电压自击穿开关;触发源采用小型化Marx电路及绝缘胶真空灌封设计。实验中脉冲驱动源单次工作时在约18 阻抗负载上输出电压达到765 kV、脉宽约160 ns、前沿约50 ns,功率密度达到157 GW/m3;受充电电源功率限制,重复频率5 Hz充电70 kV,连续5脉冲输出功率约17 GW,脉冲波形重复性较好。     

Studying the start-up scenario for a pulsed gyrotron with a relativistic electron beam

We present the results of studying the start-up scenario for a high-power pulsed gyrotron operated at the TE₅₃ mode for two variants of the current–voltage characteristic of a three-electrode magnetron-injection electron gun. In the standard variant of feeding the voltage to the first anode from the resistive divider, sequential generation of the TE₇₃ and TE₆₃ modes, and, finally, the operating TE₅₃ mode was observed at the edge of the pulse. The current–voltage characteristic for which only the operating mode is excited is obtained by decreasing the growth rate of the voltage applied to the first anode.     

Determination of thermal diffusivity of suspended porous silicon films by thermal lens technique

An alumina suspension containing 21 vol.% solids was made to flow through a needle at rates between 10^-12–10^-11 m³s^-1 and was subjected to electrostatic atomization at different applied voltages in the range 5–13 kV. The resulting modes of atomization were studied. The stable cone-jet mode was first obtained at 7 kV and 2.2×10^-12 m³s^-1 and the effect of increasing flow rate and applied voltage on the jet diameter was investigated. Using a pointed ground electrode the alumina droplets produced by the jet in the stable cone-jet mode were printed according to a pre-determined architecture. Alumina relic diameters in the print were <35 m. PACS 81.05.Je; 81.20.Ev; 81.20.Rg; 81.15.Pq; 47.27.Wg     

脉冲HF化学激光体系中的放电模式分析

采用面阵滑闪火花预电离诱导的平行板放电结构,研究了SF6-C2H6混合气体中的脉冲放电模式,确认了不同放电条件下存在自持体放电(SSVD)和电弧放电两种模式,且两种模式可以互相转化.SSVD模式放电电流波形主要由电容电压和气压决定,气体混合比和储能电容值对其影响很小.SSVD电流峰值随电容电压增加基本线性增加,随气压增...     

固态化高功率长脉冲驱动源重频特性

基于固态化磁开关、低阻抗脉冲形成网络和感应电压叠加等关键技术, 提出并研制了一台固态化高功率长脉冲驱动源。在前期通过2 GW单次实验验证技术方案的基础上, 研制了中等电压等级的重复频率初级电源;改进了两级磁脉冲压缩系统的复位和绝缘特性;优化了系统整体电路结构, 利用感应电压叠加器完成充电磁开关和脉冲升压的双重功能;设计了合理的复位路径, 实现了各部分磁芯的在线直流复位;并开展了重频运行研究。在电阻负载上获得了输出功率2.1 GW、脉宽约170 ns、重复频率20 Hz及运行时间1 s的实验结果, 脉冲波形的重叠一致性好。     

固态化高功率长脉冲驱动源重频特性

基于固态化磁开关、低阻抗脉冲形成网络和感应电压叠加等关键技术, 提出并研制了一台固态化高功率长脉冲驱动源。在前期通过2 GW单次实验验证技术方案的基础上, 研制了中等电压等级的重复频率初级电源;改进了两级磁脉冲压缩系统的复位和绝缘特性;优化了系统整体电路结构, 利用感应电压叠加器完成充电磁开关和脉冲升压的双重功能;设计了合理的复位路径, 实现了各部分磁芯的在线直流复位;并开展了重频运行研究。在电阻负载上获得了输出功率2.1 GW、脉宽约170 ns、重复频率20 Hz及运行时间1 s的实验结果, 脉冲波形的重叠一致性好。     

小间隙异面电极结构的光导开关

介绍了应用于介质壁加速器的小间隙异面电极结构的光导开关。所用光导开关为异面结构的砷化镓（GaAs）光导开关,电极间隙5 mm,偏置电压为15~22 kV脉冲高压,工作在非线性（高增益）模式,由半导体激光器产生的脉冲激光触发。脉冲激光的中心波长为905 nm,脉冲宽度（FWHM）约20 ns,前沿约3.1 ns,抖动小于200 ps,峰值功率约90 W。实验结果表明:光导开关的偏置电压较低时,开关寿命较长,导通性能较差;偏置电压较高、驱动脉冲激光功率较大时,开关导通性能较好,寿命较短。     

中国散裂中子源大功率可编程脉冲电源设计

在中国散裂中子源大功率可编程脉冲电源设计中,主回路采用绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)H桥串并联拓扑,错相工作方式,利用IGBT功率放大的特性,实现了电源高功率(60 MW)、高频率(1.843 2MHz)、高压(3.319 kV)和大电流(18 kA)的要求,并通过电源反馈控制系统,实现了电源的快速响应时间,使电源跟踪精度达到1.5%,满足指标要求。在电源研制中,解决了IGBT高压、大电流的均压和均流问题;由于IGBT工作在开关状态,为了消除谐波,利用多重化技术,得到了光滑的输出脉冲电流曲线;采用电流互感器的并联,实现了输出大电流的检测;电源的反馈控制策略采用比例和前馈运算,实现了电源输出波形对给定波形的快速跟踪。     

Effect of photon density with varying transverse electro-magnetic modes in laser-guided discharges

Experiments have been carried out to investigate the characteristics of a breakdown threshold voltage as a function of various transverse electro-magnetic modes (TEM) in laser-guided discharges (LGD). The electrical breakdown was effectively guided to the location of the laser focal spot on a metallic target by using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser radiation. It is found that the minimum breakdown voltage in LGD depends upon the average density of photons reaching the electrode surface as a function of the mode of the injected laser beam.