颗粒材料多尺度分析的连接尺度方法

本文提出了耦合细尺度上基于离散颗粒集合体模型的离散单元法（DEM）和粗尺度上基于Cosserat连续体模型的有限元法（FEM）的连接尺度方法（BSM）以研究颗粒材料的力学行为。采用Cosserat连续体模型和FEM模拟的粗尺度域覆盖全域,而采用离散颗粒集合体模型的DEM模拟的细尺度域仅限于需特别关注材料微结构演变和非连续变形行为的局部区域。对这两个区域间的界面提出了适当的界面条件及其实施方案。通过采用适当的连接尺度投影算子,空间离散的粗、细尺度耦合系统多尺度运动方程具有解耦和允许分别求解、因而也允许分别采用不同时间步长对粗、细尺度计算的特点,可极大地提高BSM的计算效率。文中二维地基数值算例结果说明了所陈述方法的可应用性,以及相对基于Cosserat连续体模型的FEM和基于离散颗粒集合体模型的DEM的优越性。      

激波与堆积粉尘相互作用的实验和理论研究

通过对激波与堆积粉尘相互作用的实验和理论分析，可得到堆积粉尘本构方程。基于该方程，本文对激波与堆积粉尘相互作用现象进行了数值模拟。计算所反映的流场结构与实验图像一致。     

Dynamic Inter-Particle Force Inference in Granular Materials: Method and Application

Inter-particle force transmission in granular media plays an important role in the macroscopic static and dynamic behavior of these materials. This paper presents a method for inferring inter-particle forces in opaque granular materials during dynamic experiments. By linking experimental measurements of particle kinematics and volume-averaged strains to forces, the method provides a new tool for quantitatively studying force transmission and its relation to macroscopic behavior. We provide an experimental validation of the method, comparing inter-particle forces measured in a simple impact test on two-dimensional rubber grains to a finite-element simulation. We also provide an application of the method, using it to study inter-particle forces during impact of an intruder on a granular bed. We discuss the current challenges for applying the method to both model materials and real geologic materials.     

A New Apparatus for Large Scale Dynamic Tests on Materials

The development of an innovative apparatus, based on Hopkinson bar techniques, for performing large scale dynamic tests is presented and discussed. The activity is centered at the recently upgraded HOPLAB facility, which is basically a split Hopkinson bar with a total length of approximately 200 m, with bar diameters of 72 mm and where force pulses up to 2 MN and 40 ms duration can be generated and strain rates up to 50 s^?1 can be achieved. Several modifications in the basic configuration have been introduced: twin incident and transmitter bars have been installed with strong steel plates at their ends where large specimens can be placed. A series of calibration and quantification tests has been conducted in order to prove the reliability of the experimental technique proposed. Moreover, real tests on concrete cylindrical samples of 200 mm diameter and of up to 400 mm length have been performed. Analyses of recorded signals indicate proper Hopkinson bar testing conditions and reliable functioning of the facility.     

Continuum-Based Shape Sensitivity Analysis for 2D Coupled Atomistic/Continuum Simulations Using Bridging Scale Decomposition

In this paper, we propose the first attempt to perform shape sensitivity analysis for two-dimensional coupled atomistic and continuum problems using bridging scale decomposition. Based on a continuum variational formulation of the bridging scale, the sensitivity expressions are derived in a continuum setting using both direct differentiation method and adjoint variable method. To overcome the issue of discontinuity in shape design due to the discrete nature of the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we define design velocity fields in a way that the shape of the MD region does not change. Another major challenge is that the discrete finite element (FE) mass matrix in bridging scale is not continuous with respect to shape design variables. To address this issue, we assume an evenly distributed mass density when evaluating the material derivative of the FE mass matrix. In order to support accuracy verification of sensitivity results using overall finite difference method, we use regular-shaped finite elements and only allow shape change in one direction in our example problems, so that design perturbations can be made to the discrete FE mass matrix. However, the sensitivity formulation is sufficiently general to support irregular-shaped finite elements and arbitrary design velocity fields. The sensitivity analysis results, verified using overall finite difference method, reveal the impact of macroscopic shape design changes on microscopic atomistic responses.     

Instrumented Projectile Penetration Testing of Granular Materials

The results of a series of penetration experiments with cylindrical projectiles (diameter: 30 mm, length: 158 mm) of different tip geometries (hemispherical, conic and flat) impacting with approx. 380 m/s on cylindrical sand targets (diameter: 250 mm, length: 1 m) are presented. The projectiles are instrumented with an on-board data recorder system with acceleration sensor (G-Rec), allowing for in-situ measurement of the decelerations experienced during the impact and during the subsequent penetration process. During and after the acceleration stage inside the gun barrel, the velocities derived from the G-Rec data show a very good agreement with an independent reference velocity measurement obtained by a light barrier system. Immediately after the initial impact on the granular material (compacted sand for this study), the sensor signals indicate very strong amplitude oscillating decelerations in the range of 50,000 to 80,000 g. The measured penetration depth varied widely for identical conditions of projectile impact, using identical preparation procedures for the sand sample. Variables considered for the experimental program included projectile tip shape, initial sand compaction state, and projectile velocity. A data reduction procedure to obtain velocity and position information of the projectile while penetrating the sand assembly is presented, taking into account a constant value (offset) observed in the raw signals of G-Rec at the end of penetration process. The formation of a false tip of agglomerated quartz powder in front of the projectile was observed in all cases. The observed shape of the false tip (penetrator tip with comminuted sand) was found to be identical for all projectile tip shapes (flat, hemispherical, and conical) considered in this study. Initial examination results of the false tip using X-ray computed tomography are presented.     

多尺度复合材料力学研究进展

多尺度复合材料力学是运用多尺度分析思想研究空间分布非均匀材料力学性能的学科.近年来,多组分、多层级先进材料的蓬勃发展和微纳米实验观测手段的不断进步,有力地推动了该学科的研究.论文围绕非均匀材料力学性能的多尺度分析,首先从微纳米尺度到宏观尺度综述了常用的理论分析方法;接着分别针对非均匀连续介质和离散体系介绍了常用的多尺度计算模拟方法;然后结合本课题组在纳米复合材料、抗冲击吸能材料、随机网络材料和多层级自相似材料等方面的研究工作,举例说明了如何综合运用多种方法对各种复杂材料系统进行多尺度分析;最后,展望了该领域还需进一步发展和完善的若干方向.     

Theory of Short-Term Microdamageability of Granular Composite Materials

The theory of microdamageability of granular composites is outlined through the simulation of microdamages in the components by pores filled with compression-resisting particles of a destroyed material. The damage criterion for a microvolume of a component is taken in the Schleicher–Nadai form, which allows for the difference between the ultimate tensile and compressive loads. The ultimate strength is a random function of Weibull-distributed coordinates. The stress–strain state and the efficient properties of the material are determined from the stochastic equations of elastic theory for a granular composite with porous components. The equations of deformation and microdamage are closed by the equations of porosity balance in the components. Nonlinear diagrams of the concurrent processes of deformation in the granular material and microdamage in the matrix are plotted. The effect of the physical and geometrical parameters on them is studied     

颗粒物质中滑动摩擦力的变化规律

通过提拉插入颗粒物质中的圆棒,测量并研究了圆棒与颗粒物质之间的滑动摩擦力。实验结果表明,滑动摩擦力F明显不同于连续介质固体之间的摩擦力规律,而是随测量时间t成非线性上升;做功率谱分析后,发现功率S(f)与频率f存在幂指数的关系,即S(f)∝f-1.80±0.05;这说明颗粒物质在外界扰动下存在不断的崩塌重组过程,此过程可利用自组织临界模型得到较好的解释。此研究使我们进一步认识了颗粒物质的摩擦力特性。     

Damping of Structural Vibration Using Lightweight Granular Materials

An investigation of the vibration damping capability of granular treatments is presented. Cavities in aluminum and sandwich beams were filled with the lightweight particles made of polyimide. For analysis of vibration damping, the complex stiffness of structures before and after damping treatment was measured. Particles of different sizes, weights and polymer composition were used in the damping treatments. Large, frequency-dependent variations in structural loss factor depending on the types of particles were observed. This behavior was predicted by the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The frame wave propagation characteristics of the particles were measured and used in the numerical simulation. The acoustic–structure interaction between particles and structures enhances the dissipation of vibration energy.     

基于子波变换的周期扰动下壁湍流涡结构多尺度分析

指出了子波变换在分析含有周期成分的湍流脉动信号时所存在的问题，并给出解决方法；采用该方法，在边界层中沿法向研究了湍流边界层外区引入的周期扰动对其下游湍流中各尺度涡结构的作用。     

Some Properties of a New Model for Slow Flow of Granular Materials

Some properties of a new continuum model for the bulk flow of a dense granular material in which neighbouring grains are in contact for a finite duration of time and in which the contact force is non-impulsive – the so called slow flow regime – are presented. The model generalises both the plastic potential and double-shearing models and contains an additional kinematic quantity – the intrinsic spin. The stress tensor is, in general, non-symmetric and separate yield conditions govern translational and rotational yield. We consider homogeneous, quasi-static loadings for the symmetric part of the stress and dynamic loading for the anti-symmetric part of the stress. A solution for the stress state in terms of a single parameter, namely the major principal direction of the symmetric part of the stress, is presented. This direction itself is determined by a consideration of the flow equations in the context both dilatant and isochoric simple shear flows. These simple flows are used to complete the characterisation of the relationship between the anti-symmetric part of the stress and the intrinsic spin.     

复合材料光弹性分析的工程方法

本文在推导均衡光弹性复合材料应力(应变)—光定律的基础上,导出了均衡光弹性复合材料的近似应变—光定律。然后加以推广,提出适用于一般光弹性复合材料的近似应变—光定律.精度分析及实验验证表明:作为工程计算,在采用本文推荐的参数时,光弹性复合材料可视作各向同性材料进行光弹性分析。     

颗粒材料计算力学专题序

颗粒材料广泛地存在于自然环境、工业生产和日常生活等诸多领域, 其受加载速率、约束条件等因素的影响具有复杂的力学行为. 颗粒材料常与流体介质、工程结构物耦合作用并共同组成复杂的颗粒系统, 并呈现出非连续性、非均质性的复杂力学特性. 目前, 离散元方法已成为解决不同工程领域颗粒材料问题的有力工具, 然而其在真实颗粒形态的构造、接触算法、颗粒与流体及工程结构的耦合模型、多介质和多尺度问题, 以及高性能大规模计算等方面仍面临着诸多亟待解决的问题.《力学学报》组织了“颗粒材料计算力学”专题的7篇综述或研究论文, 分别从研究进展、理论模型及工程应用方面反映了颗粒材料计算力学研究领域上的最新研究进展, 为颗粒材料计算力学交叉领域的研究提供参考.      

A LEVEL SET METHOD FOR MICROSTRUCTURE DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

I. INTRODUCTION Material design refers to the generation of composite materials with prescribed or improved propertiesthat cannot be found in the usual materials. This can be achieved by modifying the microstructureof the composite material. Now a syste…     

颗粒介质弹性参数测量方法及装置研究

本文发展了一种实施简便的颗粒介质弹性参数测量方法,设计并加工了基于该方法的实验装置。利用加载设备对该实验装置在一个方向上加卸载,在加载方向和与之垂直的另一方向上测量载荷和位移后即可获得颗粒介质的等效弹性模量和泊松比。该实验装置的容器还可方便地调节尺寸,适用于测量不同粒径颗粒堆积在不同大小容器时的弹性参数。本文还研究了尺寸效应的影响,分析了容器尺寸和颗粒粒径分别对介质弹性参数的影响规律。     

Uninstrumented Measurement Method for Granular Porous Media Blast Mitigation Assessment

Experimental Techniques - The current paper is concerned with testing the efficiency of a uninstrumented method in assessing granular porous media capacity to mitigate blast impulse. A thin plate...     

用于高强度材料的SHPB实验添加垫块法

提出了用于高强度材料的改进的SHPB实验方法添加垫块法,运用数值模拟方法,利用有限元程序LS-DYNA3D分析了添加垫块实验方法的合理性和可行性。根据一维应力波理论,给出了数据处理的修正方法。作为应用实例,采用改进的实验方法对高强度的Al2O3陶瓷材料的动态力学性能进行了研究,得到了比常规方法较高的应变率及应力应变范围的动态应力应变曲线,表明Al2O3陶瓷为应变率相关的非线性弹脆性材料。结果表明,添加垫块实验方法可有效地防止实验中压杆端面的变形,提高试件的应力应变及应变率水平。添加垫块实验方法为在SHPB装置上实现高强度材料的动态实验提供了一种方便实用的途径。