蚯蚓爬行的生物力学分析与数值计算

蚯蚓是典型的多体节动物。本文从生物力学的角度,分析了蚯蚓在静止和运动状态下的体壁应力,又分析了蚯蚓爬行过程中的变形以及与地面之间的摩擦力,给出了蚯蚓在地表爬行的动力学模型。进一步,又数值计算了一定质量范围的蚯蚓在静止和运动状态下体壁承受的最大应力和动力学模型方程,得到蚯蚓爬行的平均速度与质量的关系。计算结果与实验观测值基本一致。      

Mathematical model of inchworm locomotion

Inchworms are caterpillars. Their locomotion, involving arching of much of the central portion of their body length, has not been studied as extensively as the peristaltic locomotion of worms or the crawling locomotion of many other caterpillars. A mathematical model is developed to describe the shapes and bending strains of typical inchworm motions. The inchworm is assumed to travel in a straight line on a rigid horizontal substrate. Two basic types of cycles are considered. In Case I, the inchworm body arches and then reverses that motion in becoming flat again. In Case II, the body arches, then cantilevers upward, and then falls down to a flat shape. A continuum model based on an elastica is adopted. The results may be useful in the development of soft robots exhibiting an inchworm mode of motion.     

Study of wall properties on peristaltic transport of a couple stress fluid

In this paper, we investigate the peristaltic transport of a couple stress fluid in a channel with compliant walls. Perturbation method has been used to get the solution. The flow is induced by sinusoidal traveling waves along the channel walls. The effects of wall damping, wall elastance, wall tension and couple stress parameter on the flow are investigated using the equations of fluid as well as deformable boundaries. It is found that the mean velocity at boundaries decreases with increasing couple-stress parameter and wall damping and increases with increasing wall tension and wall elastance, while the mean axial velocity increases with increasing wall tension and wall elastance and decreases with couple-stress parameter and wall damping.     

Peristaltic flow of MHD Jeffrey fluid through finite length cylindrical tube

The present investigation studies the peristaltic flow of the Jeffrey fluid through a tube of finite length. The fluid is electrically conducting in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Analysis is carried out under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. Expressions of the pressure gradient, volume flow rate, average volume flow rate, and local wall shear stress are obtained. The effects of relaxation time, retardation time, Hartman number on pressure, local wall shear stress, and mechanical efficiency of peristaltic pump are studied. The reflux phenomenon is also investigated. The case of propagation of a non-integral number of waves along the tube walls, which are inherent characteristics of finite length vessels, is also examined.     

Effect of the rotation,magnetic field and initial stress on peristaltic motion of micropolar fluid

In this work, the effect of magnetic field, rotation and initial stress on peristaltic motion of micropolar fluid in a circular cylindrical flexible tube with viscoelastic or elastic wall properties has been considered. Runge–Kutta technique are used. Runge–Kutta method is developed to solve the governing equations of motion resulting from a perturbation technique for small values of amplitude ratio. The time mean axial velocity profiles are presented for the case of free pumping and analyzed to observe the influence of wall properties, magnetic field, rotation and initial stress for various values of micropolar fluid parameters. In the case of viscoelastic wall, the effect of viscous damping on mean flow reversal at the boundary is seen. The numerical results of the time mean velocity profile are discussed in detail for homogeneous fluid under the effect of wall properties, magnetic field, initial stress and rotation for different cases by figures. The results indicate that the effect of wall properties, rotation, initial stress and magnetic field are very pronounced. Numerical results are given and illustrated graphically.     

Mixed convective heat and mass transfer in a non-Newtonian fluid at a peristaltic surface with temperature-dependent viscosity

We investigate the problem of the unsteady mixed convection peristaltic mechanism. The flow includes a temperature-dependent viscosity with thermal diffusion and diffusion-thermo effects. The peristaltic flow is between two vertical walls, one of which is deformed in the shape of traveling transversal waves exactly like peristaltic pumping and the other of which is a parallel flat plate wall. The equations of momentum, energy, and concentration are subject to a set of appropriate boundary conditions by assuming that the solution consists of two parts: a mean part and a perturbed part. The solution of the perturbed part has been obtained by using the long-wave approximation. The mean part has been solved and coincides with the approximation of Ostrach. The mean part (zeroth order), the first order, and the total solution of the problem have been evaluated numerically for several sets of values of the parameters entering the problem. The skin friction, and the rate of heat and mass transfer at the walls are obtained and illustrated graphically.     

Peristaltic flow of MHD Jeffrey fluid through finite length cylindrical tube

The present investigation studies the peristaltic flow of the Jeffrey fluid through a tube of finite length. The fluid is electrically conducting in the presence of an applied magnetic field. Analysis is carried out under the assumption of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. Expressions of the pressure gradient, volume flow rate, average volume flow rate, and local wall shear stress are obtained. The effects of relaxation time, retardation time, Hartman number on pressure, local wall she...     

Pressure-controlled peristaltic flow

The fluid flow in a two-dimensional channel with the wall oscillation law unknown in advance but for the given wall pressure change law is investigated. The law for the channel wall coordinates is determined during solving the problem. If on the wall the pressure oscillation amplitudes a are small, traveling waves propagate over it and give rise to peristaltic fluid transport in the channel. For large a the channel is divided up into two parts: a relatively small pulsing end part creates the flow, while the rest greater part loses this function.     

Peristaltic flow and heat transfer in a vertical porous annulus, with long wave approximation

In this paper, we study the interaction of peristalsis with heat transfer for the flow of a viscous fluid in a vertical porous annular region between two concentric tubes. Long wavelength approximation (that is, the wavelength of the peristaltic wave is large in comparison with the radius of the tube) is used to linearise the governing equations. Using the perturbation method, the solutions are obtained for the velocity and the temperature fields. Also, the closed form expressions are derived for the pressure-flow relationship and the heat transfer at the wall. The effect of pressure drop on flux is observed to be almost negligible for peristaltic waves of large amplitude; however, the mean flux is found to increase by 10-12% as the free convection parameter increases from 1 to 2. Also, the heat transfer at the wall is affected significantly by the amplitude of the peristaltic wave. This warrants further study on the effects of peristalsis on the flow and heat transfer characteristics.     

Effects of Chemical Reaction,Heat, and Mass Transfer on Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow Through Porous Medium in a Vertical Peristaltic Tube

The effect of mass diffusion of chemical species with first-order reaction on peristaltic motion of an incompressible Jeffrey fluid has been investigated. The fluid flows through vertical porous media in the gap between concentric tubes with heat and mass transfer. The inner tube is uniform, while the outer one is a non-uniform tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. A perturbation solution, under long-wavelength assumption, is obtained which satisfies the momentum, energy, and concentration equations for the case of small porosity parameter. Numerical results for the behaviors of pressure rise and frictional force per wavelength as well as for the skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number with other physical parameters are obtained. Several graphs for these results of physical interest are displayed and discussed in detail.     

蚯蚓蠕动过程中非光滑波纹形体表的力学分析

蚯蚓体表的形状是蚯蚓适应其生存环境和自然进化的结果．用力学分析方法，解释蚯蚓的多体节非光滑形态在其运动过程中所表现出的省力、节省能量的特性．计算结果表明具有波纹形表面的蚯蚓在蠕动过程中可以节省1．12%的纵向肌肉的收缩力，在运动过程中所消耗的能量也可以节省1％左右．     

An investigation on near wall transport characteristics in an adiabatic upward gas–liquid two-phase slug flow

The near-wall transport characteristics, inclusive of mass transfer coefficient and wall shear stress, which have a great effect on gas–liquid two-phase flow induced internal corrosion of low alloy pipelines in vertical upward oil and gas mixing transport, have been both mechanistically and experimentally investigated in this paper. Based on the analyses on the hydrodynamic characteristics of an upward slug unit, the mass transfer in the near wall can be divided into four zones, Taylor bubble nose zone, falling liquid film zone, Taylor bubble wake zone and the remaining liquid slug zone; the wall shear stress can be divided into two zones, the positive wall shear stress zone associated with the falling liquid film and the negative wall shear stress zone associated with the liquid slug. Based on the conventional mass transfer and wall shear stress characteristics formulas of single phase liquid full-pipe turbulent flow, corrected normalized mass transfer coefficient formula and wall shear stress formula are proposed. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The shear stress and the mass transfer coefficient in the near wall zone are increased with the increase of superficial gas velocity and decreased with the increase of superficial liquid velocity. The mass transfer coefficients in the falling liquid film zone and the wake zone of leading Taylor bubble are lager than those in the Taylor bubble nose zone and the remaining liquid slug zone, and the wall shear stress associated falling liquid film is larger than that associated the liquid slug. The mass transfer coefficient is within 10⁻³ m/s, and the wall shear stress below 10³ Pa. It can be concluded that the alternate wall shear stress due to upward gas–liquid slug flow is considered to be the major cause of the corrosion production film fatigue cracking.     

Experimental study on near wall transport characteristics of slug flow in a vertical pipe

In this work, the wall shear stress and the mass transfer coefficient of the gas–liquid two-phase upward slug flow in a vertical pipe are investigated experimentally, using limiting diffusion current probes and digital high-speed video system. In experiments, the instantaneous and averaged characteristics of wall shear stress and mass transfer coefficient are concerned. The experimental results are compared with the numerical results in previous paper of the authors. Both experiment and numerical simulation show that the superficial gas and liquid velocities have an obvious influence on the instantaneous characteristics of the two profiles. The mass transfer coefficient has characteristics similar to the wall shear stress. The instantaneous wall shear stress and mass transfer coefficient profiles have the periodicity of slug flow. The averaged wall shear stress and mass transfer coefficient increase with increased superficial gas velocity. However, there is inconsistency in the variation trends of the averaged wall shear stress and mass transfer coefficient with superficial liquid velocity between experimental result and numerical simulation result, which can be attributed to the difference in flow condition. Moreover, the Taylor bubble length is also another impacting factor. The experimental and numerical results all shows that the product scale can not be damaged directly by the flow movement of slug flow. In fact, the alternative forces and fluctuations with high frequency acting on the pipe wall due to slug flow is the main cause for the slug flow enhanced CO₂ corrosion process.     

Simulation of peristaltic flow of chyme in small intestine for couple stress fluid

In this article couple stress fluid have been considered for the peristaltic flow of chyme in intestine. Problem under consideration have been formulated assuming that two non-periodic sinusoidal wave of different wavelength propagate with same speed c along the outer wall of the tube. Governing equations have been simplified under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximation (such assumption are consistent that Re (Reynold number) is very small and long wavelength approximation also exists in the small intestine). Exact solutions have been evaluated for velocity and pressure rise. Physical behaviour of different parameter of couple stress fluid have been presented graphically for velocity, pressure rise, pressure gradient and frictional forces. The stream lines are also made against different parameters.     

Anomalous reactivity of thermo-bioconvective nanofluid towards oxytactic microorganisms

The peristaltic flow of a non-Newtonian nanofluid with swimming oxytactic microorganisms through a space between two infinite coaxial conduits is investigated. A variable magnetic field is applied on the flow. The bioconvection flow and heat transfer in the porous annulus are formulated, and appropriate transformations are used, leading to the non-dimensionalized ruling partial differential equation model. The model is then solved by using the homotopy perturbation scheme. The effects of the ger...     

Peristaltic transport of rheological fluid: model for movement of food bolus through esophagus

Fluid mechanical peristaltic transport through esophagus is studied in the paper.A mathematical model has been developed to study the peristaltic transport of a rheological fluid for arbitrary wave shapes and tube lengths.The Ostwald-de Waele power law of a viscous fluid is considered here to depict the non-Newtonian behaviour of the fluid.The model is formulated and analyzed specifically to explore some important information concerning the movement of food bolus through esophagus.The analysis is carried out by using the lubrication theory.The study is particularly suitable for the cases where the Reynolds number is small.The esophagus is treated as a circular tube through which the transport of food bolus takes place by periodic contraction of the esophageal wall.Variation of different variables concerned with the transport phenomena such as pressure,flow velocities,particle trajectory,and reflux is investigated for a single wave as well as a train of periodic peristaltic waves.The locally variable pressure is seen to be highly sensitive to the flow index "n".The study clearly shows that continuous fluid transport for Newtonian/rheological fluids by wave train propagation is more effective than widely spaced single wave propagation in the case of peristaltic movement of food bolus in the esophagus.     

采动影响下井筒壁后岩体空间附加应力变化规律

本文较为详细地介绍了某矿井筒应力观测情况。得出了井筒壁后岩体空间附加应力随工作面推进的变化规律。观测结果表明 :井筒上部壁后岩体在铅垂方向上受张应力影响 ,而井筒底部壁后岩体应力的大小和性质与工作面的布置方式、开采顺序以及井筒与工作面的相对位置有关。     

Unsteady motion of a viscous incompressible fluid in a tube with a deformable wall

A flow of a viscous incompressible fluid in a deformable tube is considered. Solutions of unsteady three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are obtained for low-Reynolds-number flows in the tube (under the condition of small deformations of the wall): generalized peristaltic flow and flow with elliptical deformations of the vessel walls. At small unsteady deformations of the tube walls, the solutions satisfy the equations and boundary conditions with an error smaller than the tube wall deformation level by an order of magnitude. In the case of elliptical deformations of the vessel, the solution agrees well with experimental data.     

Combined effects of heat and chemical reactions on the peristaltic flow of carreau fluid model in a diverging tube

The study of peristaltic flow of a Carreau fluid in a non‐uniform tube under the consideration of long wavelength in the presence of heat and mass transfer is presented. The flow is investigated in a wave frame of reference moving with velocity of the wave c. Two types of analytical solutions have been evaluated (i) perturbation method (ii) homotopy analysis method for velocity, temperature and concentration field. Numerical integration have been used to obtain the graphical results for pressure rise and frictional forces. The effects of various emerging parameters are investigated for five different peristaltic waves. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Peristaltic motion of a power-law fluid in an asymmetric channel

The flow of a power-law fluid is investigated in an asymmetric channel caused by the movement of peristaltic waves with the same speed but with different amplitudes and phases on the flexible walls of the channel. The differential equation governing the flow is non-linear and can admit non-unique solutions. There exist two different physically meaningful solutions one satisfying the boundary conditions at the upper wall and the other at the lower wall. The effects of the power-law nature of the fluid on the pumping characteristics and axial velocity are studied in detail.