壁湍流多尺度相干结构复涡黏模型的实验研究

在湍流相干结构动力学方程中,非相干结构成分对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力的模型为涡黏性模型,即涡黏性系数乘以相干结构平均速度变形率的形式.基于非相干结构成分对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力与相干结构速度变形率之间存在相位差的事实,在理论上提出了非相干结构成分对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力复涡黏性模型的假设.应用热线测速技术,在低速风洞中对湍流边界层非相干结构成分对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力与相干结构法向速度变形率之间的相位关系进行了实验测量.通过分析湍流相干结构猝发过程中非相干结构成分对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力与相干结构速度变形率之间的相位关系,研究了相干结构雷诺应力分量与流向速度法向梯度之间的相位差沿湍流边界层法向的变化规律,肯定了湍流相干结构复涡黏性系数模型的合理性.     

A mechanism for excitation of coherent structures in wall region of a turbulent boundary layer

Introduction Themechanismforthegenerationofcoherentstructuresinthewallregionofaturbulent boundarylayerhasalwaysbeeninconcernandinvestigated.AccordingtoTsujimotoand Miyake[1],thecharacteristicsofturbulenceinthewallregionweremainlydeterminedbythe generationandevolutionofcoherentstructures,notbythesmall_scaleturbulence.However, excitationsfromregionofy >60werefoundtobenecessary,otherwisethewallregionwould degeneratetolaminarflow.Therefore,theinvestigationofthemechanismthathowcoherent structuresi…     

湍流边界层复涡黏模式的实验研究

在开口式循环水槽底部湍流边界层外区引入周期性扰动。利用X型热膜探针在扰动下游进行测量。用实验的方法研究了周期性大尺度结构下壁湍流涡黏模式中涡黏系数的形式，结果发现和周期性扰动对应的变形率及与之对应的雷诺应力间存在着相位差。这是目前许多最终导致涡黏系数的湍流模式理论都没有考虑到的一个重要因素。     

湍流边界层相干结构剩余脉动雷诺应力项的实验测量

用IFA300恒温热线风速仪和X形二分量热线探针以采样间隔小于湍流耗散时间尺度的分辨率精细测量了风洞中平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的瞬时流向、法向速度分量的时间序列信号。用条件采样和相位平均技术提取了相干结构猝发过程中相干结构剩余脉动雷诺应力和随机脉动对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力的条件相位平均波形。基于理论上对湍流相干结构动量方程中随机脉动对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力和相干结构剩余脉动雷诺应力项的分析,对两种雷诺应力项进行了对比研究。研究发现,相干结构剩余脉动雷诺应力项在数值上具有和随机脉动对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力相同的数量级,表明在相干结构动力学模型方程中,相干结构剩余脉动雷诺应力项并不像以前估计的那样可以忽略不计。     

Instability waves in the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate

Coherent structures and the bursting phenomena in the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer play a very important role in determining the characteristics of the boundary layer. Yet the nature and the origin of the coherent structures are unclear until now. In this paper, nonlinear stability calculations for the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer have been made. It was found that there do exist instability waves which may be responsible for the coherent structures. The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Extended self-similar scaling law of multi-scale eddy structure in wall turbulence

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＭｕｃｈｗｏｒｋｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｖｏｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｌａｓｔｆｅｗｄｅｃａｄｅｓｔｏｔｈｅｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｓｃａｌｉｎｇｌａｗｏｆｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｕｒｂｕｌｅｎｔｆｌｏｗｓ.Ｔｈｅｓｏ＿ｃａｌｌｅｄ“ｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｒｄｅｒｎ”ｆｏｒｔｕｒｂｕｌｅｎｔｆｌｏｗｓｉｓｄｅｆｉｎｅｄａｓ〈ΔＶ(ｒ) ｎ〉 ,ｗｈｅｒｅΔＶ(ｒ) =Ｖ(ｘ ｒ) -Ｖ(ｘ)ｉｓｔｈｅｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙｃｏｍｐ…     

Effects of free‐stream turbulence on large‐scale coherent structures of separated boundary layer transition

It has been well established that large‐scale structures, usually called coherent structures, exist in many transitional and turbulent flows. The topology and range of scales of those large‐scale structures vary from flow to flow such as counter‐rotating vortices in wake flows, streaks and hairpin vortices in turbulent boundary layer. There has been relatively little study of large‐scale structures in separated and reattached transitional flows. Large‐eddy simulation (LES) is employed in the current study to investigate a separated boundary layer transition under 2% free‐stream turbulence on a flat plate with a blunt leading edge. The Reynolds number based on the inlet free stream velocity and the plate thickness is 6500. A dynamic subgrid‐scale model is employed to compute the subgrid‐scale stresses more accurately in the current transitional flow case. Flow visualization has shown that the Kelvin–Helmholtz rolls, which have been so clearly visible under no free‐stream turbulence (NFST) are not as apparent in the present study. The Lambda‐shaped vortical structures which can be clearly seen in the NFST case can hardly be identified in the free‐stream turbulence (FST) case. Generally speaking, the effects of free‐stream turbulence have led to an early breakdown of the boundary layer, and hence increased the randomization in the vortical structures, degraded the spanwise coherence of those large‐scale structures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wavelet spectrum analysis on energy transfer of multi-scale structures in wall turbulence

The streamwise velocity components at different vertical heights in wall turbulence were measured. Wavelet transform was used to study the turbulent energy spectra, indicating that the global spectrum results from the weighted average of Fourier spectrum based on wavelet scales. W＇avelet transform with more vanishing moments can express the declining of turbulent spectrum. The local wavelet spectrum shows that the physical phenomena such as deformation position in the boundary layer, and the or breakup of eddies are related to the vertical energy-containing eddies exist in a multi-scale form. Moreover, the size of these eddies increases with the measured points moving out of the wall. In the buffer region, the small scale energy-containing eddies with higher frequency are excited. In the outer region, the maximal energy is concentrated in the low-frequency large-scale eddies, and the frequency domain of energy-containing eddies becomes narrower.     

A kind of fast changing coherent structure in a turbulent boundary layer

Coherent structures of a turbulent boundary layer were investigated by hydrogen bubble method. A kind of fast changing structure was observed. That is a spot in which all the hydrogen bubbles vanish much faster than in other regions. This investigation verified that dark-spot is formed by a strong sweep from outer layer. Inside a dark-spot the local instantaneous flow speed might be four times of its neighboring high-speed streaks. Comparing with the low/high speed streaks, both dark-spot and the vortical structures around it are changing very fast. Around dark-spot intensive shear layers are formed and indications of the generation of small-scale structures could be observed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 19672004) and the National Climbing Project     

A dynamic framework for functional parameterisations of the eddy viscosity coefficient in two-dimensional turbulence

This paper puts forth a dynamic framework for investigating the subgrid scale physics of decaying two-dimensional turbulence utilising a modular approach with eddy viscosities in various functional forms. The derivation of the low-pass spatially filtered implementation of the Navier–Stokes equations is given by using the vorticity-streamfunction formulation. Two different implementations of the viscosity kernels based on the representation of the eddy viscosity terms are proposed and tested by solving a canonical two-dimensional decaying turbulence problem. It is seen that the implementation of the eddy viscosity formulation plays a distinct role in the dissipative behaviour of the different viscosity kernels. Among eddy viscosity kernels tested, we found that the Leith eddy viscosity formulation yields superior results with higher correlation coefficients.     

An improved near‐wall modeling for large‐eddy simulation using immersed boundary methods

An improved near‐wall modeling for large‐eddy simulation using the immersed boundary method is proposed. It is shown in this study that the existing near‐wall modeling for the immersed boundary (IB) methods that imposes the velocity boundary condition at the IB node is not sufficient to enforce a correct wall shear stress at the IB node. A new method that imposes a shear stress condition through the modification of the subgrid scale‐eddy viscosity at the IB node is proposed. In this method, the subgrid eddy viscosity at the IB node is modified such that the viscous flux at the face adjacent to the IB node correctly approximates the total shear stress. The method is applied to simulate the fully developed turbulent flows in a plane channel and a circular pipe. It is demonstrated that the new method improves the prediction of the mean velocity and turbulence stresses in comparison with the existing wall modeling based solely on the velocity boundary condition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Some new results of the observation on the coherent structures of turbulent boundary layer in flow with adverse pressure gradient

By a suitable manipulation of hydrogen bubble generation, some new results were obtained: (1) The long-streaks are generated along the interfaces between low and high-speed streaks. The long-streaks are generally stretching and are moving faster than its neighboring high-speed streaks. The hydrogen bubbles in long-streaks have longer life. (2) The stream-wise vortices are also generated along the interfaces. The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Multi-scale coherent structures in turbulent boundary layer detected by locally averaged velocity structure functions

Introduction Inearlyperiodofstudyofturbulentflow,itwasdeemedrandomanddisorderedmotionsof fluidparticles,sothecharacteristicsofturbulencewerestudiedbystatisticsaveragemethod. Kolmogorov[1]analyzedtherelativemotionoffluidparticlesinfullydeveloped(Reynolds numbertrendstoinfinity)isotropicandhomogeneousturbulentflow,onbasisofrandomfield theory,andpresentedtheconceptofstructurefunctions,whichdescribedtherelativevelocityof twofluidparticlesindistanceofl,toresearchthelawbetweenthemulti_orderstatistic…     

Numerical simulation of vortical and coherent structures in compressible jet flows

The compressible flows of plane free jets and jets of the intake-stroke of a rectangular piston-engine model are investigated by numerical simulations. The observed vortical structures appear to be the well-known coherent structures of turbulent shear layers. The simulated structures are compared to experimental data by means of density fields and turbulent statistics taken from different authors. The computed flow depends on physical as well as on numerical parameters. The good agreement with the experimental data is obtained by direct simulation without any turbulence model.     

Near‐wall profiles of mean flow and turbulence quantities predicted by eddy‐viscosity turbulence models

This paper presents for the simple flow over a flat plate the near‐wall profiles of mean flow and turbulence quantities determined with seven eddy‐viscosity turbulence models: the one‐equation turbulence models of Menter and Spalart & Allmaras; the k‐ω two‐equation model proposed by Wilcox and its TNT, BSL and SST variants and the $k-\sqrt{k}L$ two‐equation model. The results are obtained at several Reynolds numbers ranging from 10⁷ to 2.5 × 10⁹. Sets of nine geometrically similar Cartesian grids are adopted to demonstrate that the numerical uncertainty of the finest grid predictions is negligible. The profiles obtained numerically have relevance for the application of so‐called ‘wall function’ boundary conditions. Such wall functions refer to assumptions about the flow in the viscous sublayer and the ‘log law’ region. It turns out that these assumptions are not always satisfied by our results, which are obtained by computing the flow with full near‐wall resolution. In particular, the solution in the ‘log‐law’ region is dependent on the turbulence model and on the Reynolds number, which is a disconcerting result for those who apply wall functions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamical characteristics of coherent structure in the outer region of turbulence boundary layer

In the present paper the coherent structures in the outer region of turbulent boundary layer were investigated experimentally and analytically. From the observation of the flow field over smooth wall, rough wall and sand wave wall, it was found that the direct effect of wall on the flow structure can reachy ⁺¹≈100, and both lateral and vertical vortices exist in the outer region, but the coherent structures in the outer region are mainly the formation, development and decay of the large-scale lateral vortices. By experimental and dynamical analysis, some influence factors and their relations associated with the dynamical process of lateral vortices were deduced. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

TRPIV measurement of turbulent coherent structures in a drag-reducing flow bypolymers

Fully developed turbulentflow fields with and without polymer solution at the same Reynolds number were measured by time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TRPIV) in a water channel toinvestigate the mechanism of drag-reducingsolution from theview of coherent structures manipulation. The streamwise mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles in thesolution werecompared with those in water. After adding the polymer solution, the Reynolds stress in the near-wall area decreases significantly. Theresult relates tightly to the decease of the coherent structures' bursting. The spatial topology of coherentstructures duringbursts has been extracted by the new mu-level criterion based on locally averaged velocitystructure function.The effect of polymers onturbulent coherentstructures mainly reflects in the intensity, not in the shape. In the solution, it is by suppressing thecoherent structuresthat the wall friction isreduced.     

壁湍流猝发过程中速度分量的相位差对雷诺应力影响的实验研究

用IFA300恒温热线风速仪和×形二分量热线探针,以采样间隔小于最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率,精细测量了风洞中平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的瞬时流向、展向速度分量的时间序列信号.用子波分析辨识壁湍流相干结构猝发事件的能量最大准则,确定壁湍流相干结构猝发事件的时间尺度;用条件相位平均技术提取了相干结构猝发过程中流向、展向脉动速度分量条件相位平均波形,用互相关方法研究了相干结构猝发过程中流向、展向脉动速度分量条件相位平均波形的相位差关系及其对雷诺应力的影响,发现在缓冲层和对数律区,展向脉动速度与流向脉动速度的条件相位平均波形具有不同的相位;当两者相位基本一致时,雷诺应力达到正的最大值,此时湍流相干结构的产生非常活跃;当两者相位差分别集中在90°和270°附近时,雷诺应力的幅值减小并接近于零,此时湍流相干结构的产生和猝发都得到了抑制.     

Effective eddy viscosities in implicit modeling of decaying high Reynolds number turbulence with and without rotation

We assess the applicability of the numerical dissipation as an implicit turbulence model. The nonoscillatory finite volume numerical scheme MPDATA developed for simulations of geophysical flows is employed as an example of a scheme with an implicit turbulence model. A series of low resolution simulations of decaying homogeneous turbulence with and without Coriolis forces in the limit of zero molecular viscosity are performed. To assess the implicit model the long-time evolution of turbulence in the simulations is investigated and the numerical velocity fields are analyzed to determine the effective spectral eddy viscosity that is attributed to the numerical discretization. The detailed qualitative and quantitative comparisons are made between the numerical eddy viscosity and the theoretical results as well as the intrinsic eddy viscosity computed exactly from the velocity fields by introducing an artificial wave number cutoff. We find that the numerical dissipation depends on the time step and exhibits contradictory dependence on rotation: it is overestimated for rapid rotation cases and is underestimated for nonrotating cases. These results indicate that the numerical dissipation may fail to represent the effects of the physical subgrid scale processes unless the parameters of a numerical scheme are carefully chosen.     

The structures of turbulent boundary layer in the vicinity of separation

Large coherent structures of turbulent boundary layer in the vicinity of separation were observed in a water channel by the hydrogen bubble method. Motion pictures of the de views were taken. The features of the instantaneous velocity profiles, the large transverse and streamwise vortices were discussed.